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Ordinal Variables and the Measurement of Upward and Downward Intergenerational Educational Mobility in European Countries
No full textInternational audienceThis article proposes a new approach to the measurement of intergenerational mobility in education. Borrowing the concept of inequality-sensitive and additive achievement measure axiomatically developed by Apouey et al., we derive new indices of upward, downward, and total mobility, using a "movement approach." It turns out that the Prais-Bibby and Bartholomew mobility indices are particular cases of the mobility indices we introduce. We then present an empirical illustration based on the 2016 European Social Survey. Particular attention is given to within country differences between fathers to children and mothers to children educational mobility. When comparing two countries, we also make a distinction between gross and net mobility, the latter referring to the case where country differences in the educational structure of parents and children are neutralized
Le travail à distance. Défis, enjeux et limites
No full textInternational audienceL' un des principaux héritages de la pandémie de covid-19 est certainement l'extension des interactions fondées sur les technologies numériques de l'information, en particulier le travail à distance. Dans la plupart des pays, la situation a imposé un recours massif au télétravail pour tous ceux qui le pouvaient. Ce choc a accéléré une évolution ancienne, mais lente et inégale, alimentée par la numérisation de l'économie, permettant à certains de travailler en dehors des locaux de l'entreprise, à domicile ou ailleurs. Le télétravail, au moins partiel, est entré dans les mœurs et pourrait concerner aujourd'hui près de la moitié des emplois dans les pays développés.Après deux cents ans de séparation, le retour au domicile de l'activité économique soulève d'importants défis juridiques. Il est aussi porteur d'interrogations quant aux effets sur le bien-être des travailleurs : liberté accrue ou désocialisation, facteur d'innovation et de coopération renforcée ? Quelles sont les limites à l'extension du travail à distance ? A-t-il touché différemment les hommes et les femmes ? Les travaux réunis dans cet ouvrage, issus de différentes disciplines des sciences humaines et sociales, apportent des éclairages inédits sur ces questions
Independent Media, Propaganda, and Religiosity: Evidence from Poland *
No full textExploring a drastic change in media landscape in Poland, we show that mainstream media can significantly affect religious participation. After nationalist populist party PiS came to power in 2015, news on state and private independent TV diverged due to propaganda on state TV, resulting in a switch of some of its audience to independent TV. Municipalities with access to independent TV continued to follow a long-term secularization trend, while municipalities with access only to state TV experienced a reversal of this trend. An online experiment sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the effect of exposure to independent news on religiosity
Curtailing False News, Amplifying Truth
No full textWe develop a comprehensive framework to assess policy measures aimed at curbing false news dissemination on social media. A randomized experiment on Twitter during the 2022 U.S. mid-term elections evaluates such policies as priming the awareness of misinformation, fact-checking, confirmation clicks, and prompting careful consideration of content. Priming is the most effective policy in reducing sharing of false news while increasing sharing of true content. A model of sharing decisions, motivated by persuasion, partisan signaling, and reputation concerns, predicts that policies affect sharing through three channels: (i) updating perceived veracity and partisanship of content, (ii) raising the salience of reputation, and (iii) increasing sharing frictions. Structural estimation shows that all policies impact sharing via the salience of reputation and cost of friction. Affecting perceived veracity plays a negligible role as a mechanism in all policies, including fact-checking. The priming intervention performs best in enhancing reputation salience with minimal added friction
Cooperation between National Armies: Evidence from the Sahel borders
No full textThe effectiveness of security operations often depends on cooperation between different national armies. Such cooperation can be particularly important when international borders are porous. In this project, we investigate how the creation of an international armed force that could operate across international borders (the G5-Sahel Joint Force) affected conflict dynamics in the Sahel region. Relying on a regression discontinuity design, we find that the G5 mission lowered the intensity of conflict locally in its zone of operation. Further analysis of geographical conflict propagation patterns indicates that the G5-Sahel force facilitated security operations in border areas
Peut-on encore croire au progrès ?
No full textInternational audience« Le progrès ? Disons que c’est une vision du monde où le présent devient plus important que le passé et fait espérer en l’avenir », nous dit le sociologue Jean Viard. C’est aussi « un désir et une certitude », selon le philosophe Pierre-Henri Tavoillot. Il « crée les conditions du bonheur », précise l’économiste Claudia Senik. Mais il est « piégé », nous alerte la philosophe et psychanalyste Cynthia Fleury. C’est pourquoi il nous faut « savoir le repenser », d’après Karine Safa, philosophe. Notamment en distinguant « le progrès comme un programme abstrait et les progrès dans la vie de tout un chacun », suggère Nicolas Bouzou, économiste. « Croire au progrès, c’était accepter de sacrifier du présent personnel pour fabriquer du futur collectif. En sommes-nous encore là ? » s’interroge le physicien Étienne Klein
Marginal pricing equilibrium with externalities in Riesz spaces
No full textLe papier est accessible en lecture seule en suivant le lien:https://rdcu.be/dmIYnInternational audienceThe purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of a marginal pricing economic equilibrium in presence of increasing returns and externalities in a commodity space general enough as to encompass the vast majority of economic situations. This extends the existing literature on competitive equilibria in vector lattices by incorporating market failures, and it also generalises several non-competitive existence results to a larger class of commodity spaces. The key features are a suitable definition for the marginal pricing rule and an adaptation of the properness condition
Economic Insecurity and Health
No full textInternational audienceWe here show that individual-level economic insecurity, based on the time profle of economic resources, is detrimental to both physical and mental health in long-run Australian panel data. This relationship is found in panel data, comparing an individual’s change in economic security over time to the changes in her health. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that economic insecurity is par-ticularly detrimental to the health of the most-deprived, those over the age of 30, and men rather than women
COVID-19 and Mobility: Determinant or Consequence?
No full textThis paper disentangles the relationship between COVID-19 propagation and mobility. In a theoretical model allowing mobility to be endogenously determined by the COVID-19 prevalence rate, we show that an exogenous epidemic shock has an immediate effect on mobility whereas an exogenous mobility shock influences epidemic variables with a delay. In the long run, exogenous disease contagiousness and mobility jointly shape epidemiological outcomes. The short-run theoretical result allows us to recover, empirically, the causal impacts of mobility and COVID-19 hospitalisations on each other in France. We find that hospitalisations are highly sensitive to mobility whereas mobility is little influenced by hospitalisations. In France, it seems therefore that voluntary social distancing would not have been effective to control the epidemic, in the absence of social distancing mandates
The Power of Coordination and Deliberation
No full textInternational audienceI provide comments and replies to the seven insightful contributions that discussed “The Democratic Challenge of Central Bank Credit Policies” and the proposal for a European Credit Council. I review how interdisciplinary scholarship on the political economy of central banking have shown the limits of simple principal-agent framework applied to central bank power and legitimacy. I emphasize why a change to central bank independence is not necessary for a fundamental change in the financial system and credit policies. I also argue that deliberations can have strong effects on decision-making and that the power of the people is not restricted to the legislative power