Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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Précis d'Economie Comportementale
No full textInternational audienceDu matin au soir, nous faisons toutes sortes de choix : conduire ou prendre le vélo, aller au supermarché ou à l'épicerie. Si ces décisions quotidiennes s’enchaînent souvent sans même qu’on en ait conscience, elles s’ajoutent à des décisions dont les enjeux sont autrement plus importants, qu’ils soient économiques, financiers, ou d’ordre environnemental, sociologique et culturel.Quels processus de décision se cachent derrière les réalités sociales qui déterminent le fonctionnement de l’économie ? Comment définir les coûts et les bénéfices entre lesquels nous devons arbitrer ? Pourquoi même l’absence de choix est-elle une forme de décision ? Comment les décisions individuelles se combinent-elles avec les décisions collectives ? Quelle est la palette d’outils permettant d’orienter les comportements ?L’économie comportementale apporte des réponses à ces questions en étudiant les décisions économiques à travers le prisme de facteurs rationnels, la comparaison des coûts et des bénéfices, mais aussi psychologiques, tels que les ressources cognitives, le contexte et le comportement des pairs
Neighbor Effects and Early Track Choices
No full textThe choice between vocational and academic education at the end of secondary school has important long-run effects, and is made at an age where peers’ influence might be paramount. In this paper, we investigate the effect of neighbors’ track choices on 9th graders choices at the end of lower secondary education, in Paris. This question is central to understand the extent to which residential segregation can reinforce social segregation across vocational and academic tracks. We rely on neighbors from the preceding cohort in order to bypass the reflection problem, and use within-catchment-area variation in distance between pairs of students to account for residential sorting. We use a pair-wise model that enables us to carefully study the role of distance between neighbors, and to perform detailed heterogeneity analysis. Our results suggest that close neighbors do influence track choices at the end of 9th grade, particularly for pupils pursuing a vocational track. This effect is driven by neighbors living in the same building, and is larger for pairs of boys and for pairs of pupils from low social background. Overall, our results suggest that neighbor effects tend to accentuate social segregation across high school tracks
How Gender Norms Shape the Health of Women and Men?
No full textThe role of gender norms in determining women’s and men’s health has been largely overlooked by the economic discipline. This paper is among the first to evaluate the role of social norms on health disparities, a topic that has received limited attention. By combining two European cross-country data sources, I propose a novel approach to measuring gender norms and identifying the causal effect of changes in social norms on individuals’ health. I exploit the European Value Study (EVS) and build time-varying measures of gender norms in the family and the work domains at the country-year level. These measures are then linked with the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data, which is representative at the older population in Europe. I set up an OLS model, including individuals and time-fixed effects, and investigate the role of norms on health status. I show that stronger traditional gender norms in the family increase women’s depression. I also find that more gendered norms at work decrease women’s reporting of poor health. I disentangle some potential mechanisms to test the precise channel by which the type of norm leads to the selected outcomes: financial difficulties, smoking and drinking are among the most critical drivers. Given that reducing gender health inequalities is crucial for fostering an equitable society, targeting neutral gender norms remains a crucial goal of public policie
Early Gendered Performance Gaps in Math: An Investigation on French Data
No full textInternational audienceWhile there is no gap in math performance at the beginning of Grade 1, a gap in favor of boys appears and widens during the first year of primary school. Using standardized national assessments administered during Grade 1 (CP) to more than 2.5 million pupils in France between 2018 and 2022, we show that this relative drop in girls’ performance is observed for all the cohorts and most of the exercises assessed. The greatest drop-off occurs among the best-performing girls at the start of Grade 1 (those in the top 1 % initially). These girls lose an average of nearly 7 percentile ranks at the start of second grade compared with boys in the same initial percentile. The emergence of a gender gap in math performance during Grade 1 is observed across all social categories and family compositions, and throughout the country. Girls lose slightly less ground compared to boys in classes where the top student in math is a girl, and in priority networks public schools (REP or REP+). However, characteristics of the school environment explain only a small part of the overall dynamics, suggesting that girls are losing ground compared to boys in every strata of society
Pennies from Haven: Wages and Profit Shifting
