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Analog war (vor)gestern. Aber keine Angst, wir schaffen das!
No full textInternational audienceWarum wir eine Datenkultur benötigen.>Keine_r von uns arbeitet mehr ohne von Computern und vernetzen Wisseninfrastrukturen tagtäglich und umfassend berührt zu sein. Die Spuren vergangenen menschlichen Handelns sind im Moment unserer Interaktion mit ihnen bereits mehrfach durch Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien mediiert worden und zunehmend lagen sie ursächlich bereits im Digitalen. Auch unsere Interaktion mit solchen Spuren hat technische Bedingtheiten. Um unter diesen Voraussetzungen im Zeitalter der Digitalität *gute* Wissenschaft zu betreiben, müssen wir auf allen Ebenen eine Datenkultur ausprägen, die es uns erlaubt sowohl die epistemologischen Konsequenzen dieses Wandels vor den Traditionen unserer Fächer zu verstehen, als auch die notwendigen praktischen Fähigkeiten und Methoden für die gegenstandsadäquate Beantwortung unserer Forschungsfragen zu entwickeln.>Mit meinem Impulsvortrag möchte ich mögliche Berührungsängste mit Daten und Digitalität nehmen, indem ich Ihnen demonstriere, dass Sie alle bereits digital arbeiten und den Beitrag skizzieren, den NFDI4Memory bei der Etablierung von Datenkultur leisten kann. Wie die Forschung von morgen mit den Forschungsdaten von heute zusammenhängt"Irgendwie ist es total nervig und lenkt von der eigentlichen Forschung ab, sich mit Forschungsdatenmanagement und Forschungsdatenmanagementplänen auseinanderzusetzen." - oder?In meinem Kurzbeitrag möchte ich zeigen, dass dem nicht so ist. Forschungsdaten sind im Kontext wachsender Ressourcenknappheit unser teuerstes Gut und unsere besten Freundinnen; sie verdienen eine Aufmerksamkeit und Pflege, die nicht nur Zeit und Energie kosten, sondern sich wissenschaftlich sehr schnell lohnen. Wie Daten nachhaltig, ressourcenschonend und nachnutzbar aufbereitet werden können, werde ich anhand der Arbeiten von DARIAH auf Infrastrukturebene und der AG Greening DH für die konkrete Alltagsarbeit mit Daten präsentieren
Marchés Publics et Fonds Internationaux
No full textInternational audienceInternational funds play a crucial role in financing public procurement, ostensibly promoting development while simultaneously pursuing underlying strategic interests. Officially, their priority is to help developing countries improve their infrastructure (transport, health, energy) by aligning their funding with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). At the same time, they promote legislative harmonization by imposing universal principles (transparency, competition, etc.) and standardizing procedures, thereby strengthening the institutional capacities of recipient states. However, this funding often comes with conditionalities that create economic and regulatory dependence, limiting state sovereignty through imposed structural reforms. Furthermore, international tenders favor multinational corporations at the expense of local actors, paving the way for the strategic exploitation of natural resources and emerging markets. Thus, while international funds demonstrate a commitment to development, their mechanisms reveal patterns of economic influence and control.Les fonds internationaux jouent un rôle essentiel dans le financement des marchés publics, affichant des objectifs de développement tout en poursuivant des intérêts stratégiques sous-jacents. Officiellement, leur priorité est d'aider les pays en développement à améliorer leurs infrastructures (transports, santé, énergie) en alignant leurs financements sur les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Parallèlement, ils favorisent l'harmonisation législative en imposant des principes universels (transparence, concurrence...) et en standardisant les procédures, renforçant ainsi les capacités institutionnelles des États bénéficiaires. Cependant, ces financements s'accompagnent souvent de conditionnalités qui créent une dépendance économique et réglementaire, limitant la souveraineté des États par des réformes structurelles imposées. De plus, les appels d'offres internationaux favorisent les multinationales au détriment des acteurs locaux, ouvrant la voie à l'exploitation stratégique des ressources naturelles et des marchés émergents. Ainsi, si les fonds internationaux témoignent d'un engagement en faveur du développement, leurs mécanismes révèlent des schémas d'influence et de contrôle économiques. Mots-clés : Fonds internationaux</div
Care-led innovation.A new paradigm and an application in the Japanese context of Society 5.0
