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Littératures africaines et écologie
No full textInternational audienceLes menaces écologiques qui pèsent sur le continent africain, à cause du réchauffement climatique, des prédations extractivistes ainsi que des conséquences des conflits armés, trouvent des répercussions fortes sur le plan littéraire. Les écrivaines et les écrivains africains ont ainsi une considérable longueur d’avance dans le combat écologique et ce volume étudie la façon dont leurs oeuvres annoncent le désastre et proposent des moyens d’y résister pour l’avènement d’un vivre-ensemble qui inclut tous les constituants de l’écosystème
Chapitre 1. Discours et mouvements de retour à la terre au Japon : une approche historique
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Evidentiality in Shuhi (Tibeto-Burman)
No full textInternational audienceThis article provides a novel analysis of evidential contrasts in Shuhi (a.k.a. Shixing, Xumi, ISO 639-3 sxg), a little-studied Tibeto-Burman language of Southwestern Sichuan, China. It is based on an open-access corpus of data that includes elicitations with non-verbal stimuli and traditional narratives. The article begins with addressing the disagreement that exists in previous work on evidentiality and aspect in Shuhi as to which auxiliaries and enclitics express evidentiality as their primary meaning, and how evidentiality in this language ties in with aspect. I first provide an overview of the meanings and functions of high frequency auxiliaries and enclitics in the corpus and then focus on a comparative analysis of the three markers that can be used with evidential-like meaning: /tɕyɐ/, /sɹ̩/, and /dʑɑ̃/. I argue that the former two markers are primarily evidential (/tɕyɐ/ is a direct visual, whereas /sɹ̩/ is egophoric). By contrast, the meanings and functions of the latter marker /dʑɑ̃/ are primarily aspectual (perfect), while the indirect evidential meaning that it may have in some contexts of its use is an extension of its primary perfect meaning. The article proceeds with a discussion of the origins the three markers. On that basis, I sketch the historical development of the evidential system in Shuhi. I argue that that system has likely developed under contact pressure from Tibetic languages, replicating some characteristic features of their evidential systems (most importantly, egophoricity). However, the etymologies of the markers and the system setup also suggest that Shuhi may have had its native evidential system prior to contact with Tibetic languages, which lacks evidential marking in first-person contexts and which has possibly been in place before contact with Tibetic languages
Phylogenetic ancestral state reconstruction of bilabial trills in the languages of Malekula Island (Vanuatu), and the historical evolution of rare sound changes
No full textInternational audienceIt is unknown how rare sound changes appear and spread through the lexicon. The bilabial trills of Malekula are one such example of a rare sound, and the recent assembly of a lexical database for Vanuatu (the Vanuatu Voices database) affords a unique opportunity for a quantitative historical analysis. We built a linguistic phylogeny of Malekula languages, and performed phylogenetic ancestral state reconstruction of fourteen semantic values which exhibit bilabial trills to track their historical evolution. We found a surprising degree of dynamism, with trills spreading gradually through the lexicon and showing frequent losses and reappearances. Our results are consistent with frequent borrowing of trills between neighbouring languages. We suggest that the rapid dynamism and evidence for borrowing are explained by the low functional load and identity attachment of trills respectively
Genres et hétéronormativité dans les sources depuis l'Antiquité. Approches méthodologiques
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« Ce que raconter veut dire en milieu rural malien, hier et aujourd’hui »
No full textInternational audienceQue fait-on en racontant des contes ? Comment cet art de la parole partagée est-il vécu dans un contexte ouest-africain en constante mutation, où l’oralité demeure le principal vecteur de communication ? Nous analyserons d’abord ce que représentait autrefois le récit de contes et les fonctions sociales et culturelles qu’assumaient les conteurs. Nous verrons ensuite, à partir d’enquêtes de terrain menées depuis les années 1990, comment le développement des radios rurales diffusant en langues locales a contribué à revitaliser un art en déclin, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives tant pour le genre narratif lui-même que pour ses performeurs. Aujourd’hui, dans la situation d’insécurité et de pénurie actuellement subie par les habitants des pays du Sahel, la pratique du conte pourrait à nouveau être reléguée au second plan. Pourtant, certaines initiatives observées dans la région témoignent d’une remarquable créativité, signe que le conte, loin d’avoir dit son dernier mot, continue d’avoir du sens
