Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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There's Always Room for Improvement: The Persistent Benefits of a Large-scale Teacher Evaluation System
No full textInternational audienceIn France, secondary school teachers are evaluated every five to six years by senior experts from the Ministry of Education. These evaluations involve the supervision of one class session, a debriefing interview and the writing of an official evaluation report. Their results are used to determine teachers' career advancement. We show that these repeated evaluations help improve teacher effectiveness (as measured by their students' performance) at all stages of their career. The impact on student performance is particularly strong in priority education schools and remains significant several years after students leave middle school. Evaluators' feedback likely plays a key role in improving teacher effectiveness
The Value of Leisure Synchronization
No full textInternational audienceThis paper explores the extent to which workers are willing to trade hours worked for leisure time shared with their spouse. We use the fact that the number and timing of paid vacation days to which French employees are entitled vary in a quasi-random way from year to year along with the dates of public holidays. Self-employed workers do not benefit from public holidays, but we show that a large fraction of them substitute a day of unpaid leisure for a day of paid work whenever their spouse gets an extra day of paid leave
Impact of socioeconomic determinants on the speed of epidemic diseases: a comparative analysis
No full textInternational audienceWe study the impact of socioeconomic factors on two key parameters of epidemic dynamics. Specifically, we investigate a parameter capturing the rate of deceleration at the very start of an epidemic, and a parameter that reflects the pre-peak and post-peak dynamics at the turning point of an epidemic like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We find two important results. The policies to fight COVID-19 (such as social distancing and containment) have been effective in reducing the overall number of new infections, because they influence not only the epidemic peaks, but also the speed of spread of the disease in its early stages. The second important result of our research concerns the role of healthcare infrastructure. They are just as effective as anti-COVID policies, not only in preventing an epidemic from spreading too quickly at the outset, but also in creating the desired dynamic around peaks: slow spreading, then rapid disappearance
Une brève histoire de l’économie
No full textInternational audienceUn véritable défi : une histoire de l’économie en 130 pages, par l’un des plus brillants esprits du XXIe siècle.De la charrue au tout numérique en passant par le krach écologique et le nouveau capitalisme financier, Daniel Cohen replonge dans les grandes étapes de l’histoire de l’économie et de la société. Revisitant son oeuvre, il propose une réflexion sur la croissance économique, devenue la religion du monde moderne.Quels sont nos réels besoins ? Pourquoi les Français sont-ils moins heureux que les autres ? Jusqu’où va notre faculté d’adaptation à un modèle économique ? Qu’est-ce que le bonheur intérieur brut ? Survivrons-nous à l’Intelligence artificielle ?Telles sont les questions brûlantes auxquelles répond, dans un langage accessible, ce livre qui mêle économie, histoire et anthropologie et nous entraîne au cœur d’un fascinant voyage dans la compréhension du désir humain
L'emploi et la transition énergétique
No full textInternational audienceL'urgence climatique n’est plus à démontrer : il est aujourd’hui nécessaire de modifier, pour les décarboner, toutes nos activités productives, nos métiers, et de réduire l’impact global de nos économies sur l’environnement. Cette transition d’ampleur est alternativement présentée comme le moyen de parvenir à une croissance verte créatrice de richesses, ou comme un processus porteur d’une inévitable régression économique.Dépassant cette lecture clivée, Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline brosse un état des connaissances sur les effets de la transition énergétique, et plus largement écologique, en matière d’emploi. Elle montre que ce travail d’identification est un préalable indispensable à la mise en place de politiques macroéconomiques et d’accompagnement pour parvenir à une transition juste, qui ne s’accomplit pas aux dépens des personnes travaillant aujourd’hui dans les secteurs les plus polluants
Where Does Money Matter More?
No full textThere is much still to learn about the relationship between income and well-being, and in particular how this may depend on the economic and social context. We use Russian data to estimate individual Welfare Functions of Income, and examine two potentially context-dependent concepts: self-assessed income needs and welfare sensitivity to income (how well-being changes with income). The considerable geographical diversity in Russia provides within-country variation in GDP, inequality, population density, and unemployment. We first show that income needs exceed actual income on average in Russia, and that these needs are less sensitive to changes in income than in other countries. Second, income needs vary by individual characteristics, while welfare sensitivity does not. Welfare sensitivity is however related to the regional context. Last, our estimated contextual results help us to understand why the existing literature has produced such a wide range of result
A Paradoxical Convergence: French economists and the policy towards cartels from the 1870s to the eve of the Great Depression
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Blood and gender bias in informal care within the family
No full textInternational audienceThis paper deals with the question of the relative contribution of spouses to the long-term care (LTC) needs of their dependent parents and parents in-law. Starting from a theoretical model and using SHARE data, the paper focuses on the role of gender and blood relationships as well as the effect of differential opportunity costs within the couple. The results tend to confirm the existence of gender and blood biases in the level of informal care provided by each spouse, while their wage does not seem to play a large role. When we consider the relative level of informal care by spouses, the gender and blood biases are confirmed. Furthermore, the wage ratio is negatively related to the informal care ratio. These results imply that informal care and private insurance coverage may depend on the gender composition of children, which may justify differentiated public LTC transfers
The unusual French policy mix towards labour market inequalities
No full textInternational audienceThis short paper presents an overview of the French policy mix towards labour market inequalities, consisting of a high minimum wage together with targeted payroll tax cuts around the minimum wage. It reviews the recent literature documenting the impact of that policy mix on employment and wage inequality. The main takeaways are that pre‐tax wage inequality has been increasing in France rather like it has in the UK and the US, while net wage inequality has decreased and then remained stable. The employment experience for the middle age group is also very close in France to the one in the UK and the US, while it differs markedly at young and older ages. The paper offers two more general thoughts on how to make progress in comparing policy options. First, most studies tend to give too much weight to tax and benefit reforms in being able to reduce inequality as they disregard incidence mechanisms, and fail to incorporate properly longer‐term effects of other policies on pre‐tax inequality. Second, the design of effective policy should always incorporate simplicity and salience. Failure to do so is likely to lead to little expected impact of such policies
Sold to China: Container traffic in the Port of Piraeus
No full textInternational audienceThis article analyzes the effects of the acquisition of the Port of Piraeus by the Chinese shipping operator COSCO in July 2016 on the organization of container traffic in Europe. Using real-time container ship positions provided by vessel tracking systems between 2015 and 2019, we study the impact of the privatization of the Greek port on its attractiveness and on that of competing ports for the ships of the various operators, and more particularly of COSCO. Difference-in-difference estimates suggest that the number of container ship calls to the Port of Piraeus has increased following its privatization, but that this increase in attractiveness corresponds mainly to vessels operated by COSCO with a capacity of more than 3000 twenty-foot equivalent units, and in particular to the largest of them. We do not identify any crowding out effect between operators in Piraeus: the use of Piraeus by the vessels of other operators remains relatively unchanged. The privatization of Piraeus seems to have imposed the Greek port as COSCO's transhipment hub for the European market without this being to the detriment of ports in any other particular European area