No full textThe purpose of this article is to introduce the concept and some examples of “care-led innovation”. Although its ambition goes much beyond the Japanese context, we recognize that it has emerged from an in-depth discussion of the transformation of the Japanese models of innovation and of capitalism and its limits.Japan has experienced since the early 1990s a multifold crisis that has led to put in question its former models of capitalism and innovation. After many trials and errors, it seems that from the mid-2010s, new models of capitalism and of innovation are potentially emerging. More precisely, we introduce and critically appraise the Society 5.0 vision promoted by the Japanese government from 2015, as a way of overcoming the conventional Neo-Schumpeterian model of innovation that had been in crisis. Society 5.0 marks a potential major break in helping us think about postindustrial economies and societies (beyond industry 4.0). In parallel but more recently, concepts of sustainable/new capitalism have been introduced by the major employer association and the Japanese government, with the purpose of addressing some of the key challenges of our time. However, we show that some major obstacles remain on the road towards the establishment of Society 5.0 and new/sustainable capitalism.This is why we introduce the new paradigm of care-led innovation as a way to realize Society 5.0 and to make capitalism more sustainable. It allows us specifying the characteristics in the models of innovation and of capitalism that are required to achieve Society 5.0, in general and in health-related issues in particular. We end this article by proposing a more systematic definition of care-le innovation, both synthetic and analytical and by introducing some examples.While socioeconomics of innovation and STS are the primary disciplinary lenses that are utilized for this article, the theoretical perspective is also influenced by the Régulation theory in its analysis of crisis and of capitalism. We propose a non-Schumpeterian view on innovation, and also incorporates systems thinking. In terms of methodology and sources, we provide an overview of public policy evolution over the last two decades and conducted an institutional analysis of innovation policies in Japan, based on official reports and using theoretical contributions. We also include some case studies of care-led innovation, which we have been directly involved in and/or we could have privileged access to.
La prospettiva civica. Nuove letture dell’associazionismo sociale tra ricerca, comunità e trasformazione
No full textNational audienceThis instant book develops a sociological interpretation of contemporary civic associationism in Italy by shifting attention away from normative judgments and instrumental evaluations, and toward the lived meanings, structural conditions, and relational practices that sustain collective action today. Drawing on original empirical research conducted for the Tenth Report on Social Associationism, the book interrogates who participates, under what conditions, with which social resources, and how participation is experienced and transformed in everyday practice.At its core, the analysis reveals a persistent structural asymmetry in civic participation: activists tend to be socially central actors—more educated, more economically secure, and better positioned in the labor market than the population average. Yet rather than treating this as evidence of a merely “bourgeois” civism, the book shows how associative life partially compensates for deep structural inequalities by creating selective but meaningful openings for less privileged actors. Participation remains socially stratified, but associations function as imperfect yet crucial mediators that reduce, rather than reproduce, inequalities in access to collective action.A key theoretical contribution lies in the concept of dissonant recognition. In contrast to idealized models of harmonious inclusion, civic associations—especially in metropolitan and socially heterogeneous contexts—are shown to operate through friction, asymmetry, and reflexive discomfort. Recognition here is not smooth or consensual; it is negotiated, effortful, and often unsettling. Yet precisely through this dissonance, associations generate learning processes, redistribute voice, and reconfigure internal power relations. Inclusion is not achieved by erasing difference, but by naming it, working through it, and accepting the costs this entails in terms of time, energy, and organizational capacity.The instant book further demonstrates that contemporary associations attribute growing importance to the quality of action rather than its sheer quantity. Activists deliberately