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A solid base for scaling up: the structure of numeration systems
No full textInternational audienceWhile numeration systems are found in almost every human society, they also vary strikingly around the globe. One important feature of many systems is being structured around a base. The presence, format and size of a base have implications for how representations of numbers are composed, conceptualized and used. The numerical cognition literature is rife with claims about which bases prevail, with sweeping generalizations on their origins and evolution. Yet these claims are rarely scrutinized, and research on numeration systems is plagued by a surprising lack of consensus on what a base is . This theme issue brings together scholars from the cognitive, social and behavioural sciences for a comprehensive overview of bases, aimed at creating common ground for communication and collaboration across disciplines. Contributions include (i) proposals for conceptual clarification and consistency, aided by a tool for visualizing system structure; (ii) reports on how bases are realized across different representational formats, cultures and time, in search of patterns and evolutionary trajectories; and (iii) analyses of cognitive implications and cultural imprints of bases. The main goal of this endeavour is to help build an integrative synthesis of both theorizing and findings on the cultural evolution of a key cognitive tool. This article is part of the theme issue ‘A solid base for scaling up: the structure of numeration systems’
Challenges and issues of knowledge co-production under climate change
No full textSoutheastern South America, home to more than 200 million people, is one of the world's major agricultural mar-kets and hosts the second-largest hydropower plant on the planet. Ensuring food sovereignty and energy produc-tion requires a deeper understanding of regional climate variability and an ability to allow local stakeholders to takeownership over climate information. The international project ?CLIMAX' (Climate Services Through KnowledgeCo-Production) focuses on co-producing climate services centred on climate predictability in Argentina's agricul-tural sector and Brazil's hydropower sector
La dynamique des coalitions électorales en Turquie
No full textInternational audienceAlthough the presidentialization of the system in 2017 aimed to concentrate power and stabilize the political landscape, a new dynamic of electoral coalitions has emerged since the mid-2010s, bringing Parliament and political parties back to the centre of the political arena. This article examines how these coalitions functioned during the presidential and legislative elections of 2023 and then during the local elections of 2024 in distinct ways. It also analyzes their effects on partisan and political dynamics, as well as on the functioning of the partisan field. Paradoxically, this coalition dynamic generates a form of instability in the political field.Alors que la présidentialisation du régime intervenue en 2017 devait concentrer le pouvoir et stabiliser le champ politique, une nouvelle dynamique de coalitions électorales a fait son apparition depuis le milieu des années 2010. Elle a remis le parlement et les partis au centre du jeu politique. Cet article analyse la manière dont le paramètre des coalitions a fonctionné, lors des élections présidentielles et législatives de 2023, puis lors des scrutins locaux en 2024 – de manière tout à fait différenciée. Il analyse ses effets sur les jeux partisans et politiques, mais aussi sur le fonctionnement du champ partisan. Paradoxalement, ce paramètre de coalition semble générateur d’une forme d’instabilité dans le champ politique
Sémiotique du documentvirtuel personnalisable: L’exemple du document audiovisuel
No full textInternational audienceThis work offers a reflection on the concept of the customizable virtual document (DVP), particularly as applied to scientific audiovisual resources. It presents the conceptual foundations, functional objectives, and main methodological issues associated with this notion. A central line of inquiry concerns the distinction between document models or scenarios and realized versions: the former provide general production structures, while the latter correspond to the documents effectively generated from them. This distinction underpins the idea of customization, since a single model can give rise to multiple realizations depending on user needs and contextual requirements.The DVP is conceived as a structured set of documentary units and as a composite information space supported by strategies of assembly. In contrast to a strictly editorial conception of the document, this approach highlights its multidimensional, hierarchical, and recombinable nature, enabling the production of adapted, annotated, or dynamically reorganized versions. A document is never created ex nihilo: it is constructed from pre-existing materials organized according to standards such as genres or scenarios. Particular versions are thus