Czsaopisma Uniwersytetu w Siedlcach
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A Brief Overview of the History of Journalism in Bulgaria (1878-1944)
No full textThe article provides a brief overview of the history of journalism in Bulgaria in the so-called first Bulgarian capitalism (1878-1944). In the post-liberation decades until the end of the 19th century, the press played a vital role in Bulgaria’s domestic political life. As the country sought to establish itself as an independent nation, the press became a platform for political interaction, perception moulding, and the expression of various ideologies. The paper aims to chronologically present significant events during the designated period and scrutinize the interconnectedness between journalism and politics, the press and statehood, media and its powerful role in shaping public opinion
The Processes of Transformation of the Armenian Diaspora: From Gaghtashkharh to Spyurk
No full textThe Armenian Diaspora is considered one of the largest and most organised diasporas in the world. Over the centuries, Armenians, as a result of forced or voluntary migration, left their homeland and settled in foreign countries. Dispersed Armenians have become organised, have established their organizations in host countries and always have tried to keep contact with Homeland. The Armenian Diaspora has undergone various transformations over the decades and centuries due to many reasons. As a result of these transformations, many different changes took place in the Armenian Diaspora, which gave it a new qualitative and quantitative character. The article examines the transformation processes of the Armenian diaspora, their results, and the pre-genocide and post-genocide Armenian Diasporas are subjected to comparative analysis
Ukrainian-Russian relations after the collapse of the Soviet Union
No full textRussia’s war against Ukraine has drawn researchers’ attention to Ukrainian-Russian relations. Since the fighting started, a large number of publications have appeared trying to explain what was happening in Ukraine from different perspectives. A historical approach is used in the article to find the answers to two questions; were there ever any chances for good neighborly relations to develop between Ukraine and Russia, and could these relations have led differently than to the military invasion in 2022? The analyses of official documents, statements and speeches of Russian officials, book contents, articles, research in Russian scientific publications and periodicals, and sociological research results lead to the conclusion that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was a logical continuation of the policy that Russia has pursued towards Ukraine since the collapse of the Soviet Union
The Melancholy of an Eastern European. The emotional and affective dominants of Józef Mackiewicz\u27s pre-war reports
No full textThis article examines the geocultural conditions of melancholy in the pre-war reportages of Józef Mackiewicz, where melancholy takes two distinct forms. The first one is postcolonial melancholy, which has a social basis and stems from a sense of impossibility resulting from the long durée of the imposed subordination. In the text, this melancholy is expressed through the depiction of emotions experienced by men, usually from the lower social strata. The second kind of melancholy emerges in connection with the descriptions of nature, appearing as a distinctive aura of the Eastern European landscape perceived by the reporter in his encounter with the native environment.This article examines the geocultural conditions of melancholy in the pre-war reportages of Józef Mackiewicz, where melancholy takes two distinct forms. The first one is postcolonial melancholy, which has a social basis and stems from a sense of impossibility resulting from the long durée of the imposed subordination. In the text, this melancholy is expressed through the depiction of emotions experienced by men, usually from the lower social strata. The second kind of melancholy emerges in connection with the descriptions of nature, appearing as a distinctive aura of the Eastern European landscape perceived by the reporter in his encounter with the native environment
The image and the role of man in public Internet discourse
No full textThe article undertakes a discourse analysis of texts published on the website muzom.sk. These materials are examined with regard to their motivational and thematic structures, the metaphors employed in constructing images of men, and the discursive strategies used to communicate about men and their emotions. The study thus offers insights into contemporary tendencies in the conceptualization of masculinity and its associated emotional dimensions.The article undertakes a discourse analysis of texts published on the website muzom.sk. These materials are examined with regard to their motivational and thematic structures, the metaphors employed in constructing images of men, and the discursive strategies used to communicate about men and their emotions. The study thus offers insights into contemporary tendencies in the conceptualization of masculinity and its associated emotional dimensions
A Sense of Feeling: The Example of the Gregors