reduce the number of activities they undertake, investing instead in intensity, care, and relational density. This orientation produces a distinctive form of civic fatigue—neither heroic nor depressive, but grounded in tenacity and persistence. Fatigue becomes a marker of seriousness and commitment, rather than a sign of disengagement.Conviviality emerges as a central analytical category, not as an accessory to political action but as one of its constitutive dimensions. Associative practices deliberately cultivate spaces of sociality that counter isolation, individualization, and competitive self-optimization. These spaces are neither purely expressive nor merely instrumental; they generate collective goods while sustaining meaningful relationships among participants who would otherwise remain socially distant.From this perspective, the instant book advances an expanded understanding of decommodification. Beyond welfare provision, associations actively subtract wide domains of social life—sport, culture, learning, leisure, protest, and everyday sociability—from market logics. Money circulates, but according to heterodox rules oriented toward accessibility, redistribution, and sustainability rather than accumulation. What emerges is a moral and political economy of associationism that resists the commodification of social bonds themselves.Empirically grounded in four major Italian metropolitan areas, the analysis shows how associations contribute to a continuous reinvention of the local. They do not simply operate within territories; they actively reframe them as spaces of shared living, mutual attention, and contingent problem-solving. This reinvention is neither nostalgic nor utopian. It is marked by incompleteness, tension, and uncertainty, yet it remains oriented toward openness and transformation.Crucially, the instant book argues against the widespread tendency to evaluate associations according to predefined standards of politicization, efficiency, or scalability. Such judgments often obscure what associationism actually does and how it produces value. Instead, the book proposes a methodological and normative suspension of judgment, inviting scholars, policymakers, and practitioners alike to “go back to school” with civic actors and learn from their practices, limits, and internal struggles.The broader implication is clear: weakening associative worlds—through discredit, excessive instrumentalization, or reduction of pluralistic spaces—undermines democratic innovation itself. Civic associations do not replace political institutions, but they pose questions, generate experiments, and demand recognition that cannot be ignored without democratic loss.This instant book is published by CSVnet to communicate the keynote at CSV. The instant book include also the comments of all discussants: Giulio Sensi, Cristina De Luca, Gianfranco Zucca, Chiara Tommasini, Sandra Gallerini, Sebastiano Citroni, Riccardo Troisi, Chiara Meoli, and Renzo Razzano. French and English and Chinese translations are available upon request by emailing the author.Questo instant book sviluppa un’interpretazione sociologica dell’associazionismo civico contemporaneo in Italia, spostando l’attenzione dai giudizi normativi e dalle valutazioni strumentali ai significati vissuti, alle condizioni strutturali e alle pratiche relazionali che oggi sostengono l’azione collettiva.Basandosi su una ricerca empirica originale condotta per il Decimo Rapporto sull’associazionismo sociale, il volume interroga chi partecipa, a quali condizioni, con quali risorse sociali, e come la partecipazione venga vissuta e trasformata nella pratica quotidiana.Al centro dell’analisi emerge una persistente asimmetria strutturale nella partecipazione civica: gli attivisti tendono a essere attori socialmente centrali — più istruiti, economicamente più sicuri e meglio posizionati nel mercato del lavoro rispetto alla media della popolazione. Tuttavia, anziché interpretare questo dato come prova di un civismo meramente “borghese”, il libro mostra come la vita associativa compensi parzialmente le diseguaglianze strutturali profonde, creando aperture selettive ma significative per attori socialmente meno privilegiati. La partecipazione resta socialmente stratificata, ma le associazioni agiscono come mediatori imperfetti e tuttavia cruciali, capaci di ridurre — piuttosto che riprodurre — le diseguaglianze nell’accesso all’azione collettiva.Un contributo teorico centrale risiede nel concetto di riconoscimento dissonante. In contrasto con modelli idealizzati di inclusione armoniosa, le associazioni civiche — in particolare nei contesti metropolitani e socialmente eterogenei — operano attraverso frizioni, asimmetrie e disagi riflessivi. Il riconoscimento non è né lineare né consensuale: è negoziato, faticoso e spesso perturbante. È proprio attraverso questa dissonanza che le associazioni generano processi di apprendimento, redistribuiscono la voce e riconfigurano i rapporti di potere interni. L’inclusione non si realizza cancellando la differenza, ma nominandola, attraversandola e accettandone i costi in termini di tempo, energie e capacità organizzativa.L’instant book mostra inoltre come le associazioni contemporanee attribuiscano un’importanza crescente alla qualità dell’azione piuttosto che alla sua mera quantità. Gli attivisti riducono deliberatamente il numero delle attività intraprese, investendo invece in intensità, cura e densità relazionale. Questo orientamento produce una forma specifica di fatica civica — né eroica né depressiva, ma fondata sulla tenacia e sulla persistenza. La fatica diventa così un indicatore di serietà e impegno, piuttosto che un segnale di disaffezione.La convivialità emerge come una categoria analitica centrale, non come un elemento accessorio dell’azione politica, ma come una delle sue dimensioni costitutive. Le pratiche associative coltivano intenzionalmente spazi di socialità che contrastano l’isolamento, l’individualizzazione e l’auto-ottimizzazione competitiva. Questi spazi non sono né puramente espressivi né semplicemente strumentali: producono beni collettivi mentre sostengono relazioni significative tra persone che altrimenti resterebbero socialmente distanti.Da questa prospettiva, l’instant book propone una comprensione ampliata della demercificazione. Oltre al welfare e alla protezione sociale, le associazioni sottraggono attivamente ampi ambiti della vita sociale — sport, cultura, apprendimento, tempo libero, protesta e socialità quotidiana — alle logiche di mercato. Il denaro circola, ma secondo regole eterodosse orientate all’accessibilità, alla redistribuzione e alla sostenibilità, piuttosto che all’accumulazione. Ne emerge un’economia morale e politica dell’associazionismo che resiste alla mercificazione dei legami sociali stessi.Radicata empiricamente in quattro grandi aree metropolitane italiane, l’analisi mostra come le associazioni contribuiscano a una continua reinvenzione del locale. Esse non si limitano ad agire nei territori, ma li riformulano attivamente come spazi di vita condivisa, attenzione reciproca e risoluzione contingente dei problemi. Questa reinvenzione non è né nostalgica né utopica: è segnata da incompletezza, tensione e incertezza, ma resta orientata all’apertura e alla trasformazione.In modo cruciale, l’instant book si oppone alla diffusa tendenza a valutare le associazioni secondo standard predefiniti di politicizzazione, efficienza o scalabilità. Tali giudizi finiscono spesso per oscurare ciò che l’associazionismo effettivamente fa e il valore che produce. Il volume propone invece una sospensione metodologica e normativa del giudizio, invitando studiosi, decisori pubblici e praticanti a “tornare a scuola” con gli attori civici e ad apprendere dalle loro pratiche, dai loro limiti e dalle loro lotte interne.L’implicazione più ampia è chiara: indebolire i mondi associativi — attraverso il discredito, l’eccessiva strumentalizzazione o la riduzione degli spazi pluralistici — significa minare l’innovazione democratica stessa. Le associazioni civiche non sostituiscono le istituzioni politiche, ma pongono questioni, generano sperimentazioni e avanzano domande di riconoscimento che non possono essere ignorate senza una perdita democratica.Questo instant book è pubblicato da CSVnet per comunicare e discutere la keynote presentata in occasione di un evento CSV. Il volume include inoltre i commenti e gli interventi di tutti i discussant: Giulio Sensi, Cristina De Luca, Gianfranco Zucca, Chiara Tommasini, Sandra Gallerini, Sebastiano Citroni, Riccardo Troisi, Chiara Meoli e Renzo Razzano
Experimental-traceological study of stone "bracers": Interpreting Bell Beaker stone armplates and cultural change in 3rd millennium BC Europe
No full textInternational audienceDuring the second part of the 3 rd millennium BC, in several regions of a southwestern half of Europe, thousands of persons wore a thin stone plate from fine-grained rock on one of their forearms. Such a fashion is unique, and its raison d'être remains debated. The aim of author's current PhD research is to carry out an in-depth functional study of Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age stone bracers. This paper focuses on the technological methodology currently developed in order to obtain signifi cant results and contribute to the functional debate. An experimental-traceological approach of a Western sample may thus propose a verifi able interpretation of their functionality and hence of cultural transformations performed in the researched areas by the Bell Beaker phenomenon
