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Opinion and report of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) relating to an analysis of the health risks associated with exposure to caterpillars with stinging hairs and the development of management recommendations
No full textXavier Bailly et Elsa Jourdain ne sont pas auteurs mais relecteurs du rapportInternational audienceSeveral species of Lepidoptera with caterpillars bearing urticating hairs are increasing their range in metropolitan France from year to year, such as the pine processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis et Schiffermüller 1775) whose presence was historically limited to the south of France, and which is gradually being observed in the north and at higher altitudes. The procession period also seems to be appearing earlier. Climate change could have an impact on the range and phenology of this species, as well as other species of Lepidoptera with caterpillar bearing urticating hairs. Urticating caterpillars, which can trigger diffuse urticariform papules and allergic reactions for human people through contact with the skin, mucous membranes or inhalation, represent a health issue. These caterpillars also cause a health risk for animals and can have an impact on plants due to the resulting defoliation. This risk assessment therefore focused on the risk posed by these urticating caterpillars in areas where they have been established for a long time as well as in areas where they currently do not occur but could be colonized in the short or medium terms. One of the outputs of the evaluation consisted in identifying 55 different species of Lepidoptera with urticating caterpillars, for metropolitan France, but also for the overseas regions, based on the review by Kawamoto and Kumada (1984) and the GBIF database. In addition, detailed sheets for the well‐known species were drawn up, describing in particular their range, their phenology and the period when the urticating stages occur. A literature review as well as data from poison control centres and the analysis of the results of two surveys (of three associations of dermatologists/allergists and of occupational populations at risk) allowed to characterize the contexts of exposure and the human populations at risk. Concerning animal health, in addition to an epidemioclinical description based on the literature, data from veterinary poison control centres were analyzed in the specific case of dog exposure to the pine processionary between 1999 and 2021 in metropolitan french territory. Given the impact of these species of Lepidoptera on ecosystems, due to the defoliation they induce, this scientific opinion investigated the impact of these species on ecosystem services. The socio‐economic impacts of defoliations and risk management measures implemented in the event of an outbreak were studied based on a literature review and simulations for forest recreation. To represent risk for the whole metropolitan France territory, three risk maps of the human population exposure to the pine processionary, the oak processionary and the brown‐tail moth were designed at municipality level. A multi‐criteria analysis was undertaken to characterize danger (urticating caterpillars) and vulnerability of human populations. Then, the municipalities were ranked according to their level of danger and vulnerability. As a result, municipalities have been classified into 5 danger classes and 5 vulnerability classes. Based on a risk matrix with levels of hazard (abscissa axis) and levels of vulnerability (ordinate axis), 5 levels of risk were finally defined and the 34,816 municipalities of metropolitan France were classified according to their level of risk
Enforcing Colonial Rule: Blood Tax and Head Tax in French West Africa
No full textWe study the enforcement of two pillars of colonial rule in French West Africa—military conscription and head tax collection—using new district-level data from 1919 to 1949. Tax compliance was strikingly high, with about 80 percent of liable taxpayers meeting obligations despite limited administrative capacity. Military recruitment targets were likewise consistently met despite avoidance and poor health. Spikes in head tax rates significantly increased tax-related protests, prompting colonial authorities to moderate rates in times of crisis and adjust burdens to perceived district affluence. Yet local shocks such as droughts or crop price collapses were largely ignored
Corporate Tax Avoidance and Sales: Micro Evidence and Aggregate Implications
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the effect of corporate tax avoidance (CTA) on U.S. firmlevel sales and its aggregate implications. In theory, CTA gives a competitive edge to avoiding firms, which affects the distribution of sales in the economy. In practice, we find a causal impact of CTA on firm-level sales using a broad set of measures of tax avoidance and different identification strategies. Combining micro-estimates and the model, we assess how changes in CTA over the past two decades have shaped the distribution of sales across U.S. industries. While the effects vary by sector, rising CTA among large firms has reinforced their dominant positions, contributing to increased concentration, in several key industries
On the (Ir)Relevance of Discount Factors for Future Allocations of Scarce Resources
No full textInternational audienceThis article is interested in future allocations of scarce resources in an environment where upper bounds and lower bounds are fixed on the stream of consumptions or extractions of the scarce resource. It is shown that the optimal planning of consumptions does not depend on the sequence of discounting factors as soon as they are decreasing at a rate smaller than a bound linked to the concavity of the utility function and the choice of the sequences of lower and upper bounds. The optimal solution is unique and exhibits two regimes with a pivotal period in the middle. Therefore, one gets plans satisfying some kind of intergenerational fairness: the upper bounds prevent the first generations from consuming too much of the resource to the detriment of future generations and the lower bounds ensure minimal consumption for these generations. We also consider the role of the horizon and of a potential regret after a revision for the bounds. The argument is then extended to partially renewable resources