No full textThe paper focuses on the short story Maco Mlieč by Jozef Gregor Tajovský. It examines the author’s empathy toward the socially and personally conditioned problems of the world, as well as his poetics, that is the way of artistic articulation of the theme in the short story. The paper traces the shifts in interpretations of Maco Mlieč throughout the 20th century up to the most recent research by Marcela Mikulová. It draws attention to Mikulová’s ability to interpret previously overlooked elements of the short story, thus arriving at a significantly different and more complex interpretation. In conc-lusion, the paper discusses the didactic processing of Maco Mlieč in secondary school curricula, focusing on the possibilities that literary research proposes for the educational sphere.The paper focuses on the short story Maco Mlieč by Jozef Gregor Tajovský. It examines the author’s empathy toward the socially and personally conditioned problems of the world, as well as his poetics, that is the way of artistic articulation of the theme in the short story. The paper traces the shifts in interpretations of Maco Mlieč throughout the 20th century up to the most recent research by Marcela Mikulová. It draws attention to Mikulová’s ability to interpret previously overlooked elements of the short story, thus arriving at a significantly different and more complex interpretation. In conc-lusion, the paper discusses the didactic processing of Maco Mlieč in secondary school curricula, focusing on the possibilities that literary research proposes for the educational sphere
Misja Unii Europejskiej w zakresie pomocy wojskowej dla Ukrainy (EUMAM Ukraine)
No full textThis article presents the genesis, achievements to date, and challenges of the European Union Military Assistance Mission Ukraine. Additionally, this article highlights the challenges that have arisen during the implementation of the EUMAM Ukraine mission and presents proposals to maximize the effectiveness of the mission. The scope of the analysis is limited to the period from 15 November 2022 to 15 January 2025. The article is of a review nature and is based on publicly available information from the European Union and the countries involved in the mission, as well as scientific and journalistic studies devoted to the issues of EUMAM Ukraine. The article analyzes the factors that determined the decision of the European Union to establish and launch the military assistance mission for Ukraine. It also presents the legal basis for its activities, objectives, mandate, command structure, financing, and challenges resulting from the implementation of the mission, as well as proposals to increase the effec-tiveness of the mission. Artykuł przedstawia genezę, dotychczasowe osiągnięcia i wyzwania dla Misji Wsparcia Wojskowego Unii Europejskiej dla Ukrainy. Ponadto w niniejszym artykule zostały wyeksponowany wyzwania powstałe podczas realizacji misji EUMAM Ukraine oraz przedstawiono propozycje zmaksymalizowania skuteczności misji. Zakres analizy jest ograniczony do okresu od 15 listopada 2022 roku do 15 stycznia 2025 roku. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i oparty jest o ogólnie dostępne informacje Unii Europejskiej i państw zaangażowanych w misję, jak również opracowania naukowe i publicystyczne poświęcone problematyce EUMAM Ukraine. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę czynników, które zadecydowały o podjęciu przez Unię Europejską decyzji w sprawie ustanowienia i uruchomienia misji wsparcia wojskowego dla Ukrainy. Przedstawiono również podstawy prawne jej działalności, cele, mandat, strukturę dowodzenia, finansowanie i wyzwania wynikające z realizacji misji, a także propozycje zwiększenia skuteczności misji
Implementation of Magruder’s Principle into the Tactical Planningfor Land Forces
No full textZasada Magrudera mówi o prostocie wykorzystania możliwości zmylenia przeciwnika poprzez wykorzystanie jego błędnego przekonania o działaniu wojsk własnych. Na podstawie tego oraz znanych dotąd cech mylenia, dezinformacji i zaskoczenia przygotowano proces integrujący przedmiotową zasadę z planowaniem działań na poziomie taktycznym. Celem podjętej próby jest: przedstawienie założeń integracji procedury celowego inspirowania (lub potęgowania poznanej oceny zagrożenia) przeciwnika co do sposobu działania wojsk własnych i wykorzystania tej wiedzy do jego zmylenia z planowaniem działań taktycznych. Utworzona procedura badawcza składa się z metod teoretycznych i heurystycznych, a składa się z: abstrahowania, klasyfikowania, analogii bezpośredniej, jak i techniki definiowania. Publikacja ma następującą strukturę: wstęp, zasada Magrudera, uwarunkowania metodologiczne, przegląd literatury, mylenie jako część maskowania operacyjnego a korespondencja z zaskoczeniem, korzyści płynące z zaskoczenia, I wojna w zatoce perskiej – przykład z historii sztuki wojennej, ogólna charakterystyka procedury mylenia na poziomie taktycznym, właściwości etapów procedury mylenia na poziomie taktycznym, wzmocnienie procesu mylenia, relacja procesu planowania działań do procedury mylenia, przykład zastosowania zasady Magrudera w zarysie, wnioski, kierunki rozwoju, zakończenie, bibliografia.Magruder’s principle states the simplicity of exploiting the opportunity to confuse the adver-sary