understood as specific actualizations of underlying models.Two application domains illustrate these principles. The first, the OPALES project, envisions customization as a way to build a reusable and evolving scientific audiovisual heritage. Users must be able to segment, annotate, index, and assemble sequences to create their own corpora. The second example, devoted to audiovisual documentaries, shows that segmentation cannot be reduced to physical criteria alone: a documentary is a hierarchical network of segments that can also be defined according to the viewer’s perceived relevance. Customization then enables the recomposition of materials to produce new audiovisual objects suited to various purposes.The theoretical core relies on textual semiotics, which provides a framework for analyzing the multiple structures that constitute documents. Eight main components are distinguished: (1) the intertextual component, responsible for partitioning and positioning segments; (2) the thematic component, which organizes information; (3) the narrative component, which structures action pathways and narrative schemes; (4) the discursive staging component, which shapes the profile of a theme; (5) the expression component, related to linguistic, visual, or syncretic codes; (6) the formal and physical organization of information; (7) the text/reader interaction component, including uses, reading paths, and recompositions; and (8) the life-cycle component, which accounts for the genealogy, updating, and re-edition of documents. These dimensions show that each fragment simultaneously belongs to multiple levels, requiring descriptive processes grounded in an explicit theoretical language.One consequence of this approach is that semiotic components can be understood as services performing specific communicative functions. The document thus appears as an organized set of services, aligning with contemporary conceptions of the digital document as a dynamic and modular entity.Finally, the notion of a semiotic scenario is introduced as a meta-descriptive tool for modelling access to textual data libraries, guiding classification or indexing procedures, and supporting the design of interactive or pedagogical products, which can be integrated into technological standards or software environments. These scenarios define common formats while allowing for descriptive diversity. Altogether, the work aims to conceptualize the DVP as a composite, evolving object whose description and customization rely on advanced semiotic approaches.Ce travail propose une réflexion sur le document virtuel personnalisable (DVP), en particulier appliqué aux ressources audiovisuelles scientifiques. Il en présente les fondements conceptuels, les objectifs fonctionnels et les principaux enjeux méthodologiques. L’un des axes centraux consiste à distinguer modèles ou scénarios documentaires et versions réalisées : les premiers fournissent des structures générales de production, tandis que les secondes correspondent aux documents effectivement générés. Cette distinction fonde la notion de personnalisation, un même modèle pouvant donner lieu à des réalisations variées selon les besoins et contextes d’usage.Le DVP est envisagé comme un ensemble structuré d’unités documentaires et comme un espace d’information composite associé à des stratégies d’assemblage. Contrairement à une conception strictement éditoriale du document, cette approche met l’accent sur sa nature multi-dimensionnelle, hiérarchique et recombinable, permettant la production de versions adaptées, annotées ou réagencées. Le document n’est jamais créé ex nihilo : il se construit à partir de matériaux préexistants organisés selon des standards tels que genres ou scénarios. Les versions particulières sont ainsi comprises comme des actualisations spécifiques de modèles.Deux terrains d’application illustrent ces principes. Le premier, le projet OPALES, conçoit la personnalisation comme un moyen de constituer un patrimoine audiovisuel scientifique réutilisable et évolutif. L’usager doit pouvoir segmenter, annoter, indexer et assembler des séquences pour créer ses propres corpus. Le second exemple, consacré aux documentaires audiovisuels, montre que la segmentation ne peut être uniquement physique : le documentaire est un réseau hiérarchisé de segments susceptibles d’être définis aussi en fonction de la pertinence perçue par le spectateur. La personnalisation permet alors de recomposer des contenus pour produire de nouveaux objets audiovisuels adaptés à divers usages.La partie théorique s’appuie sur la sémiotique textuelle, qui fournit un cadre pour analyser la structure plurielle des documents. Huit composants principaux sont distingués : (1) le composant intertextuel, chargé de la partition et du positionnement des segments ; (2) le composant thématique, qui organise les informations ; (3) le composant narratif, responsable des parcours ou schémas d’action ; (4) la mise en scène discursive, qui définit le profil d’un thème ; (5) l’expression, liée aux codes linguistiques ou visuels ; (6) l’organisation formelle et