Comment impliquer le public et les patient(e)s dans la recherche en prévention primaire: Perspectives internationales et leçons tirées du réseau de recherche en prévention primaire des cancers CANCEPT
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Objectives This article explores the methods and benefits of involving patients and the public in primary prevention (PP) cancer research. Through the experience of the CANCEPT PP research network, it aims to clarify practices and propose methodological guidelines for developing interventions tailored to the needs of populations. Methods The Methodological Exchange Group GEM MIXTE, made up of 9 researchers and 9 co-researchers, met monthly (2023–2024, France) in order to define public and patient involvement in PP, take stock of participatory practices among CANCEPT members via a questionnaire (14 researchers, 8 institutions, 22 projects), and develop methodological guidelines in the form of a mind map. The participatory approaches were evaluated using the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool (PPEET) questionnaire. Results GEM MIXTE has enabled us to clarify the methodology of participatory research in PP and to propose practical guidelines. This work highlights the importance of diversifying the profiles of the co-researchers to enhance the relevance of interventions, while emphasizing the role of the group coordinator in structuring and facilitating exchanges. The PPEET evaluation confirmed that the co-researchers were committed to the objectives, although socio-cultural diversity remains a challenge. Conclusion This work proposes a methodological framework for integrating lived experience into research. The guidelines developed provide tools to inspire other networks to structure their approaches effectively, thereby strengthening citizen participation in public health.Résumé Objectifs Cet article explore les modalités et bénéfices de l’implication des patient(e)s et du public dans la recherche en prévention primaire (PP) des cancers. À travers l’expérience du réseau CANCEPT, il vise à clarifier les pratiques et proposer des repères méthodologiques pour développer des interventions adaptées aux besoins des populations. Méthodes Le Groupe d'Échange Méthodologique GEM MIXTE, composé de 9 chercheur(e)s et de 9 co-chercheures, s’est réuni mensuellement (2023–2024, France) afin de: livrer une définition de l’implication des patient(e)s et du public en PP, faire un état des lieux des pratiques participatives au sein des membres de CANCEPT via un questionnaire (14 chercheur(e)s, 8 institutions, 22 projets), élaborer des repères méthodologiques sous forme de carte mentale. L’évaluation des démarches participatives a été réalisée à l’aide du questionnaire Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool (PPEET). Résultats Le GEM MIXTE a permis de clarifier le cadre méthodologique de la recherche participative en PP et de proposer des repères pratiques. Ces travaux mettent en évidence l’importance de diversifier les profils des co-chercheur(e)s pour enrichir la pertinence des interventions, tout en soulignant le rôle du coordinateur pour structurer et animer les échanges. L’évaluation PPEET a confirmé l’adhésion des co-chercheurs aux objectifs, bien que la diversité socioculturelle reste un défi à relever. Conclusion Ce travail propose un cadre méthodologique pour intégrer les savoirs expérientiels dans la recherche. Les repères élaborés offrent des outils pour inspirer d’autres réseaux à structurer efficacement leurs démarches, renforçant ainsi la participation citoyenne en santé publique
Chapitre 10. Outillage « solutréen » et schémas de production associés
No full textInternational audienceAt Landry, the lithic equipment is composed of tools found ubiquitously in Upper Paleolithic lithic assemblages (transformation tools) and typical Solutrean tools (laurel leaves and shouldered points). A distinction is made between these two tool categories, which are related to two specific activity types: domestic and hunting. The medium-sized laurel leaves, probably used for cutting activities, are considered as "hunting knives" given the techno-economic investment involved (Aubry et al. 2007; Pelegrin 2013), while the smallest specimens are regarded as projectile points (Geneste and Plisson, 1990), as are the shouldered points.At Landry, laurel leaves largely dominate Solutrean tools, while shouldered points are