by exploiting his misconception of the actions of his own troops. On the basis of this and the hitherto known features of confusion, disinformation and surprise, a process has been prepared to integrate the principle in question into action planning at the tactical level. The aim of the attempt made is: to present the assumptions for the integration of a procedure for deliberately inspiring (or amplifying a known threat assessment) the adversary as to how own troops are operating and using this knowledge to mislead him with tactical action planning. The research procedure created consists of theoretical and heuristic methods, and consists of: abstraction, classification, direct analogy as well as definition techniques. The publication is structured as follows: introduction, Magruder’s principle, methodological considerations, literature re-view, deception as part of operational camouflage versus correspondence with surprise, benefits of sur-prise, Persian Gulf War I – an example from the history of the art of war, general characteristics of the deception procedure at the tactical level, characteristics of the stages of the deception procedure at the tactical level, reinforcement of the deception process, relation of the action planning process to the decep-tion procedure, an example of the application of Magruder’s principle in outline, conclusions, develop-ments, conclusion, bibliography
Consent for a Polish Citizen to Serve in a Foreign Military or ForeignMilitary Organization – Selected Legal Aspects
No full textSłużba obywatela polskiego w obcym wojsku lub obcej organizacji wojskowej bez wątpienia może nieść za sobą daleko idące konsekwencje z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Nie powinno budzić przy tym żadnych wątpliwości, iż w takich sytuacjach częstokroć dochodzi do konfliktu sumienia, względem którego z państw jego obywatel powinien być lojalny. Nie jest bowiem możliwe równoczesne realizowanie obowiązków wojskowych wobec więcej niż jednego państwa, co wynika z samej już tylko okoliczności, iż w razie wojny mogą one stać się przeciwnikami. Mając na uwadze powyższe, ustawodawca, kierując się zasadniczo względami bezpieczeństwa i obronności, słusznie poddaje zatem dopuszczalność przyjęcia przez obywatela polskiego obowiązków wojskowych w obcym państwie lub obcej organizacji wojskowej szczególnemu reżimowi prawnemu. W tym kontekście istotnym wymogiem pozostaje przede wszystkim konieczność uzyskania zgody Ministra Obrony Narodowej. To zaś uzależnione jest zasadniczo od łącznego spełnienia określonych w ustawie warunków przy jednoczesnym braku zaistnienia choćby jednej z przesłanek negatywnych. Powyższe każe twierdzić o wyjątkowym charakterze regulacji. Nie można mianowicie tracić z pola widzenia, iż zasadą jest, że to służba obywatela polskiego w Wojsku Polskim wyprzedza możliwość pełnienia przez obywatela polskiego służby w obcym wojsku lub obcej organizacji wojskowej. Ustawodawca niewątpliwie dąży więc w ten sposób w pierwszej kolejności do zabezpieczenia interesów RP, zapewniając tym samym względną stabilność systemu obronnego państwa, w tym jego zdolność do skutecznej reakcji na potencjalne zagrożenia. Przyjęty model normatywny zmierza do wyeliminowania sytuacji, w których obywatel polski znalazłby się w konflikcie interesów między obowiązkami wobec RP a zobowiązaniami wynikającymi z przynależności do wojsk obcego państwa lub obcej organizacji wojskowej.The service of a Polish citizen in a foreign army or military organization undoubtedly carries far-reaching consequences from the perspective of national security. There should be no doubt that, in such situations, a conflict of conscience often arises regarding which state the citizen should remain loyal to. It is not possible to simultaneously fulfill military obligations to more than one state, given the fundamental reality that, in the event of war, those states may become adversaries. Considering this, the legislature, primarily guided by concerns of security and defense, rightly subjects the admissibility of a Polish citizen undertaking military obligations in a foreign state or military organization to a specific legal regime. In this context, the foremost requirement remains the necessity of obtaining the approval of the Minister of National Defense. This approval, in principle, depends on the joint fulfillment of conditions specified in the law, while ensuring that none of the negative premises are met.The above leads to the conclusion regarding the exceptional nature of this regulation. It must not be overlooked that the fundamental rule dictates that a Polish citizen\u27s service in the Polish Armed Forces takes precedence over the possibility of serving in a foreign army or military organization. The legislature, in this manner, undoubtedly aims primarily to safeguard the interests of the Republic of Poland, thereby ensuring the relative stability of the state’s defense system, including its ability to effectively respond to potential threats. The adopted legal framework seeks to eliminate scenarios in which a Polish citizen might find themselves in a conflict of interest between obligations to the Republic of Poland and commitments resulting from affiliation with the armed forces of a foreign state or military organization