Rubbings and their derivates: In situ versus traveling legacies of cliff inscriptions by Zheng Daozhao
No full textInternational audienceIn this talk, rubbings from Zheng Daozhao's cliff carvings (moya shike 摩崖石刻) and their derivates will be explored in terms of materiality and visual qualities, but also according to their cultural context of (re)production. This research is part of the effort to gather a complete bibliography of visual representations of Zheng Daozhao's oeuvre within the Altergraphy project, which explores the modern reception of moya and its impact on both the inscribed landscapes and the grand narrative of the history of calligraphy. We will propose a typology of the surveyed documents —double outline, calligraphic interpretations, collotypes, etc— and try to associate specific sensibilities to cliff carvings to each type.The first generation of rubbings of Zheng Daozhao’s oeuvre having circulated abroad, a rubbing of the Upper Stele of Zheng Wengong 滎陽鄭氏碑(1881) was brought to Japan by Yang Shoujing 楊守敬 (1839-1915). A double outline version of this publication was produced by Kusakabe Meikaku 日下部鳴鶴. Pupils of Kusakabe such as Yoshida Houchiku 吉⽥苞⽵ (1890-1940) or Yamamoto Kyouzan ⼭本竟⼭, were deeply influenced by these calligraphy models. Yamamoto published elaborate collotypes of the models with Hakubunndou 博⽂堂in Osaka ⼤阪, while Yoshida's calligraphic oeuvre eventually managed to be erected at the foot of Mount Yunfeng in the 2000s after a seven years' long negotiation with local authorities. The diffusion of calligraphic models in Japan thus had a feedback effect in situ. Beyond the agency of Japanese calligraphy amateurs who acted as donors for the heritagization of the sites since the opening of the PRC in the 1980s, modern epigraphic endeavors were added to the inscribed landscapes by Zheng Daozhao. However, during our last survey in Mount Yunfeng in September 2024, we were able to find the stele only thanks to our local guide: it was invisible from the road, enclosed by a fence and the path leading to it is invaded by vegetation. The same is true for the modern cliff carvings —a "Japanese stele forest"— that developed on the back of Mount Yunfeng
Décentrer les points de vue sur les langues et le langage: une perspective japonaise
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L'Apocalypse en jugement ? La secte Aum devant la justice japonaise
No full textInternational audienceThe Tokyo subway sarin attack committed by the Aum cult on March, 1995 is the apex of a series of criminal affairs involving this religious organization. The past half-century provides an opportunity to reconsider the judicial treatment applied to these crimes, the memory of which is still deeply rooted into the mind of the victims and their descendants. The Aum trial was firstly a long and frustrating criminal action for the victims families, ending with thirteen death penalties and executions that put the Japanese judiciary under scrutinyzing and criticism from the international community, and led to the improvement of the neglected legal status of victims during criminal proceedings. But furthermore the Aum trial generated a large set of subsequent and still pending administrative and civil cases, contributing to the perpetuation of a victimization complex among not only the families mourning the loss of a loved one during the attacks, but also the convicts relatives subjected to dicrimination in the Japanese society. At last it forced the Japanese government to build up specific policies to cope with large- scale murders.L’attentat au gaz sarin contre le métro de Tōkyō en mars 1995 perpétré par la secte Aum demeure le point d’orgue d’une série d’affaires criminelles dans lesquelles cette organisation religieuse a été impliquée. Le demi-siècle écoulé fournit l’occasion de revenir sur leur traitement judiciaire hors normes, dont la mémoire reste particulièrement vive chez les victimes et leurs descendants. Le procès Aum, ce fut d’abord une longue action pénale frustrante pour les familles, assortie de treize condamnations à mort et exécutions, qui éprouva le système judiciaire japonais, sous le regard de la communauté internationale, et l’obligea à réformer le statut des victimes jusque-là négligé. Mais il engendra aussi toute une série de contentieux civils et administratifs annexes qui ne sont pas encore terminés, et entretiennent, en dépit des années, une double conscience victimaire, auprès non seulement des familles ayant perdu un proche dans ces attentats, mais aussi des descendants des condamnés, ostracisés dans la société japonaise. Il incita enfin gouvernement japonais à concevoir un réglementation spécifique pour faire face à des massacres de grande ampleur