less numerous. The lithic remains confirm the central role of the shaping activities in situ. Our observation of this equipment and the associated shaping flakes has clarified the organization and management of the lithic production. Contrary to the transformation tools, the hunting equipment displays greater care both in raw material selection and technical investment.Most of the laurel leaves found at Landry are made from local raw materials. Most of these local flint laurel leaves were fractured during the shaping process and are associated with many shaping flakes. In addition, only two fragments have yielded evidence of use (Claud and Mesa, this volume). Thus, these tools were likely shaped on-site, and at least some of the laurel leaves appear to have been destined for exportation.Laurel leaves made of non-local raw materials of more or less distant provenance are also observed in the form of tools or shaping flakes. These specimens differ morphologically but also by the use of some more complex technical processes. Heat treatment, suggested by the identification of materials with a gloss contrast, has been confirmed by physical and chemical analyses. Although the heating temperatures of this material could not be determined due to a lack of geological references, our analyses confirmed the absence of heat treatment for the local flint specimens. Only two laurel leaf fragments were presumably introduced to the site after being heat-treated.More broadly, the importation of some laurel leaves to the site in a finished or semi-finished state is strongly presumed if the bifacial tools and lithic remains are considered together. These specimens, for which the corresponding shaping flakes are rare, would have been resharpened on-site or simply used before their fracture and discard.The study of the bifacial shaping process, or chaîne opératoire, also highlighted several particular remains: laurel leaves that testify to some mistakes or malpractice and bifacial objects that are more difficult to categorize. To characterize and quantify possible differences in know-how within these productions, a series of knapping experiments led us to establish a specific analysis grid for Solutrean bifacial tools. First, it was necessary to define the "expected norm" (Klaric, 2018) of laurel leaf production to then detect and identify products that deviate from it. Our results suggest that experienced knappers made most of these tools, but that novices and apprentices also made some of the bifacial pieces. Combined with the different activities documented on the site, these results support the hypothesis that the site was occupied by a sociologically diverse group.Shouldered points are much less numerous. The fragmentary state of this assemblage complicates the technological analysis and characterization of the production process. All fractured, the economic processes at the origin of the constitution of this assemblage have several origins. On the one hand, we observe production on local flint probably carried out on-site with certain specimens fractured during manufacture and discarded on-site. It is also possible that some of the shouldered points or their blanks were exported. This hypothesis is supported by the small proportion of blades in the assemblage (Brenet, this volume). On the other hand, evidence of hunting and game processing linked to fragments of impacted points is also present (Claud and Mesa, this volume). The few examples of non-local flint points also suggest the introduction of unretouched or already transformed blades into the camp since no non-local flint core has been found.The laurel leaves and shouldered points respond to distinct functional aims, but the associated operating schemes (reduction sequences) are comparable in terms of investment. The projectile point production is less important than bifacial shaping, in contrast to some assemblages from nearby deposits (i.e., Combe Saunière; Geneste and Plisson, 1986, 1989, 1990 or Petit Cloup Barrat, Renard et al. 2013).The Solutrean tools from Landry are very informative concerning the circulation of objects within the territory. The majority of lithic points discovered were discarded after fracturing during their manufacture. There are far fewer "finished" products, which might suggest production for exportation or at least deferred use. In contrast, lithic points made of non-local flint seem to have been introduced into the deposit in different forms, preforms, finished objects, and damaged or fractured points. These varied productions of lithic tools—domestic and hunting—are thus highly segmented in time and space, which can easily be