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Process evaluation of a school-based vaccination intervention to improve HPV vaccine coverage: A mixed-method study embedded in the French PrevHPV cluster randomized controlled trial
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundHuman papillomavirus vaccine coverage (HPV VC) remains suboptimal in many countries. French authorities launched the PrevHPV research program, which included a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of an ‘at-school vaccination’ intervention. Within this trial, we conducted a process evaluation of this intervention, specifically analyzing (i) its implementation, (ii) its mechanisms of impact, and (iii) the contextual factors influencing implementation (facilitators/barriers).MethodWe conducted a mixed-method study embedded in the PrevHPV cRCT (April 2021–April 2022). ‘At-school vaccination’ consisted of vaccination day(s) on school premises where mobile vaccination teams (MVTs) initiated HPV vaccination free of charge for eligible adolescents (i.e., non-vaccinated adolescents aged 11+). Quantitative data were collected through activity reports and self-administered questionnaires of adolescents and school staff. Qualitative data collected through six focus groups with school staff and MVTs were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsOf the 31 schools (14,772 adolescents) randomized to implement ‘at-school vaccination’, 12 (39 %) dropped out. Among the participating schools, analysis of implementation showed that 17 % of adolescents returned valid consent forms, of whom 89 % initiated vaccination. MVTs played a central role in implementing vaccination day(s), supported by several school staff (e.g., school nurses, education assistants). Regarding mechanisms of impacts, satisfaction with the vaccination days was high among adolescents and school staff. The intervention generated both positive and negative group effects among adolescents. Contextual factors that facilitated implementation included the preparation of a list of adolescents to be vaccinated and the availability and motivation of school staff. The main barriers related to the management of consent forms and missing health records.ConclusionWe formulated recommendations for implementing at-school vaccination, which may be particularly helpful for the French school HPV vaccination campaigns that were scaled up nationally in 2023. We also discussed potential macro-level improvement strategies, involving modifications to the legislative framework
Who can speak for and listen to the Atrato river? Expertise and epistemic “shift” in a rights of nature legal decision in Colombia
No full textInternational audienceThis article draws on the ethnography of a Colombian court case that led to the recognition of the rights of the Atrato River. Beyond the shift inthe legal framework within which rights of nature claim to operate – from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric one – the article asks whether rightsof nature also imply a shift in the expertise that the decisions mobilise. I first examine the ways in which claimants and their lawyers constructedevidence and used expertise to build this case. In a second section, I analyse the way in which the judges of the Constitutional Court contributed tothis probative work by assembling expertise. Finally, I analyse the process of implementing the decision. At this stage, a double movement appears: we see the centrality of expertise in the monitoring of the judgment alongside the interweaving of heterogeneous knowledge in the implementationprojects. Throughout the three stages of my analysis, I examine how different types of knowledge are mobilised, and I ask whether this processreally allows us to think beyond the nature/culture dichotomy.S’appuyant sur l’ethnographie d’une affaire judiciaire colombienne aboutissant à la reconnaissance du fleuve Atrato comme sujet de droits,l’article pose la question de savoir si, au-delà du changement du cadre juridique dans lequel les droits de la nature prétendent opérer, d’uncadre anthropocentrique à un cadre écocentrique, les droits de la nature impliquent également un changement dans l’expertise qu’ils mobilisent.L’article examine tout d’abord la manière dont les requérants et leurs avocats construisent les preuves et utilisent l’expertise pour constituer ledossier. Dans un second temps, il examine la manière dont les juges de la Cour constitutionnelle contribuent à ce travail probatoire en assemblantl’expertise. Enfin, l’article analyse le processus de mise en oeuvre de la décision. A ce stade, un double mouvement apparaît : la centralité del’expertise dans le suivi de l’arrêt et l’imbrication de savoirs hétérogènes dans les projets de mise en oeuvre. Dans ces trois moments, j’examineraicomment différents types de savoirs sont mobilisés, et je me demanderai si ce processus nous permet réellement de penser au-delà de la dichotomie nature/culture
Brain size reduction in dogs was already established at least by the Late Neolithic of western Europe, 5,000 years ago
No full textThe timing and causes of brain size reduction in domestic dogs remain uncertain. Using endocast's volume as a proxy for brain size, this study provides a first insight into long-term brain size evolution in the wolf-dog lineage. We compared endocranial volumes of 185 modern and 22 prehistoric wolves and dogs ranging from Western Europe to Australia, and spanning the Pleniglacial (35 Ky BP) to the Late Neolithic (5 Ky BP). Our results reveal that Pleistocene so called "protodogs" show no brain size reduction compared to coeval Pleistocene wolves. Instead, we observed a slightly larger relative endocranial volume in the 35,000-year-old 'protodog' from Goyet, which could suggest increased behavioural flexibility in the presence of humans. This hypothesis needs to be tested further. In contrast, Late Neolithic dogs show a drastic 46% brain size reduction with an endocranial volumes comparable to modern small terrier and toy breeds. The anxious and wary temperaments of these Late Neolithic dogs, induced by the brain tissue reorganization associated with such a size reduction, could have served an alerting purpose, among the many other potential roles dogs could have played within this Late Neolithic socio-ecosystems
