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Discourse patterns and emerging grammar in Papuan languages
No full textInternational audiencePapuan speech is characterized by four major discourse preferences: the preference to distribute information across smaller units of speech and to then repeat and summarize it; the preference for making maximal use of bi-partite theme-rheme relations; the frequent use of tail-head linkage; and the preference for conveying thoughts and intentions in the form of direct quoted speech. These four discourse preferences are prone to grammaticization and thus lead to the emergence of specific grammatical constructions that, viewed across Papuan languages, share many features but also show language-specific characteristics. For all four preferences, we argue that there is considerable need to determine more precisely the features that distinguish the grammatical and usage manifestations found in Papuan languages from related tendencies attested in spoken language generally. Furthermore, the distributional preferences observed in Papuan natural (narrative) speech suggest a fresh look at the grammar of supra-clausal units. A core issue here is the task of carefully assessing the evidence for and against the assumption of hierarchical discourse structure. The fact that Papuan narrative speech often appears to follow culturally specific formulas is a part of this more encompassing challenge of finding practical and theoretically satisfying solutions for determining the upper limits of grammatical analysis
Rethinking multiple kernel learning under the lenses of Importance Weighted Monte Carlo Variational Inference
No full textKernel methods have been widely used in machine learning as they are a powerful tool for implicitly mapping data into high-dimensional spaces, enabling the discovery of complex patterns that might be challenging to capture in the original feature space. Although some classification and regression problems can be successfully addressed with a single kernel, sometimes real-world scenarios exhibit complex structures, and it is desirable to employ several kernel types, one for each notion of similarity that one aims to take into account. This is where multiple kernel learning (MKL) comes into play. This paper revisits multi-kernel classification with a specific focus on kernel(s) selection in the light of recent developments in Monte Carlo (importance weighted) variational inference (MCVI). In the framework of kernelized logistic regression (KLR), we consider positive semidefinite linear combinations of kernels and treat the kernel weights as random variables. Proper choices of prior distributions coupled with the explicit derivation of the importance-weighted lower bound (IW-ELBO), generalization of the traditional variational lower bound (ELBO), allow us to both perform kernel selection via shrinking and to perform posterior inference on the kernel weights, without needing MCMC sampling. Unlike pure optimization-based approaches to MKL, our optimization problem does not require explicit constraints and can be optimized by standard stochastic gradient descent
Far-reaching hunter-gatherer networks during the Last Glacial Maximum in Western Europe
No full textInternational audienceSocial networking is an essential feature of hunter-gatherer societies. It fosters the circulation of goods and information and enables kinship ties across different scales, including long-distance contacts. While such behaviors are known since at least the Upper Palaeolithic, evidence for geographically extensive social networks remains scarce. This evidence is limited to indirect inferences based on shared cultural traits, “art” styles, and symbolic items, while lithic raw material movements are mostly local and regional, with few cases exceeding 300 kilometers. We provide geochemical evidence for the largest confirmed distance between the source and discard location of a knapped lithic object in Palaeolithic Europe. Solutrean artifacts discarded at Peña Capón, Central Iberia, were sourced in Southwest France, 600 to 700 kilometers away. This demonstrates social networks of unprecedented geographic scale maintained during ∼1400 years during the Last Glacial Maximum. It also suggests that stone tools were exchanged as symbolic items to solidify social contacts and sustain far-reaching networks as risk-buffering mechanisms among widely dispersed hunter-gatherers
Chapter 13: An Overview of the Religious and Political Situation in Early Fourteenth Century Tibet
