Czsaopisma Uniwersytetu w Siedlcach
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Newly Discovered Petroglyphs of Bardah Serkha in Badreh County, Ilam Province, Western Iran
No full textThe Ilam province, includes the western part of the Central Zagros, is less known in terms of rock art and petroglyphs, and no serious research has been done in this field so far. The collection of new Bardah Serkha petroglyphs was created in the middle of Dezan Valley and next to the road that passes through the western terrace wall of the valley. The collection includes 4 petroglyphs. These petroglyphs include two male mountain goats with long horns and linear bodies, shown in detail and moving westward. On the opposite side, two hunters with bows are shown shooting at goats. These two archers are standing and pulling the bow string. The bows in their hands are curved and the two ends to which the string is tied are turned outwards. These bows were common only in the Central Zagros region. Despite the similarities in shape and size with Assyrian and Elamite bows, they are different. Based onthe investigations, it is believed that the origin of this type of bow is from Ilam, which has become endemic in this region. The chronology of these petroglyphs is based on the bows in the hands of hunters, which belong to the Iron Age III and contemporary with the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Elamite periods
Investigating thermal comfort in the Kohandej on Mount Khajeh in Sistan, Iran, based on physiological equivalent temperature
No full textKohandej building architecture on Mount Khajeh in Sistan dating back to the Parthian and Sasanian periods were affected by climatic factors. This study aimed to investigate the thermal comfort in this building. The novelty of this study lies in examining building thermal comfort in outdoor, semi-open, and indoor spaces in this historically significant site based on the PET index. Four datalogger stations were located outside the castle as a reference, in the courtyard in the castle, in the semi-open space of the northern iwan, and an indoor space. The study findings revealed that the thermal sensations of the reference and outdoor stations were in an extremely hot status, while the stations in semi-open and enclosed spaces ranged from warm to hot status. Meanwhile, the highest average PET value among the stations in various hours of the day pertained to the outdoor station at 45.92°C, while the lowest rateof 38.34°C pertained to the indoor station. To conclude, the indoor station was in a more desirable thermal comfort status than the outdoor station. The results suggest that the architecture of the castle has lowered the temperature in the interior and in the iwan closer to the thermal comfort levels. While the mean radiant temperature fluctuates within 38.69-49.42 °C in the four stations, the mean PET of the indoor space is lower by 7.58 °C than the outdoor space, and the mean PET of the semi-open space is lower by 4.50 °C than the outdoor space
The Economic System of the Volhynian Voivodeship before the Industrial Revolution: General View
No full textThe article deals with the issue of the Volhynian Voivodeship economic structure’s development from the middle of 15th century till the last quarter of 18th centuries. There are analysed the general tendencies which had the impact on the formation of the urban and rural menage, determined the market vector of the filwarok (farmstead) menage and organized the participation of Volhynia in interregional and international trade affairs. There is represented the historical retrospective of the stages of economic movements on the Volhynian’s territory. It is stated that the majority of the political processes (such as Lublin or Brest Unions, Cossacks’ uprisings, Cossacks’ revolution) are not significant for the general economic tendencies and couldn’t be take into account
Duel Between Rostam and the White Div: An Allegorical Critique of War in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh in Ghazniavi Context
No full textFerdowsi’s Shahnameh was written during the reigns of two very different ethnic dynasties. The Samanids created an ideal climate for a scholar of the history of pre-Islamic Iran, which made it easier for Ferdowsi to begin his work, but the change in the ruling dynasty meant that his work did not receive the reception he had hoped for. In the article I hypothesize that the main reason for this was the poet\u27s anti-war criticism of the policies of Mahmud of Ghazni, specifically his expedition to India in the years 1000-1001. For his own safety, Ferdowsi hid the criticism under a historical allegory and placed it in the initial, non-historical part of the poem – Kay Kavus’ expedition to Mazandaran. The duel between Rostam and White Div, which is the climax of the expedition, is also the culmination of the anti-war message. Despite hiding the criticism in literary fiction, it was read by Mahmud and his court, resulting in his strong negative reaction. To prove my hypothesis, I cite evidence showing that Ferdowsi drew inspiration from contemporaneity in creating other elements of the Shahnameh.Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh was written during the reigns of two very different ethnic dynasties. The Samanids created an ideal climate for a scholar of the history of pre-Islamic Iran, which made it easier for Ferdowsi to begin his work, but the change in the ruling dynasty meant that his work did not receive the reception he had hoped for. In the article I hypothesize that the main reason for this was the poet\u27s anti-war criticism of the policies of Mahmud of Ghazni, specifically his expedition to India in the years 1000-1001. For his own safety, Ferdowsi hid the criticism under a historical allegory and placed it in the initial, non-historical part of the poem – Kay Kavus’ expedition to Mazandaran. The duel between Rostam and White Div, which is the climax of the expedition, is also the culmination of the anti-war message. Despite hiding the criticism in literary fiction, it was read by Mahmud and his court, resulting in his strong negative reaction. To prove my hypothesis, I cite evidence showing that Ferdowsi drew inspiration from contemporaneity in creating other elements of the Shahnameh
Gender education of children and youth in modern Ukraine
No full textW artykule analizowany jest problem wychowania seksualnego i genderowego dzieci і młodzieży na Ukrainie w celu porównania go z koncepcją wychowania Jana Amosa Komeńskiego oraz określenia jego specyfiki we współczesnych instytucjach edukacyjnych. Analiza pozwala stwierdzić, że wkład Jana Komeńskiego polegał na sformułowaniu idei zgodności wychowania dziecka z naturą, z uwzględnieniem cech rozwojowych, opartego na moralności i skromności, które rozpoczyna się w rodzinie poprzez przykład rodziców. Warto zaznaczyć, że idee te nie dotyczyły bezpośrednio wychowania seksualnego, którego ówczesne społeczeństwo nie postrzegało jako odrębnego kierunku wychowania dziecka. Jednocześnie współcześnie wskazany problem wśród dzieci i młodzieży Ukrainy jest aktualny, o czym świadczą wyniki badań i co stanowi podstawę do ukierunkowanej pracy pedagogów z młodymi ludźmi.The article analyzes the issue of sexual and gender education of children and youth in Ukraine with the aim of comparing it to the educational concept of John Amos Comenius and identifying its specific features in modern educational institutions. The analysis provides grounds for concluding that the contribution of Comenius lay in formulating the idea of the natural conformity of a child’s upbringing, taking into account age-specific characteristics and based on morality and modesty, which begins in the family through the example set by parents. It is worth noting that these ideas did not concern sexual education itself, as society at that time did not define it as a separate area of child upbringing. At the same time, today this issue is relevant among children and youth in Ukraine, as evidenced by survey results, and serves as a basis for purposeful pedagogical work with young people
The management strategy of the municipality in the context of current development challenges
No full textThe article presents a discussion on the current situation of the municipalities, in the context ofdevelopment. It highlights the key factors reflecting the needs and management capabilities of the municipalityallowing for the formation of a rational functioning. It has been proposed to supplement the practicalfunctioning of municipalities in the planning of the procedure, including a diagnosis of the current stateand strategy, which ultimately enables management advantage. It presents the necessary changes in themanagement of the municipality in the context of coopetition enabling agreement with the competition.It discusses the related dilemmas and presents potential areas of cooperation
ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL INVESTMENTS IN TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MUNICIPALITIES OF OLSZTYN COUNTY
No full textZłożoność gospodarki komunalnej wynika z różnorodnych cech o charakterze gospodarczym, społecznym i ekologicznym, gdzie interes społeczny jest integrowany z efektywnością ekonomiczną. Inwestycje komunalne są obecnie jednym z kluczowych narzędzi strategii rozwoju gminy. Przy ich planowaniu i realizacji gminy zwracają szczególną uwagę na ich oddziaływanie bądź wpływ na zrównoważony rozwój w takich obszarach jak gospodarka, społeczeństwo, ekologia. Celem artykułu jest analiza i ocena roli inwestycji komunalnych w aspekcie rozwoju zrównoważonego gminy. Przedmiotem badań są inwestycje komunalne zrealizowane w gminach powiatu olsztyńskiego. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2020-2024. Wykorzystanymi w badaniu metodę analizy krytycznej i analizę wskaźnikową. Na potrzeby badań opracowano model oceny inwestycji komunalnych. Badania pokazały, iż poszczególne gminy uzyskały zróżnicowany poziom wskaźników zrównoważonego rozwoju charakterystycznych dla gospodarki komunalnej. Wyniki badań mogą posłużyć do analizy i oceny strategii inwestycyjnych gmin, promowania najlepszych praktyk, oraz doskonalenia procesu oceny inwestycji komunalnych z perspektywy zrównoważonego rozwoju.The complexity of the municipal economy results from various economic, social and ecological features, where social interest is integrated with economic efficiency. Municipal investments are currently one of the key tools of the commune\u27s development strategy. When planning and implementing them, communes pay special attention to their impact or influence on sustainable development in areas such as economy, society, and ecology. The aim of the article is to analyze and assess the role of municipal investments in the aspect of sustainable development of the commune. The subject of the research are municipal investments implemented in the communes of the Olsztyn district. The research was conducted in 2020-2024. The basic research methods used in the study are: critical analysis method and indicator analysis. For the purposes of the research, a model for assessing municipal investments was developed. The research showed that individual communes obtained different levels of sustainable development indicators characteristic of the municipal economy. The research results can be used to analyze and assess the investment strategies of communes, promote best practices, and improve the process of assessing municipal invest-ments from the perspective of sustainable development
Assessment of the functioning of special purpose funds on the example of the Solidarity Fund
No full textFundusz Solidarnościowy (dalej jako: FS) jest jednym z państwowych funduszy celowych, za pomocą których państwo finansuje potrzeby osób niepełnosprawnych. Mimo iż funkcjonuje dopiero od kilku lat, wzbudza duże zainteresowanie teoretyków i praktyków prawa finansowego. Analiza działania Funduszu Solidarnościowego jest zajmującym tematem, m.in. ze względu na dyskusyjne uwarunkowania jego powstania, wybór źródeł finansowania, rozszerzone grono beneficjentów korzystających z jego zasobów, a także istotne kwestie podatkowe. Niniejszy artykuł omawia cechy Funduszu Solidarnościowego oraz prawne zasady jego funkcjonowania. Ponadto podejmuje analizę zarówno pozytywnych, jak i krytycznych ocen odnoszących się do skuteczności i przejrzystości działalności FS. Badania do-tyczące finansowania potrzeb osób niepełnosprawnych są istotne, ponieważ zarówno osoby niepełnosprawne, ich rodziny oraz podatnicy powinni posiadać wiedzę, na jakie programy dystrybułowane są publiczne środki.The Solidarity Fund is one of the special purpose public funds in Poland through which the state has been financing the needs of disabled people. Although it has been operating for 3 years, its functioning arouses great interest. This paper aims at thorough analysis of how this fund was established, what are the key resources used to meet its obligations and what is the factual scale of its efficiency and transparency. These topics seem to be a challenging and interesting issue not only because of the great number of this fund’s beneficiaries but also due to its connection to tax law (Solidarity Fund is mostly covered by the personal income tax paid by the richest taxpayers). In order to prepare this article, a number of methods was taken into consideration, such as: analysis and interpretation of legal acts, examination of reports, research of theoretical articles and desk research
The Archetype of the Terrible Mother in Ann Radcliffe’s A Sicilian Romance (1790)
No full textRooted in Jung’s theories of the unconscious, and further developed by scholars like Erich Neumann or Northrop Frye, the archetype of the Terrible Mother appears to emerge with special intensity at times of trouble and social unrest to remind us of our deepest fears. This article explores this archetype within the pages of Ann Radcliffe’s gothic novel A Sicilian Romance (1790), examining the marchioness Maria di Vellorno as an embodiment of the evil stepmother figure, a common manifestation of the Terrible Mother archetype. By analysing the marchioness’s controlling demeanour and the destructive attributes associated with the darker aspect of the Feminine, the paper reveals how Radcliffe’s novel reflects the anxieties of late 18th-century England in the face of French revolutionary radicalism. The analysis highlights the Terrible Mother’s links to social unrest and the triumph of English social order through the heroine’s victory and the demise of the evil stepmother. The article contributes to understanding the psychological and cultural meaning of the Terrible Mother in literature and its portrayal of historical anxieties
Suidae in Polish fables (selected examples)
No full textArtykuł dotyczy motywu i symboliki świni w polskiej bajce ezopowej. Analiza materiału badawczego ujawniła, iż zwierzę to stanowi wieloraki punkt odniesienia dla poszczególnych autorów w kontekście opisu rzeczywistości społecznej, politycznej, a także duchowej. Badania dowodzą, że tytułowej bohaterce towarzyszą utarte od wieków skojarzenia i stereotypy, które znajdują swe odzwierciedlenie w wielu tekstach na przestrzeni dziejów.The article concerns the motif and symbolism of the pig in the Polish Aesopian fable. Analysis of the research material revealed that this animal constitutes a multiple point of reference for individual authors in the context of describing social, political, and spiritual reality. The research proves that the title character is accompanied by centuries-old associations and stereotypes that are reflected in many texts throughout history