Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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Synthèse : climats hostiles
No full textSous la direction d’Éric Heyer et de Xavier TimbeauInternational audienc
Is Resilience Inherited?
No full textWe here use European Social Survey data to disentangle the 'inherited' and 'contextual' components of resilience, following the approaches taken in Alesina and Giuliano (2010) and Luttmer and Singhal (2011). We suggest that the inherited part of resilience reflects culture in the country of birth, while the contextual part captures both institutions and culture in the country where the individual currently resides. We separately identify these two components via a sample of immigrants, for whom the birth and residence countries differ. We find that resilience is both inherited and contextual, with the latter component being the most important. The 'inherited' component of resilience is larger for men and those who do not have citizenship in their residence country. We last present some evidence from second-generation immigrants of the intergenerational transmission of inherited cultural resilience
Declining Effective Tax Rates of Multinationals: The Hidden Role of Tax Base Reforms
No full textThis paper documents the rise of corporate tax-base narrowing measures in the EU using a novel dataset covering both tax rate and tax base reforms implemented between 2014 and 2022. Our findings indicate a shift away from the 'cut rate -broaden base' approach, as governments increasingly align corporate taxation with industrial policy objectives. We show that EU tax competition exerts downward pressure on high-tax countries, while the likelihood of tax cuts also varies with the political orientation of governments. Using financial accounts from more than 40,000 affiliates, we find that the average effective tax rate of multinational enterprises in the EU has declined more rapidly than the statutory rate and estimate that tax base reforms account for 24% of this decline. The estimated revenue cost of all reforms combined amounts to 3.5% of total corporate tax revenue collected from the sample firms. These revenue losses should be carefully weighed against the anticipated benefits of tax reforms
Enforcing Taxes on Cryptocurrencies
No full textThe views expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the EU Tax Observatory. EU Tax Observatory working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been subject to peer-review or to the internal review process that accompanies ofBicial EU Tax Observatory publications
Climate change and the global distribution of wealth
No full textInternational audienceWealth inequality dynamics influence economic and social outcomes and stability. While climate change and climate policies affect both physical capital and financial assets, their impacts on aggregate wealth and its distribution remain underexplored. Preliminary calculations suggest that climate change and climate investments could have substantial effects on wealth inequality, although the direction of these changes remains uncertain. This Perspective builds on numerical insights, outlines a conceptual framework and proposes a research agenda aimed at advancing the understanding of global wealth inequality under climate change, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration on the issue
Competition in French hospital: Does it impact the patient management in healthcare?
No full textInternational audienceThis research paper examines changes in patient care management in acute care hospitals between 2001 and 2011. During this time, there were two opposing factors at play: the competition effect of the reform and the policymaker’s decision to reduce public hospitals across France. By studying the trends, it is evident that there has been a significant overall shift in patient care management during this period. This change could be attributed to the global competition effect and the concentration of in-patients in specific public facilities. Through the difference-in-difference method, the study analyzed time variations in the intensity of local competition. It was found that local competition had a negligible impact on patient care management. Additionally, the study revealed that there was a significant positive competition effect on high-technical procedures for the private sector, which is in line with the market segment where private sector hospitals have a leadership position and the pro-competitive reform intensified this position. The study also uncovered a negative competition effect on the length of stay for public hospitals. Prior to the implementation of the DRG-based payment reform, public sector hospitals were paid a global budget. However, after the reform was implemented, they had to shorten the length of stay to increase the number of stays. For-profit hospitals have always been paid based on the number of stays. The results are robust and consistent when alternative measures of local competition are used
Informing the uninformed, sensitizing the informed: The two sides of consumer environmental awareness
No full textHow do environmental information and awareness interact to improve environmental quality by changing consumer behavior and firm strategies? This article provides theoretical insights using an original differentiation model within a general framework whose specific cases have been studied previously. On the demand side, only informed consumers differentiate brown from green product quality, while uninformed consumers consider these perfect substitutes. Moreover, all informed consumers value the green product and devalue the brown product as a result of an aversion effect but are heterogeneous in their environmental awareness. On the supply side, two firms offer different environmental qualities and compete on price. We consider two types of environmental campaigns: one that increases the number of informed consumers and one that increases the environmental awareness of informed consumers. We show that these campaigns crucially determine three market configurations: segmented; fragmented, with a brown product that appeals to both uninformed consumers and a fraction of informed consumers; and covered. Assuming that the greenest consumer behavior is abstention, we find that both campaigns do not always lead to better environmental quality; that is, a situation in which all consumers are informed and some highly environmentally aware is not necessarily the greenest situation. Depending on the aversion effect, the budget of the campaign organizer, and their relative cost-effectiveness, information and awareness-raising campaigns must be carefully combined to achieve the best possible environmental quality
Effectiveness of ex ante honesty oaths in reducing dishonesty depends on content
No full textInternational audienceDishonest behaviours such as tax evasion impose significant societal costs. Ex ante honesty oaths—commitments to honesty before action—have been proposed as interventions to counteract dishonest behaviour, but the heterogeneity in findings across operationalizations calls their effectiveness into question. We tested 21 honesty oaths (including a baseline oath)—proposed, evaluated and selected by 44 expert researchers—and a no-oath condition in a megastudy involving 21,506 UK and US participants from Prolific.com who played an incentivized tax evasion game online. Of the 21 interventions, 10 significantly improved tax compliance by 4.5 to 8.5 percentage points, with the most successful nearly halving tax evasion. Limited evidence for moderators was found. Experts and laypeople failed to predict the most effective interventions, though experts’ predictions were more accurate. In conclusion, honesty oaths were effective in curbing dishonesty, but their effectiveness varied depending on content. These findings can help design impactful interventions to curb dishonesty
Efficiency and equity in a socially-embedded economy
No full textInternational audienceA model that only focuses on economic relations, and in which efficiency and equity are defined in terms of resource allocation may miss an important part of the picture. We propose a canonical extension of the standard general equilibrium model that embeds economic activities in a larger game of social interactions. Such a model combines general equilibrium effects with social multiplier effects and considerably enriches the analysis of efficiency and equity. Efficiency involves coordination between economic and social interactions, may depend on social norms, and may strongly interact with the distribution of resources. Equity can be defined in a comprehensive, socioeconomic way, and a decomposition into an economic and a social component is possible
L’impact économique des transmissions d’entreprises réalisées avec un pacte Dutreil
No full textL’IPP a été sollicité par la Cour des comptes afin d’apporter son expertise technique dans le cadre de l’élaboration par la Cour du rapport d’évaluation du Pacte Dutreil.Les chercheurs du pôle entreprises de l’IPP ont concentré leurs travaux sur les points suivants:- analyse du profil des entreprises bénéficiaires et ventilation du coût du dispositif en fonction de la taille et du secteur des entreprises- évaluation des effets du dispositif sur les entreprises en comparant la dynamique d’entreprises bénéficiaires à celle d’entreprises non bénéficiaires du pacte Dutreil autour de leur transmission.- estimation de l’effet sur la gouvernance et structure actionnariale, l’investissement et l’activité.- évaluation des effets du dispositif sur la trajectoire salariale des travailleurs présents dans l’entreprise peu avant la transmission.Ils ont bénéficié pour ce travail de données inédites de la DGFiP sur les dossiers de mutation à titre gratuit et se sont appuyés sur leur travail antérieur d’appariement de données élaboré pour les travaux récents d’évaluation des réformes de la fiscalité du capital, de la baisse des impôts de production ou encore l’analyse de la taxation des milliardaires