Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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Les opinions des conventionnels sur les mesures climatiques
No full textInternational audiencePage de couvertureLes démocraties peinent à répondre à la crise climatique. Une approche prometteuse pour la transition écologique repose sur des innovations impliquant des panels de citoyens tirés au sort. De nombreux pays ont expérimenté cette forme de démocratie délibérative au niveau national et local. Ces assemblées de citoyens formulent des propositions de politiques publiques. La Convention citoyenne pour le climat en France constitue le dispositif le plus important en termes de taille, de durée et de mandat.Grâce à une enquête de terrain multidisciplinaire impliquant une vingtaine de chercheurs, cet ouvrage permet de comprendre la complexité de cette expérience sous plusieurs angles : les procédures et le processus, l’identité et les rôles de ses membres, les rapports à l’expertise et aux représentants, l’évaluation et la comparaison avec d’autres cas.Démocratie délibérative et transition écologique offre une contribution majeure à la réflexion sur une pratique originale d’innovation démocratique et sur son potentiel pour une gouvernance juste des politiques climatiques
Food Waste: You Can't Always Want What You Get
No full textFood waste constitutes a significant economic inefficiency and should therefore be a central policy issue. While in low-income countries food waste is often associated with poor harvesting, storage and transportation conditions, in middle-and high-income countries consumers' behavior is considered to be the main driver of this problem. The general aim of our paper is to contribute to the understanding of food waste. We focus on household food waste and the economic mechanisms behind it. We propose a stylized model in which food waste appears as an economic decision of households. Our framework of "rational food waste" relies primarily on consumer behavioural biases, which could be further encouraged by aggressive pricing strategies such as quantity discounts
Lobbying for Globalisation
No full textUsing detailed information from lobbying reports filed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act, we construct a unique dataset that allows us to identify which firms lobby on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) negotiated by the United States, their position (in favour or against) and their lobbying effort on the ratification of each trade agreement. Using this dataset, we show that lobbying on FTAs is dominated by large multinational firms, which are in favour of these agreements. On the intensive margin, we exploit exogenous variation across FTAs to show that individual firms put more effort supporting agreements that generate larger potential gains -larger improvements in their access to foreign consumers and suppliers and smaller increases in domestic competitionand that are more likely to be opposed by politicians. To rationalise these findings, we develop a new model of endogenous lobbying on trade agreements. In this model, heterogeneous firms select into trade and choose whether and how much to spend lobbying on the ratification of an FTA, and politicians may be biased in favour of or against the agreement
The Economics of the Informal Sector: New Estimates, New Implications for OECD countries
No full textThis paper explores the dynamics and implications of the informal sector within OECD countries, employing a novel estimation approach based on an endogenous growth model. The model integrates both formal and informal sectors, incorporating public services and key determinants of informality. By calibrating this model with OECD data from 1996 to 2016, we derive significant insights into the size and impact of the informal sector. Our findings reveal that, on average, the informal sector constitutes 19.98% of the economy. Policy adjustments influencing the informal sector exhibit a nonlinear effect on economic growth. Specifically, increased formal sector taxation, reduced penalties on informal activities, enhanced access to public goods, and improved quality of government institutions all dynamically interact to shape the informal sector's size and its economic consequences. This study underscores the necessity of a nuanced policy approach, considering the structural characteristics of the economy to optimize growth while managing informality effectively.Ce papier explore les dynamiques et les implications du secteur informel dans les pays de l'OCDE, en utilisant une nouvelle approche d'estimation basée sur un modèle de croissance endogène. Le modèle intègre à la fois les secteurs formel et informel, en tenant compte des services publics et des principaux déterminants de l'informalité. En calibrant ce modèle avec des données de l'OCDE de 1996 à 2016, nous tirons des enseignements significatifs sur la taille et l'impact du secteur informel. Nos résultats révèlent qu'en moyenne, le secteur informel représente 19,98 % de l'économie. Les ajustements politiques influençant le secteur informel montrent un effet non linéaire sur la croissance économique. Plus précisément, l'augmentation de la fiscalité du secteur formel, la réduction des pénalités sur les activités informelles, l'amélioration de l'accès aux biens publics et l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions gouvernementales interagissent de manière dynamique pour façonner la taille du secteur informel et ses conséquences économiques. Cette étude souligne la nécessité d'une approche politique nuancée, tenant compte des caractéristiques structurelles de l'économie pour optimiser la croissance tout en gérant efficacement l'informalité
