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Les sites de la Peyzie (Lisle, Dordogne). Une histoire en construction
No full textInternational audienceThe Dordogne department and, in particular theVézère valley, played a key role in the developmentof prehistoric archaeology and the recognition of theauthenticity of its artistic productions. Many of thesites in the area have been the focus of sustainedand regular research for over 150 years, polarisingscientific and economic interests. But other parts ofthe department, rich in prehistoric sites, appear tohave been neglected. Located in the north-west ofthe Dordogne department, the mid-Dronne valleyis one of these little-known areas, even though anumber of sites excavated during the 20th centuryreveal recurrent settlement during the Upper andLate Palaeolithic periods.Located in the present-day commune of Lisle, La Peyzie is a steepslope with several small south-facing caves opening onto a small,flat valley, which may have functioned seasonally as a fluvio-polje.The site is a limestone ledge on the right bank of the Donzelle river,300 m long and around ten meters high. It is a little-known site, bothto the non-specialist public and to prehistorians themselves. Rarelymentioned in scientific literature, the site is best known for havingyielded a number of singular objects that have now disappeared.This lack of knowledge of the site is due as much to a gap in thedocumentation surrounding the first excavations carried out inPeyzie I under the direction of Paul-Émile Jude in the 1930s, as to thedispersal of the artefacts unearthed. Nearly 90 years later, throughthe compilation of unpublished archives and a return to the field,we propose to redefine the geomorphological and historiographicalframework of the Peyzie sites in order to see what contributions(and limitations) they have made to the construction of regionalprehistoric archaeology.The archives relating to the early excavations at Peyzie I include anumber of previously unpublished documents, such as manuscriptsand letters from the main protagonists at the time, various illus-trations, as well as some of the archaeological material recovered.They enable us to reconstruct some of the events that took placeon the site nearly a century ago, and to link them to the historyof local prehistoric archaeology, which was still in its infancy atthe time. First of all, they reveal that emblematic names in Frenchprehistory, such as Henri Begouën and Denis Peyrony, visited the siteand encouraged its excavation. But despite the support and adviceof his contemporaries, Jude left behind very little usable data fromhis excavations at Peyzie I. The difficult excavation conditions in thecave (in particular the rising water table) probably partly explainthis finding, at a time when the search for beautiful objects (rare atPeyzie I) was still a widespread practice.In addition, the compilation and revision of this data mean that,if not confirming the archaeo-sequence established by Jude(centered on the Upper Magdalenian and Azilian periods), we canat least complete it by recognising both earlier (during the earlymiddle Magdalenian) and more recent passages (during the earlyLaborian). It is also surprising to note that Peyzie I is better knowntoday for its contribution to the characterisation of the (beginningof the) MM – which P.-É. Jude did not recognise on excavation – thanto that of the upper Magdalenian or Azilian. Finally, these archivesconfirm the paucity of usable data left by these early excavations.This deprives us today of a sequence that could have contributedto characterising the evolution of human societies during thePleistocene/Holocene transition in the north-east of the AquitaineBasin, and in particular to the debates surrounding the azilianisationprocess. It is on the strength of this desire to find and reconstruct thePeyzie I archaeosequence that we have begun a research program inthe Donzelle valley in 2019.The aim of this return to the field was (1) to find the site excavated inthe 1930s by P.-É. Jude and check whether any archaeological levelswere still present and usable, (2) to test the archaeological potentialof the rest of the calcareous escarpment, and (3) to characterisethe geomorphological formation of the valley and its sedimentaryevolution. The two excavation campaigns we carried out at Peyzie Icall into question the archaeological potential of the site. Althoughthe bone industry describes a possible Magdalenian level at thebase of the fill, several elements argue in favour of sorted andmixed assemblages. Firstly, the absence of clearly individualisedarchaeo-stratigraphic units in the pit, the inconsistent stratigraphicposition of the only dated faunal remain and the lack of "beautifulobjects". This is also the case with the intrusion of elements fromthe modern period throughout the sequence (i.e. glass, plastic,wood, iron elements, etc.), as well as from the Ice Age in the first(supposedly Azilian) strippings. Lastly, this is supported by thearchival documents to which we have had access, which describethe Jude excavations as having extended over the entire cave andreaching the rocky floor in places. In short, there is every reasonto believe that the survey we began in 2019 intersects a series ofbackfills from the Jude excavations and flood deposits that wouldhave redeposited in the cavity. Given the difficult excavation condi-tions (cramped conditions and rising water table), these elementsno longer reassure us of the value of excavating this site, whichdoes not present the