Getting Around the Issue of the “Carbon Tax”
No full textInternational audienceWhen thinking about the genesis of the Citizens' Convention for Climate, one must inevitably think of its connection to the “Gilets jaunes” social movement, which was triggered in October 2018 by a rejection of the rise in fuel tax that the French government were intending to bring in. This chapter describes and analyzes the shift in the citizens' stance on taxing fuel. It shows how the members rapidly turned against the idea of a carbon tax and developed a range of different measures to limit vehicular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. In parallel to their examination of the carbon tax, the citizens mused about the notion of social justice, which was part of the official mandate. After an initial rejection of the idea of carbon taxation, the citizens went in search of substitute measures, so the matter of taxation was not off the table
Mixité résidentielle et logement social
No full textCe rapport analyse la mixité sociale résidentielle en France métropolitaine à partir d’un indicateur synthétique, l’IPS logement, mesurant la position sociale des ménages selon leurs revenus et leur composition. La question du droit au logement, qui est une autre question cruciale, n’est donc pas traitée ici. La présente étude met en évidence une ségrégation sociale persistante entre les parcs social et privé, mais aussi au sein de ces derniers, notamment entre communes d’un même territoire intercommunal (EPCI). Le logement social, bien que plus homogène et moins ségrégé pour les ménages les plus modestes, reste concentré dans certains quartiers ou communes, en particulier dans les quartiers prioritaires de la politique de la ville. Si la ségrégation a diminué dans le parc social entre 2016 et 2022, elle demeure forte entre territoires. Le rapport souligne la nécessité d’une meilleure répartition géographique des logements sociaux et des ménages de différents profils sociaux pour renforcer la mixité et réduire les inégalités territoriales
I can't forget about U: lifetime unemployment and retirement wellbeing
No full textInternational audienceIt is well known that unemployment leaves scars after re-employment, but does this scarring effect persist even after retirement? We analyse European data on retirees from the SHARE panel, and show that the wellbeing of the retired continues to reflect the unemployment that they experienced over their working life. These scarring effects are somewhat smaller for older retirees, but larger for those who arguably had higher expectations regarding the labour market when they were active. The lower wellbeing from lifetime unemployment does not reflect lower retirement income. This long-run scarring for those who have left the labour market underlines that contemporaneous correlations significantly underestimate the wellbeing cost of unemployment
Heterogeneous trade elasticity and managerial skills
No full textInternational audienceThis paper investigates the role of firms’ managerial skills in the heterogeneous reaction of exporters to common exogenous changes in their international competitiveness (here captured by changes in the real exchange rate). Relying on a simple theoretical framework, we show that firms with better managerial skills have higher profits, market power and are able to adapt their markup more when faced with a competitiveness shock. We test this prediction relying on detailed firm-product-destination level export data from France for the period 1995-2007 matched with specific information on the firms’ share of managers. Our findings show that managerial intensive firms have larger exporter price elasticity to real exchange rate variations. In the wake of a depreciation, exporters whose management intensity is one standard deviation higher than the average, increase their prices by 51% to 73% more than the average exporter. This finding is robust to alternative explanations suggested by the literature
Heterogeneous Trade Effects of Pre-Shipment Inspections
No full textInternational audienceWe analyze the trade impact of pre-shipment inspections (PSI)—a practice under which imports need to undergo a third-party review process before shipment, and whose utilization has been limited by the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. We show that PSI requirements had a negative impact on imports, and were most harmful for trade in differentiated manufacturing products (administrative trade cost channel). In contrast, PSI were facilitating trade in products subject to conformity assessment procedures related to sanitary and phytosanitary measures (information channel). Counterfactual analysis suggests that the reduction in administrative costs outweighed the provision of information, with the removal of PSI leading to a slight increase in developing countries’ imports. The removal of PSI could also induce a cost: the relaxation of controls on custom misinvoicing. We show that PSI had a limited effect on trade misinvoicing at the intensive margin, and on lost exports at the extensive margin
The carbon perception gap in actual and ideal carbon footprints across wealth groups
No full textInternational audienceCarbon inequality is gaining attention in public discussions surrounding equitable climate policies. It commonly refers to the unequal distribution of individual greenhouse gas emissions, with wealthier individuals contributing disproportionately higher emissions. Little is known about how people perceive the actual carbon footprint distribution across wealth groups and what they would desire as an ideal distribution. Survey data from Germany show awareness of carbon inequality, with respondents recognizing that wealthier individuals emit disproportionately more. Yet, with surprising consensus, all groups, including the wealthy, desired an inverse ideal distribution, with the wealthy having disproportionately smaller carbon footprints. Nonetheless, most perceived their own carbon footprint as far better compared to others in society and within their wealth group. Here, we show a carbon perception gap, particularly among the wealthiest: Collectively, people acknowledge the presence of carbon inequality and desire a more equitable distribution, yet often perceive themselves as already contributing more than others