physique ; (7) l’interaction texte/lecteur, qui inclut les usages et parcours ; (8) les cycles de vie du document. Ces dimensions montrent que chaque fragment relève simultanément de plusieurs niveaux, ce qui nécessite des descriptions guidées par un langage théorique explicite.Une conséquence de cette approche est la possibilité de comprendre les composants sémiotiques comme des services remplissant des fonctions communicationnelles. Le document apparaît alors comme un ensemble organisé de services, rejoignant des conceptions contemporaines du document numérique comme entité dynamique et modulaire.Enfin, la notion de scénario sémiotique est introduite comme un outil de méta-description permettant de modéliser l’accès aux bibliothèques de données, de guider l’indexation, la classification ou la conception de produits interactifs, et d’être intégré dans des standards ou environnements logiciels. Ces scénarios définissent des formats communs à différentes descriptions tout en permettant leur diversité. L’ensemble vise ainsi à conceptualiser le DVP comme un objet composite et évolutif dont la description et la personnalisation s’appuient sur des approches sémiotiques avancées
Panel 14.5Teaching Amharic to foreigners: Developing a common modern syllabus, didactic methods, and teaching materialsአማርኛን ለውጭ አገር ዜጎች ማስተማር፦ወጥነት ያለው ዘመናዊ የሥርዓተ ትምህርት፣ የማስተማሪያ ሥነ ዘዴ እና የትምህርት መርጃ መሣሪያ ዝግጅት
No full textPanel 14.3 organized at the 22nd International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (ICES22), Hawassa University, EthiopiaOver the past six years, Amharic teachers from various universities in Ethiopia and abroad have gathered on several occasions (e.g., the Hamburg workshops on February 1–2, 2018 and December 13-14, 2024, a panel at ICES, Addis Ababa University, 28/09–1/10 2022, and during the first Amharic Summer School on the Amharic Language and Ethiopian Cultures at Bahir Dar University, 13–27/09/2022) to discuss the achievements and challenges in teaching Amharic as a foreign language to non-native speakers. The most important point that emerged from the various discussions is the lack of a common syllabus for teaching Amharic based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). This framework could be of great help in structuring the Amharic training in the classroom and would also facilitate student mobility between different universities, as the language levels and the students’ skills would be measured with a common scale. This new way of teaching Amharic would also require new didactic methods to ensure a steady progress in students’ communicative skills (as opposed to the traditional grammar-translation method so widely used in universities) and developing new teaching materials that go beyond textbooks and dictionaries. To approach these issues, the panel organizers specifically selected papers that address the following topics:1.Didactic issues and approaches in teaching Amharic as a foreign language, especially issues related to a common syllabus similar to the CEFR with common evaluation systems and levels, but also challenges and opportunities in the classroom2.New teaching methods and activities, including the development of new teaching materials, teaching applications, textbook contents, etc.3.Technological issues (collaboration of language teachers with IT and AI experts, Internet sources, online learning, MOOC, online dictionary, etc.)4.Establishment of an international professional association for Amharic teachers, as the profession of an Amharic teacher is not certified and lacks quality assurance and control.5.Establishment of an Amharic Language Academy to foster the modernization and standardization of the Amharic language
On a common framework of reference for teaching Amharic
No full textInternational audienceThe objective of this presentation is to propose a Common Framework of Reference for Teaching Amharic as a Foreign Language (AFL). The implementation of this framework would serve to standardize and improve the comparability of students' progress for the language. Despite its long-standing presence in European universities, where it has been taught for over a century, Amharic remains without a comprehensive, universally recognized system for teaching its intricacies, encompassing grammar, vocabulary, and communicative skills. Despite the implementation of diverse language teaching methodologies, a standardized framework to guide educators and learners remains elusive. This presentation will introduce the ongoing development of a Common Framework of Reference for Teaching Amharic as a Foreign Language (AFL). This framework is designed to align with the principles of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). It addresses the critical need for standardized proficiency descriptors and learning objectives within the AFL context, and outlines a framework built upon principles of communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and cultural integration. This ensures that the language is taught in a contextually and culturally relevant and effective manner. The objective of this initiative is to establish a structured framework that facilitates consistent curriculum design, assessment, and pedagogical practices. The presentation will entail an exposition of the preliminary steps that have been undertaken, with an emphasis on the evolution of proficiency levels and the corresponding descriptors that have been tailored to the Amharic language. The framework under consideration provides a structured yet flexible model for teaching Amharic. The stated aim of this framework is to provide AFL teachers with a valuable tool for promoting effective and transparent language learning outcomes