conditions of archaeological integrity requiredas part of our research project. But if these initial results appearnegative, they will at least have had the merit of drawing attentionto this limestone ledge, whose archaeological potential is far fromexhausted.Indeed, the discovery of Peyzie IV in 2019, a small cave about70 metres northeast of Peyzie I, opens up new avenues of researchin this sector. The excavations we have carried out over 12.5 m2 onthe entrance porch have revealed not only surface levels disturbedby various taphonomic processes, but also a homogeneous deeperlevel attributed to a period of the recent Palaeolithic that is stilllittle known in the region (the late Middle Magdalenian). Continuedresearch in this area will enable us to check the homogeneity andextent of this level and to study its various components. Ultimately,this will enable us to reconstruct environmental variations in thenortheastern Aquitaine Basin during the Heinrich stadial 1, a par-ticularly cold and dry episode during the last deglaciation whoseeffects on landscapes, animal and human communities have yetto be described. So, in addition to the sites of Rochereil and Pontd'Ambon, which represent the upper Magdalenian/Azilian/Laboriansequence (Célérier 1998; Paillet, Paillet 2022), this sector now offers,over an area of less than a square kilometer, unrivalled potentialfor documenting the adaptations and evolutions of human groupsin Northern Aquitaine during the early Dryas (terrestrial equivalentof the Heinrich 1 event).Bien qu’aujourd’hui largement méconnue, la cor-niche rocheuse de la Peyzie s’inscrit pourtant dansl’histoire de l’archéologie préhistorique locale.Localisée dans la moyenne vallée de la Dronne(Dordogne), à proximité de sites de renom commePont d’Ambon ou le Fourneau du Diable, elle a livréplusieurs grottes dont l’une (Peyzie I) fut fouilléedès les années 1930 par Paul-Émile Jude alors enquête d’une première expérience de fouille. Menéesdans des conditions difficiles (liées aux remontées de la nappephréatique), ces fouilles n’ont laissé que peu de données exploi-tables, parmi lesquelles figurent plusieurs objets remarquables,d’origine douteuse ou aujourd’hui disparus. À travers la compilationd’archives inédites, assortie d’un retour sur le terrain à des fins géo-morphologique et archéologique, cette contribution fait le point surles apports et les limites des grottes de la Peyzie à la constructionde l’archéologie préhistorique régionale. Si cette reprise d’étudeinvalide le potentiel archéologique de Peyzie I (dont l’archéo-séquence est plus étendue que ce que P.-É. Jude avait initialementperçu), la campagne de sondages à laquelle nous avons procédéle long de la corniche a permis de mettre au jour un nouveau sitemagdalénien, Peyzie IV, dont l’étude (en cours) s’avère prometteusepour éclairer l’évolution des sociétés humaines au cours du Dryasancien (équivalent terrestre de l’évènement d’Heinrich 1)
La Guerre des sables de 1963
No full textInternational audienceThis article revisits the 1963 “War of the Sands” and examines Cuba’s decisive role in providing military support to newly independent Algeria. Drawing on diplomatic archives, press sources and political testimonies, it argues that the Cuban intervention – the island’s first internationalist military mission – functioned both as an act of revolutionary solidarity and as a means of projecting influence within the Third World. The episode is shown to be central to the consolidation of Algerian-Cuban relations and to the emergence of an autonomous South–South diplomacy during the Cold War.Este artículo vuelve sobre la “Guerra de las Arenas” de 1963 y analiza el papel decisivo desempeñado por Cuba en el apoyo militar a la Argelia recién independizada. A partir de archivos diplomáticos, fuentes de prensa y testimonios de actores políticos, muestra que la intervención cubana – primera misión internacionalista de la isla – fue a la vez un gesto de solidaridad revolucionaria, un medio de afirmación en la escena del Tercer Mundo y un elemento clave en la consolidación de las relaciones argelino-cubanas. El estudio esclarece así la manera en que este episodio contribuyó a estructurar una diplomacia Sur-Sur autónoma en el marco de la Guerra Fría.Cet article revient sur la « Guerre des sables » de 1963 et analyse le rôle décisif joué par Cuba dans le soutien militaire à l’Algérie nouvellement indépendante. À partir d’archives diplomatiques, de sources de presse et de témoignages d’acteurs politiques, il montre que l’intervention cubaine – première mission internationaliste de l’île – a été à la fois un geste de solidarité révolutionnaire, un moyen d’affirmation sur la scène du Tiers-Monde et un élément clé dans la consolidation des relations algéro-cubaines. L’étude éclaire ainsi la manière dont cet épisode a contribué à structurer une diplomatie Sud-Sud autonome au sein de la guerre froide
Tolerance Revisited