explained by the technical, stylistic, and functional requirements specific to the group's activities.Au Landry, l’équipement lithique se compose d’outils couramment trouvés dans les assemblages lithiques du Paléolithique supérieur (outils de transformation) et d’outils solutréens typiques de ce technocomplexe. L’outillage solutréen y est essentiellement composé de feuilles de laurier, les pointes à cran étant quantitativement moins bien représentées. L’observation de cet équipement combinée à celle des déchets de façonnage a permis de clarifier l’organisation et la gestion de la production lithique au sein de ce gisement.Les feuilles de laurier mis au jour au Landry sont en très grande majorité confectionnées aux dépens de matières locales, et fracturées en cours de façonnage. Elles correspondent au « type A » défini par P.H.L Smith (1966) mais témoignent d’une certaine variabilité en termes dimensionnels. Des feuilles de laurier ou éclats de façonnage en matières premières allochtones, provenant de régions plus ou moins éloignées, sont également observés. Ces spécimens diffèrent morphologiquement et pour de rares exemplaires témoignent d’un recours au traitement thermique intentionnel de la roche. L’importation de certaines feuilles de laurier sur le site, dans un état fini ou semi-fini, est fortement présumée si l’on considère ensemble les outils bifaciaux et les restes lithiques. Ces spécimens, pour lesquels les éclats de façonnage correspondants sont rares, auraient été réaffûtés sur place ou simplement utilisés avant d’être fracturés et abandonnés.L’étude de la chaîne opératoire du façonnage bifacial a également mis en évidence plusieurs vestiges particuliers : des feuilles de laurier témoignant d’erreurs ou de maladresses, ainsi que des outils bifaciaux plus difficiles à catégoriser. Afin de caractériser et de quantifier les éventuelles différences de savoir-faire au sein de ces productions, une série d’expériences de taille nous a conduits à établir une grille d’analyse spécifique pour les outils bifaciaux solutréens. Il a d’abord été nécessaire de définir la « norme attendue » (Klaric 2018) pour la production de feuilles de laurier afin de détecter et d’identifier les produits qui s’en écartent. Nos résultats suggèrent que la majorité de ces outils a été réalisée par des tailleurs expérimentés, mais que des novices et des apprentis ont également contribué à une partie des pièces bifaciales. Associés aux différentes activités documentées sur le site, ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse selon laquelle le site était occupé par un groupe socialement diversifié.Concernant les pointes à cran, beaucoup moins nombreuses et très fragmentées, les processus économiques à l’origine de la constitution de cet assemblage ont plusieurs origines. On observe d’une part une production en silex local probablement réalisée sur place, avec certains spécimens fracturés lors de leur fabrication et abandonnés sur place. Il est d’ailleurs possible que certaines pointes à cran aient été emportées à l’état d’ébauches ou finies. Cette hypothèse est soutenue par la très faible proportion de lames dans l’assemblage (Brenet, ce volume). D’autre part, des indices d’une utilisation dans des activités de chasse sont également à signaler (Claud, Mesa ce volume). Les rares exemples de pointes à cran en silex allochtone suggèrent également l’introduction de lames non retouchées ou déjà transformées, car aucun nucléus de matières premières correspondant n’a été trouvé.Bien que la majorité des pointes lithiques découvertes ait été abandonnée lors de leur confection, après fracture, l’outillage solutréen fournit des informations précieuses sur la circulation des objets dans le territoire. Les outils « finis » ou fonctionnels sont peu nombreux, ce qui pourrait suggérer une production destinée à l’exportation ou à un usage différé. En revanche, les pointes lithiques en silex allochtone semblent avoir été introduites dans le dépôt sous différentes formes : préformes, objets finis, pointes endommagées ou fracturées. Ces diverses productions apparaissent fortement segmentées dans le temps et l’espace, ce qui s’explique aisément par les exigences techniques, stylistiques et fonctionnelles spécifiques aux activités du groupe
Agroécologie et transformation socio-écologique au prisme de la reproduction sociale : apprentissages du Brésil