A Simple Theory of Deep Trade Integration
No full textWhich countries should aim for regulatory cooperation, and to what extent should they pursue it? We develop an imperfectly competitive trade model that accounts for differences in technology and regulatory preferences regarding local consumption externalities across countries. Each country sets unique product standards, and firms incur costs when tailoring products to different markets. Trade occurs when the benefits of comparative advantages outweigh the desire for asymmetric regulations. Our findings indicate that regulatory cooperation, defined as the cooperative setting of standards, is most advantageous for countries with moderate differences in regulatory preferences. Shallow integration, however, falls short of achieving the optimal planner's solution. Countries with strong comparative advantages in distinct externality-generating goods can pursue deeper regulatory cooperation through mutual regulatory concessions. Additionally, when regulatory preferences are highly dispersed, international cooperation tends to form regulatory blocs
(Pro-)Social Learning and Strategic Disclosure
No full textWe study a sequential experimentation model with endogenous feedback. Agents choose between a safe and risky action, the latter generating stochastic rewards. When making this choice, each agent is selfishly motivated (myopic). However, agents can disclose their experiences to a public record, and when doing so are pro-socially motivated (forward-looking). Disclosure is both polarized (only extreme signals are disclosed) and positively biased (no feedback is bad news). The extent of disclosure is non-monotone in prior uncertainty. Subsidizing disclosure costs can paradoxically lead to less disclosure, but more experimentation
MiningLeaks Water Pollution and Child Mortality in Africa
No full textIn the midst of Africa's mining boom, communities downstream from industrial mines face increased exposure to toxic waste. Yet, the effects of induced water pollution on the local population's health have not been quantified at the continental scale of Africa, due to data limitation and non-random exposure. This paper investigates this question using a new quasi-experimental design and a novel dataset detailing the location and opening dates of all known industrial mines, obtained through intensive manual data collection. We combine geo-coded information on 2,016 industrial mines with health outcomes from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 1986 to 2018 in 26 African countries. Through a staggered difference-in-difference strategy, we compare villages downstream and upstream of mines before and after their opening and find a 25% increase in 24-month mortality rates downstream. The effect is mainly observed among children who were no longer breastfed, confirming that water pollution drives the results. Our analysis rules out other mechanisms like fertility changes, access to facilities, in-migration, conflicts and income effects. The impact intensifies during mine operation and high international mineral prices, is higher in densely mined regions, and fades out with distance. From a public policy perspective, this paper underscores the significant local costs of mine openings on the environment and the health of the surrounding populations
What lies behind France's low level of income inequality?
No full textInternational audienceWe document the evolution of working‐age individual pre‐tax and disposable income inequality in France since the late 1960s using household surveys. Disposable income inequality declined over the 1960s and 1970s and remained stable thereafter. This trend can be explained, in part, by changes in the tax and benefit system, notably through changes in employer contributions, and the evolution of the national minimum wage. Other dimensions than income bring a less positive perspective: low‐income individuals are now more likely to be immigrants, have low education, and live in households with no working adults
"Compter les voix" et optimiser la démocratie
No full textInternational audienceL’article est consacré à l’organisation des scrutins et au comptage des voix dans trois cas de complexité croissante : La répartition des sièges entre pays (exemple du Parlement Européen), la répartition des sièges entre partis politiques, et le choix des projets dans le cas d’un budget participatif. Ces questions techniques mettent en œuvre des concepts fondamentaux de philosophie morale et politique à la manière de la philosophie économique, en particulier les arbitrages entre efficacité et égalité