No full textIncreasing attention has been given to the fact that some multinational enterprises shift income to tax haven countries, an activity that generates inequality in corporate taxation. Here, we examine how profit shifting relates to wage inequality. Using rich matched employer-employee data from Norway, we find that profit-shifting firms pay higher wages, particularly among service firms where the wage premium is approximately 2%. Furthermore, this average e↵ect masks significant within-firm heterogeneity with high-skill occupations – and managers in particular – earning higher shifting wage premiums. CEOs particularly gain, with their wages rising nearly 10%. These results thus suggest that profit shifting by multinationals meaningfully contributes to wage inequality, both between and within firms. Finally, our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest these higher wages would generate additional income tax revenues which would o↵set around 3% of the fall in Norway’s corporate tax revenues due to profit shifting
All that glitters? Golden visas and real estate
No full textResidency by Investment programs have become integral to contemporary migration policies, providing a distinct pathway for individuals to acquire a new legal status through financial investments. In this paper, we study the extent to which “golden visas” impact real estate housing markets. Using the population of transactions records from 2007 to 2019, we analyse the introduction of the Golden Visa Program in Portugal in 2012. We first present descriptive bunching evidence around the €500,000 threshold, revealing potential price distortions. Merging the transaction data to property tax records, we then conduct a difference-in-differences analysis assessing the golden visa impact on the discrepancy between transaction prices and fiscal values.This analysis uncovers a “Golden Visa Premium,” where transaction prices exceed fiscal values by an average of around €38,000 at the investment threshold, indicating a more than 10% price increase in high-end housing prices. Finally, survey data from the Portuguese population indicates widespread support for ending the program, particularly among the elderly, educatedresidents in Lisbon
Économie de la santé et des systèmes de santé
No full textInternational audienceCet ouvrage relatif à l’économie de la santé et des systèmes de santé aborde les concepts clé de l’économie et leur application au champ de l’économie de la santé. Les concepts économiques sont expliqués et documentésà l’aide de nombreux exemples et exercices corrigés en économie de la santé. L’objectif est de comprendre les politiques publiques en santé.Ce manuel étudie ainsi :les principes de l’intervention de l’État (la demande et les besoins de santé…) ;la notion de bien et son caractère public et privé (spécificités des biens en économie, notion de bien privé et bien public…) ;la construction du système de santé, ses objectifs, son évolution future au regard des nouvelles technologies (comprendre les contraintes de l’offre, les tensions, l’offre de bien sur le marché, les choix de production des produits de santé, le traitement des données, etc.) ;les différents modes de tarification et la place de la concurrence ;la notion de qualité (qualité en soins, etc.) ;une analyse d’autres système de santé (Chine, Etats-Unis…)
Are the Upwardly-Mobile More Left-Wing?
No full textIt is well-known that the wealthier are more likely to have Right-leaning political preferences. We here in addition consider the role of the individual’s starting position, and in particular their upward social mobility relative to their parents. In 18 waves of UK panel data, both own and parental social status are independently positively associated with Rightleaning voting and political preferences: given their own social status, the upwardly-mobile are therefore more Left-wing.We investigate a number of potential mediators: these results do not reflect the relationship between well-being and own and parents’ social status, but are partly linked to the individual’s beliefs about how fair society is. We replicate these findings using US data and show that, in both countries, the choice of specification when controlling for the respondent’s own status is crucial and may help explain some of the mixed findings in the literature
Bias due to re-used databases: Coding in hospital for extremely vulnerable patients
No full textInternational audienceElectronic health records (EHRs) are intended to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of care. Nevertheless, usability issues common to EHRs have been identified. In this paper, we investigate these usability issues for social vulnerability codes. Using the acute care EHR and the rehabilitation care EHR databases, hospital stays of 800'000 patients are studied. This article highlights the differences in coding processes between public and private institutions observed when there are different incentives to code.Furthermore, it shows that the differences in coding are not random but depend on the coding strategy. This article emphasises that the reuse of data leads to biases in interpretation. Using the example of social vulnerability alerts policymakers to the need to consider these differences in coding processes when decisions are based on EHR information. Otherwise, this process of coding differences in social vulnerability may exacerbate social inequalities rather than reduce them