No full textInternational audienceBased on action-research projects with actors – mainly women – involved in agroecology in Brazil, this text analyzes the contribution of agroecology to socio-ecological transformation, including the sphere of social reproduction. The historical trajectory of agroecology in Brazil is first examined, identifying key moments of intersection with solidarity economy, but also with agribusiness. This historical perspective accounts for the formation of various political subjects, the dominant regime of accumulation, the dynamics of socio-ecological transformation, and the increasingly assertive place of reproduction in this transformation. On this basis, the second part of the text delves into data from the ANR GENgiBRe project with women farmers engaged in agroecology in southeastern Brazil. This immersion allows to grasp transformation and social reproduction in the dynamics of gender and intersectional relations at the local level, including power relations between men and issues of masculinities. This approach leads to the proposal of key elements for a framework for analyzing socio-ecological transformation from the perspective of social reproduction, closely linking economic models, gender, and the environment.A partir de projets de recherche-action avec des actrices de l’agroécologie au Brésil, ce texte analyse la contribution de cette dernière à la transformation socio-écologique, en intégrant la sphère de la reproduction sociale. La trajectoire historique de l’agroécologie au Brésil est d’abord examinée, en identifiant les moments clés de croisement avec l’économie solidaire, mais aussi avec l’agronegocio. Cette perspective historique rendre compte de la formation de divers sujets politiques, du régime d’accumulation dominant, de la dynamique de transformation socio-écologique et de la place, de plus en plus affirmée, de la reproduction dans cette transformation. Sur cette base, une seconde partie du texte plonge dans les données du projet ANR GENgiBRe auprès de paysannes du sud-est du Brésil engagées dans l’agroécologie. Cette plongée permet de saisir la transformation et la reproduction sociale dans la dynamique des rapports de genre et intersectionnels depuis le niveau local, y compris les rapports de pouvoir entre hommes et les (en)jeux des masculinités. Cette démarche aboutit à identifier des éléments clés d’un cadre d’analyse de la transformation socio-écologique depuis le point de vue de la reproduction sociale, croisant étroitement modèle économique, genre et environnement
Echos de la peinture de chevalet
No full textInternational audienceLa peinture de chevalet grecque , aujourd'hui disparue, a laissé une empreinte indélébile dans l'art romain. Ce dernier, loin d'être une simple imitation, a intégré et transformé les traditions picturales grecques pour les adapter aux aspirations culturelles, politiques et esthétiques des acheteurs et commanditaires romains. Dans notre connaissance de la peinture romaine, Pompéi et tous les sites ensevelis par l'éruption du Vésuve tiennent une place essentielle mais ils ne sont pas les seuls. Partout dans l'empire, de Rome aux cités provinciales, les attestations sont nombreuses et constamment enrichies par de nouvelles fouilles archéologiques. À l'époque impériale, la plupart des pièces de la maison étaient peintes et certaines phases stylistiques (des modes décoratives, pourrions-nous dire) donnaient une place de choix aux tableaux figurés, bien souvent inspirés d'oeuvres célèbres 2 . L'étude des peintures muralesainsi que des mosaïques (un art « pictural ») -croisée avec celle des descriptions conservées dans la littérature antique nous permet donc de reconstituer les liens étroits qui unissaient la peinture grecque et l'art romain.Les noms des grands maîtres grecs de la peinture de chevalet, ainsi que les noms de leurs chefs-d'oeuvre, nous sont transmis par des sources littéraires antiques. C'est ainsi que la gloire ancienne de Zeuxis, Apelle, Parrhasios ou Nicias, pour ne citer que quelques noms, est parvenue jusqu'à nous. Révérés de leur vivant et jusqu'à la fin de l'Antiquité, à tel point que « chacun de leurs tableaux se vendait au prix des trésors de cités entières 3 », nous dit Pline l'Ancien, tous ces grands maîtres avaient en commun d'être grecs et actifs, pour l'essentiel, aux 5 e -4 e siècles av. J.-C., donc à l'époque dite classique de l'art grec. D'après nos sources, les thèmes dont traitaient leurs tableaux étaient, pour l'essentiel, empruntés à la mythologie mais il pouvait aussi s'agir de portraits (notamment de souverains), de scènes de chasse ou de bataille, voire de scènes de genre.Dès le 3 e siècle av. J.-C., lors des conquêtes des royaumes hellénistiques, un grand nombre d'oeuvres ont été transférées à Rome, comme butin, afin d'orner les monuments de l'Urbs. Les collections publiques d'oeuvres d'art contribuaient au prestige de la ville de Rome, qui aspirait à une domination universelle. </p