No full textInternational audienceThe concept of tolerance is an old one, discussed by numerous thinkers like John Locke, Pierre Bayle, Hugo Grotius, and later Voltaire and Kant. Why is it still relevant today? The response is obvious: More tolerance is needed in an age of intolerance, bigotry, polarization, and rising hate speech. But there is no easy answer because we still disagree on the very meaning of tolerance. In fact, countries as different as France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, the United States, and Turkey have experienced different regimes of tolerance. In the first half of this chapter, I define religious tolerance and examine the uses of the term in adopting a comparative historical perspective covering several regions: Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and North American British colonies. In the second half of the chapter, centered on Europe and the United States, I argue that the current debate about religious tolerance is inextricably linked to a debate about freedom of expression. Tolerance requires free speech and a robust denunciation of the “enemies of tolerance” who invoke blasphemy or brandish new symbols of hatred and new forms of censorship to protect what they see as the only truth. Modern tolerance is indeed about respect for minority views, minority groups, or minority religions, but not respect at any cost. A “strong” tolerance based on unrestricted free speech may create a tension with a “respect” conception of tolerance. The search for reasonable accommodations could help resolve such a tension
Assessing psychological distress among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis of tools available
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Medical students are reported to experience high rates of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, stress, and suicide. However, there is no consensus on the tools used to detect these symptoms. This systematic review aims to explore the various tools available for assessing distress in medical students.Materials and methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following an established protocol. Articles were included if they addressed anxiety, stress, or psychological distress in medical students and used validated assessment tools translated into English. A meta-analysis was also conducted on the prevalence of stress and anxiety.Results: One hundred twenty-one articles were included, identifying 22 different tools. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was the most commonly used tool (21.7%), followed by the General Health Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale (14.7%). Only two of the identified tools, the Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (5.4%) and the Perceived Medical School Stress (3.9%), were specifically designed for medical students. The meta-analysis revealed a stress prevalence of 47.5% and an anxiety prevalence of 44.6%.Conclusion: There are multiple tools available for assessing psychological distress that are already widely used. The use of a specific questionnaire may not be necessary for this population, as tools designed for the general population can also be used for this specific group. However, specific questionnaires may provide a more accurate indication of the causal factors that require action
Les sanctions internationales et leur contournement : effets institutionnels de la géopolitisation du commerce en Russie
No full textInternational audienceLa prévision économique en temps de guerre est un exercice stratégique et périlleux. C’est pour cette raison que le budget prévisionnel de la Russie pour 2026-2028 présenté au Parlement par le gouvernement russe a été scruté à la loupe par les observateurs. L’enjeu était d’y déceler tout à la fois les effets des sanctions internationales sur l’économie russe et les intentions gouvernementales à l’égard de l’effort de guerre. Le ralentissement de la croissance que le document anticipe pour 2026 a été interprété comme l’effet de la pression accrue des sanctions internationales contre la Russie. En effet, selon la Banque centrale de Russie, la croissance est passée de 4,2-4,3 % du PIB respectivement sur les années 2023 et2024 à 1-2 % en 2025, avec des prévisions de 0,5-1,5 % en 20263. Dès lors, à l’heure où l’Union Européenne adopte le dix-neuvième paquet de sanctions internationales contre le gouvernement russe, il est opportun de se demander si la politique de sanctions internationales finit par payer et si la résilience de l’économie russe est enfin entamée
Spontaneous Speech Variables for Evaluating LLMs Cognitive Plausibility
No full textInternational audienceThe achievements of Large Language Models in Natural Language Processing, especially for high-resource languages, call for a better understanding of their characteristics from a cognitive perspective. Researchers have attempted to evaluate artificial models by testing their ability to predict behavioral (e.g., eye-tracking fixations) and physiological (e.g., brain responses) variables during language processing (e.g., reading/listening). In this paper, we propose using spontaneous speech corpora to derive production variables (speech reductions, prosodic prominences) and applying them in a similar fashion. More precisely, we extract. We then test models trained with a standard procedure on different pretraining datasets (written, spoken, and mixed genres) for their ability to predict these two variables. Our results show that, after some fine-tuning, the models can predict these production variables well above baselines. We also observe that spoken genre training data provides more accurate predictions than written genres. These results contribute to the broader effort of using high-quality speech corpora as benchmarks for LLMs
Spontaneous production of pronominal elements in Turkish non-fluent aphasia