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Chapter 12: Late 11th–13th Century: Tertön Sarben Chokmé, Nyangral, Gongri Sangyé Wangchen, and Guru Chöwang
No full textInternational audiencesems dpa' thugs kyi me long) of Garwang Dorje (1640-1685)-vol. 16. 2 3. The cycle of The Sow With a Profound Seal (Lung phag mo zab rgya) by Tennyi Lingpa (1480-1535)-vol. 17. 4. The cycle of Mañjuśrī Master of Life ('Jam dpal tshe bdag), mostly (but not wholly) "invented" by Gya Zhangtrom (11th Century?)-vol. 18-27. 5. The cycle of Rāhula, The Poisoned Razor, "discovered" by Pema Ledreltsal (1291-1319)-vol. 28-29. 6. The cycle of Padmasambhava, The Complete Gathering of the Knowledge-Holders (Rig 'dzin yongs 'dus), revealed by Ngari Paṇchen Pema Wanggyal (1487-1542)-vol. 30-32. 7. The revelations of Rigdzin Lekden Dorje (1452/1512?-1565): Liberating Saṃsāra in the Dharmadhātu (Thugs rje chen po 'khor ba dbyings grol) and the cycle of Amṛtakuṇḍalī (Tshe sgrub bdud rtsi 'khyil pa)-vol. 33. 8. The Nine-Headed Wrathful One, revealed either by Rigdzin Lekden Dorje or by Ngari Paṇchen Pema Wangyal-vol. 34. 9. The revelations of Jangdak Tashi Tobgyal (1550?-1603): Karma Guru and The Essential Meaning of the Mother-Tantras (Ma rgyud snying po don gsum)-vol. 35. 10. The complete writings of Rigdzin Pema Trinlé (Gödem IV, 1641-1717)-vol. 36-50. 3 1 We have already presented this list (with annotations) in Arguillère 2022a, pp. 10-12, but it is undoubtedly useful to reiterate it here in a more synthetic manner 2 On Gar dbang rdo rje, see Solmsdorf 2014 and Burroughs 2013. Several cycles associated with the revelations of this master are not included in the present collection. Their absence remains, so far, a mystery. 3The number of volumes clearly attests to the importance of this master for the Northern Treasures.</div
More than Symbols: The Effect of Symbolic Policies on Climate Policy Support
No full textInternational audienceA s climate change effects become increasingly salient, the need for stringent climate policies becomes more pressing. The implementation of such policies is often met with resistance from the public due to their perceived costs and distributional implications. Scholars have mostly focused on material compensations to increase public support among policy losers. This article goes beyond the existing literature by showing how what we term symbolic policies can enhance support for costlier policies. We define symbolic policies as policies sending meaningful messages to the public but having low material impacts. We argue that without changing the material costs that climate policies impose, symbolic policies increase public support by altering the message that costly policies convey. We demonstrate our argument using survey experiments and qualitative interviews conducted in France, showing that symbolic policies can significantly increase support for costly climate policies and increase perceptions of fairness, elite behavior, and government credibility
Early hominins from Morocco basal to the Homo sapiens lineage
No full textInternational audiencePalaeogenetic evidence suggests that the last common ancestor of present-day humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans lived around 765–550 thousand years ago (ka)1. However, both the geographical distribution and the morphology of these ancestral humans remain uncertain. The Homo antecessor fossils from the TD6 layer of Gran Dolina at Atapuerca, Spain, dated between 950 ka and 770 ka (ref. 2), have been proposed as potential candidates for this ancestral population3. However, all securely dated Homo sapiens fossils before 90 ka were found either in Africa or at the gateway to Asia, strongly suggesting an African rather than a Eurasian origin of our species. Here we describe new hominin fossils from the Grotte à Hominidés at Thomas Quarry I (ThI-GH) in Casablanca, Morocco, dated to around 773 ka. These fossils are similar in age to H. antecessor, yet are morphologically distinct, displaying a combination of primitive traits and of derived features reminiscent of later H. sapiens and Eurasian archaic hominins. The ThI-GH hominins provide insights into African populations predating the earliest H. sapiens individuals discovered at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco4 and provide strong evidence for an African lineage ancestral to our species. These fossils offer clues about the last common ancestor shared with Neanderthals and Denisovans