Gender-inclusive speaking: a quantitative study of noun phrases referring to humans in a corpus of spoken French
No full textInternational audienceThis contribution presents the first quantitative study of gender-inclusive language in spoken French, based on a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews conducted in Montreal, Paris, and Marseille with feminist and queer activists. Focusing on noun phrases referring to human beings, we quantify the proportion of generic masculines in the corpus and analyze the various strategies used by the speakers to avoid them. Results show that the overall rate of use of masculine-marked expressions whose intended referents are not necessarily men is extremely low (around 5 % of all the noun phrases in the corpus). We show that this result arises from three unrelated sources: differences between the spoken and standard written language, use of person-centered language, and replacement of so-called generic masculines with syntactic doublets
High alpine preglacial caves modified by glacial processes and late condensationcorrosion in the Scerscen Valley (Valmalenco, Western Alps, Italy)
No full textInternational audienceThe Scerscen Valley (western Italian Alps) is home to caves at an altitude of around 2600 m, opening close to the Speleogenesis edge of a glacier. The aim of the research as part of a multi-disciplinary project was to reconstruct the evolution Alpine Cosmogenic GeomorphologyHydrogeologyglaciersburial dating of cosmonucleide some the of caves the related most burial recent to dating, the processes, geological recorded such and morphology paleoenvironmental as condensation-corrosion and micrometeorology, evolution and of sediment the carried area deposition. and out mineralogical to evaluate We the performed identifirole of cation by XRD, and hydrogeology using dye tracing and physical and chemical analyses. The cosmonucleide dating of quartz pebbles showed that the Veronica Cave is the oldest, with deposits dated at 1.3 ± 0.4 Ma, and possibly even older. It certainly formed at a much lower altitude (approx. 1300 m a.s.l. or lower) during the Alpine uplift. The Morgana and Marsooi caves, given the smaller volume of their phreatic conduits (1/3 of Veronica), are possibly more recent, formed during interglacials and evolved close to a glacial body. The caves initiated in dolomitic marble under the influence of sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS) due to pyrite oxidation. The conduits were then enlarged dramatically under phreatic conditions. The caves have evolved since their preglacial formation, with phases of filling by fluvio-glacial sediments and unclogging. Water tracing and physico-chemical analysis attest to a well-karstified aquifer, with rapid water circulation (>20 m/h) and low temperatures (~2 °C), draining towards the main spring, "La Prediletta", located at the foot of the dolomitic marbles. Microclimatic records (cave temperature and humidity) show seasonal cycles of condensation and evaporation, influenced by air exchanges with the outside atmosphere. These processes contributed to the formation of secondary minerals by evaporation (gypsum, hydromagnesite…) and, above all, to the significant enlargement of passages by the retreat of walls with characteristic morphologies (facets and grooved walls). The Scerscen caves bear witness to a long geological and climatic history, from their formation before the Mid-Pleistocene ice ages to their present-day evolution. They offer valuable insights into karst processes in the high mountains, and interactions between glaciers and aquifers
Du Kitāb al-maġāzī de Maʿmar b. Rāšid à la Sīra d'Ibn Isḥāq L'émergence du canon biographique de la vie de Muḥammad In Marie-Céline Isaïa et Bruno Paoli, Le canon dans la littérature médiévale (Orient et Occident),
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Critique écosystémique des droits humains
No full textInternational audienceL'urgence écologique exige la mise en place de contraintes sur le système productif, et donc sur les modes de consommation qui en découlent. Mais celles-ci sont bien souvent repoussées comme autant d'atteintes aux libertés fondamentales. Semble ainsi s'opérer une confusion entre liberté individuelle et mode de vie non soutenable, qui façonne les représentations individuelles, sociétales, médiatiques, politiques, jusqu'à rejaillir dans la sphère juridique où se manifestent les tensions entre protection de l'environnement et préservation des libertés fondamentales. Cet amalgame court-circuite la réflexion sur les changements sociétaux à conduire pour faire face à l'urgence écologique via le spectre de l'« écologie punitive » ou de la « dictature verte ». Le projet de recherche CritÉcoDhu -Critique écosystémique des droits humains : repenser les « droits de l'Homme » à l'aune des limites planétaires -vise à repenser la fondamentalité des droits dans le cadre d'un nouveau contrat social lié à l'urgence écologique. Ce premier ouvrage collectif, issu d'un séminaire de cadrage entre juristes, philosophes, politistes, anthropologues et climatopaléontologue, réunit tout à la fois des études de cas, des analyses inédites et des relectures critiques de textes fondamentaux qui confrontent libertés individuelles, urgence environnementale et démocratie
Germany and the South China Sea: Shaping the Maritime environment through limited means
No full textInternational audienceMaximilian Reinold discusses Germany’s perspective on the South China Sea. He finds that although Germany has no clearly articulated assessment of potential escalation scenarios in the region, it nonetheless monitors the South China Sea closely due to its heavy reliance on maritime trade traversing the area. He argues that Germany’s increased diplomatic and military engagement in the region reflects Berlin’s commitment to averting escalation in the South China Sea disputes