No full textInternational audienceBackground: People with aphasia (PWA) often struggle to determine who/what pronouns refer to. However, spontaneous speech studies on non-fluent PWA have revealed a disparity: one cluster of PWA tends to omit pronouns, while another cluster tends to overuse them. This study improves our current knowledge of pronoun processing by presenting how aphasia impacts pronoun production in Turkish.Aims: This study addresses three questions: (i) whether Turkish-speaking PWA show impairments in producing pronouns in spontaneous speech, either through omission or overproduction; (ii) whether their production of personal pronouns is selectively affected; and (iii) whether theyexhibit difficulties in producing deictic and/or non-personal pronominal elements, including demonstratives, indefinites, and possessives.Methods & Procedures: Spontaneous speech samples from 10 PWA speaking Turkish and 10 matched healthy controls were analysed. Three groups of pronoun variables were quantified: (i) general characteristics of pronoun uses including total number of pronominal elements, and pronoun-to-noun ratios, (ii) total and null personal pronouns in subject and object positions, and (iii) other types of pronouns including demonstrative, indefinite, and possessive pronouns.Outcomes & Results: The Turkish-speaking PWA were above the control norms in total number of pronominal elements, and pronoun-to-noun and pronoun-to-word ratios, but they showed reduced lexical diversity in noun usage. They produced more first-person (deictic) than third person (anaphoric) pronouns while this difference was not significant in the controls. The PWA exhibit overuses in null subjects and objects, demonstratives and indefinite pronouns.Conclusions: Turkish-speaking PWA overproduce pronouns; however, this overuse does not represent a uniform pattern. Overuses caused mostly by deictic elements such as demonstratives and indefinite pronouns, in the context of reduced lexical diversity in nouns. While the overuse of pronouns likely reflects a communicative strategy, the extent and nature of this strategy seem to vary across individuals
Le design au service du territoire : retour sur la recherche in situ menée par le DSAAMaster « Produire autrement » de l’ENSAAMA à Granville.
No full textensaama.netCet article est composé à partir des articles et retours d’expériences des étudiants et de la table-ronde du 02 avril2025, à l’ENSAAMA, animée par Hélène Monnet-Cantagrel (enseignante en Humanités) et accueillant Sandrine Yvenou,fondatrice de l’établissement Dame Gourmande qui a accueilli un des projets, les étudiants Margaux Routaboul, SiméonMalaval, et Samuel Galmiche, leur professeur Richard Devinast, enseignant de Design Produit et référent duDSAA/Master et Marine Catel, designer, chercheuse et porteuse du projet Accélérateur de Transfo fédérant ce partenariat
Difficultés orthographiques d’apprenants débutants plurilingues en Français Langue Seconde
No full textInternational audienceAlthough the French orthographic system has been the subject of numerous studies highlighting some of its inherent complexity, researchers in Applied Linguistics rarely rely on these results to establish the areas of difficulty for learners of French as a Foreign or Second Language. Our research aims to understand the challenges of an adult audience (n = 20) as they enter the French orthographic system (first 20 hours of A1 level). We based our sudy on the multi-system approach of Catach (1995), to which we added phonemico-graphic and ideogrammic components to analyze the errors produced during five dictations proposed at the end of the circle of literacy (neurolinguistic approach). Results and analyses show that 63% of the words were error-free. Most errors were phonemico-graphic (59%), meaning that the learners had the wrong acoustic perception of the sounds composing a word or failed to choose the correct graphemes to transcribe certain sounds at the heart of the French phonological system (archiphoneme [OE] and nasal vowels). The learners also struggled with specific components of the French orthographic system such as apostrophes or the use of capitals (ideogramms). Morphogrammic, logogrammic, and phonogrammic errors are residual and represent each less than 10% of the errors detected.Bien que le système orthographique français ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études soulignant certaines de ses complexités inhérentes, les chercheurs en didactique des langues s'appuient rarement sur ces résultats pour établir les domaines de difficulté pour les apprenants du français langue étrangère ou seconde. Notre recherche vise à comprendre les défis rencontrés par un public adulte (n = 20) lors de son initiation au système orthographique français (20 premières heures du niveau A1). Nous avons basé notre étude sur l'approche multisystémique de Catach (1995), à laquelle nous avons ajouté les composantes phonémico-graphiques et idéographiques afin d'analyser les erreurs produites lors de cinq dictées proposées à la fin du cycle de la littéracie (approche neurolinguistique). Les résultats et les analyses montrent que 63 % des mots étaient exempts d'erreurs. La plupart des erreurs étaient phonémico-graphiques (59 %), ce qui signifie que les apprenants avaient une perception acoustique erronée des sons composant un mot ou n'ont pas réussi à choisir les graphèmes corrects pour transcrire certains sons au cœur du système phonologique français (archiphonème [OE] et voyelles nasales). Les apprenants ont également rencontré des difficultés avec certains éléments spécifiques du système orthographique français, tels que les apostrophes ou l'utilisation des majuscules (idéogrammes). Les erreurs morphogrammiques, logogrammiques et phonogrammiques sont résiduelles et représentent chacune moins de 10 % des erreurs détectées