La science participative et l'ANR DiLSi
No full textNational audienceCette communication propose un retour d'expérience sur les interactions entre le projet DiLSi et les communautés de locuteurs du teochew de la diaspora et du tâigí
: Contributing to the French Neology Commission on Green transitions' lexicon
No full textInternational audienceFrench SAGA researchers have put in place a commitment with the Delegation on the French Language and Languages of France (Délégation générale à la Langue française et aux langues de France), an office within the Ministry of Culture. This multi-year terminological analysis project operates through an iterative process of: defining a thematic area of focus on terminological evolution; operationalizing an expert-based process of composing a corpus of key terms in the thematic area; and then mobilizing group reflection about the optimal translations of specialized terms. The translated terms are then put forward for adoption by the French Neology Commission as standard vocabulary to be used when writing on this theme. For example, the first iteration of this process focused on the theme "Nature in the city." French experts in agriculture, urban planning, habitat, mobilities and environment engaged with students in the process to propose normalized vocabulary on this theme. The terms analysed include resilient city, sustainable city, rooftop garden, light pollution, soundscape planning, green belt, soil protection, green corridor, blue corridor, and green-blue corridor. Additional rounds of focus are underway a on the topic of the “Circular Economy” and other topics related to the sustainable city. Ultimately, this project envisions generating not only descriptive but also prescriptive terminologies within the French context, along with a multilingual glossary of sustainable cities produced by the SAGA project.Les chercheurs français du projet SAGA ont conclu un accord avec la Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France, un service du ministère de la Culture. Ce projet pluriannuel d'analyse terminologique fonctionne selon un processus itératif : définition d'un domaine thématique axé sur l'évolution terminologique ; mise en place d'un processus d'expertise visant à constituer un corpus de termes clés dans le domaine thématique ; puis mobilisation d'une réflexion collective sur les traductions optimales des termes spécialisés. Les termes traduits sont ensuite proposés à la Commission française de néologie pour être adoptés comme vocabulaire standard à utiliser dans les écrits officiels sur ce thème. Par exemple, la première itération de ce processus s'est concentrée sur le thème « La nature en ville ». Des experts français en agriculture, urbanisme, habitat, mobilités et environnement ont collaboré avec des étudiants afin de proposer un vocabulaire normalisé sur ce thème. Les termes analysés comprennent : ville résiliente, ville durable, toiture végétalisée, pollution lumineuse, aménagement du paysage sonore, ceinture verte, protection des sols, trame verte, trame bleue et trame verte et bleue (TVB). D'autres cycles de réflexion sont en cours sur le thème de l'« économie circulaire » et d'autres thèmes liés à la ville durable. Ce projet envisage de générer non seulement des terminologies descriptives, mais aussi prescriptives dans le contexte français, ainsi qu'un glossaire multilingue des villes durables produit par le projet SAGA
Quelle place et quelle modalité de relation aux experts dans un contexte d'apprentissage de la terminologie en master de traduction ?
No full textInternational audienceAs part of their academic training, translation and communication masters students are exposed to specialised texts for training purposes. Terminology is an essential aspect of specialised translation. Theoretical terminology courses alternate with practical workshops to transform the knowledge acquired in theoretical courses into skills. We propose three ways of applying this knowledge in an academic setting: the experimental terminology course, the terminology project for an organisation, and the research dissertation. This article examines, through each of these methods, the use of single and multiple expertise in a context that is both didactic and institutional. It looks at the methods of communication with the expert(s), the divergence of expert points of view and the attitude students need to develop in order to accept and respond to this divergence