Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
Not a member yet
5677 research outputs found
Sort by
A Room of One's Own. Work from Home and the Gendered Allocation of Time
No full textThe traditional specialization of men in paid work and women in unpaid work is rooted in the spatial separation of these activities. We examine the possible consequences of the recent expansion of Work from Home (WfH) for the gendered allocation of time. We focus on the time devoted to housework by men and women who work from home versus on site, before and after the Covid pandemic. Using data on several thousand workers drawn from the American Time Use Survey, we find that the gender gap in unpaid work has declined by about 27 minutes per day, i.e. by about 40%, for remote workers. Among remote workers, women now spend more time on paid work and less on unpaid work, whereas men spend a little more time on household chores. These results are driven by partnered respondents, with children under 10 years of age
Dual communication in a social network: Contributing and dedicating attention
No full textCommunication between individuals often involves two types of dual activities. On social media such as Facebook, for example, users produce content (posts) and pay attention to their friends' posts. These activities are dual as a user is more inclined to produce posts the more friends react to them and is more inclined to dedicate attention to a friend's posts the more numerous these posts are. This paper builds and analyzes a simple game with dual activities and dedicated attention when agents communicate through a follower-influencer network (say, X-Twitter). Equilibria can be multiple, each characterized by its attention network, which describes who pays attention to whom, resulting in a partition of cohesive subgroups who pay and receive attention from each other and do not communicate with agents in other subgroups. The stars-equilibria, where attention in each subgroup is focused on a single influencer, stand apart: activities and payoffs are high on average but unequal. Furthermore, they are the only equilibria stable to perturbations or to self-enforcing deviations from coalitions (coalition-proofness)
Optimal enfranchisement
No full textInternational audienceWe study the optimal voting franchise for a decision which affects different persons with different intensities. When the agents’ opinions are ex ante permutation invariant, we show that it is optimal to restrict the franchise to the agents with the highest stakes, with a smaller franchise when the stakes are more concentrated. When they are i.i.d. (all voters independently favour Yes with the same probability p), we further show that two forces are at work: on the one hand, the imperative to restrict voting rights to those most affected; on the other, when and only when p ≠ 1/2 , the Condorcet jury effect according to which allowing more voters to participate increases the probability of making the right decision. This helps to shed light on the problem in large populations
A scoping review of the impact of agricultural, food, and environmental policies on the transition towards a safe and just operating space for EU agri-food systems
No full textInternational audienceThe transition of agri-food systems towards a safe and just operating space (SJOS) is a complex phenomenon, which implies finding proper pathways for satisfying human needs and social justice for all, while staying within the limits of the planet's natural resources. In this context, public policies can play a key role in driving the transition. Thus, in this paper, we have carried out a scoping review of the literature on the relationships between some key public policies affecting agricultural and food and the SJOS dimensions, with the purpose of identifying the most important knowledge gaps. Following the most recent protocols proposed by the literature, we have reviewed papers published in the 2000–23 period using the Web of Science database as the main reference. Our results show that the available evidence is somehow scattered across the SJOS thematic areas, with a clear prevalence of the environmental (safe operating space) with respect to the social [just operating space (JOS)] ones. Thus, there is a clear research gap in exploring the impact of public policies on JOS issues such as social equity, health, and nutrition security. Moreover, very few studies explore synergies and trade-offs between different SJOS dimensions. This is especially relevant in evaluating a complex policy mix such as the Green Deal of the European Union. Finally, from a methodological perspective, the available studies provide some interesting hints for extending the available toolkit for ex-ante policy modelling, which deserve further research
What Caused the US Pandemic-Era Inflation?
No full textInternational audienceWe estimate a simple dynamic model of prices, wages, and short-run and long-run inflation expectations that allows us to analyze and quantify the sources of recent US inflation. We find that, contrary to early concerns that inflation would be spurred by overheated labor markets, most of the inflation surge resulted from shocks to prices given wages. Although tight labor markets have, thus far, not been the primary driver of inflation, we find that they have a relatively more persistent effect on wage growth and inflation. Controlling inflation will, thus, ultimately require achieving a better balance of labor demand and supply
Dynamic (Mis)allocation of Investments in Solar Energy
No full textInternational audienceBecause they differ in terms of technology, size, and location, solar photovoltaic installations exhibit very heterogeneous levelized costs of producing electricity. Therefore, the present value cost of meeting a given trajectory of annual solar energy production depends on which projects are commissioned when: the observed sequence of investment decisions need not be cost-efficient. We propose a methodology to assess the magnitude of dynamic misallocation by comparing the present value cost of realized investments to a counterfactual optimal sequence of investments. Applying our methodology to France between 2005 and 2021, we find that the observed trajectory of annual solar output could have been produced at a present value cost about 30% lower than its realized value. Our optimized counterfactual suggests that investments in residential solar should have on average been postponed by seven years, while investments in medium- and large-scale installations should have occurred three to four years earlier
How Different Uses of AI Shape Labor Demand: Evidence from France
No full textInternational audienceUsing French firm-level data on AI adoption from 2017-2020, we find that, first, firms adopting AI are larger and more productive and skill intensive. Second, difference-in-difference estimates reveal an increase in firm-level employment and sales after AI adoption, suggesting that the induced productivity gains allow firms to grow and outweigh potential displacement effects. Third, occupations classified in recent work as substitutable with AI expand. Fourth, AI usage is a relevant dimension of heterogeneity in the labor demand response: We find positive employment growth for certain uses (e.g., information and communications technology security) and negative for others (e.g., administrative processes)
Ukrainian Voices: Surveying the Spatial and Socio-Economic Trajectories of Ukrainian Refugees across Europe
No full textInternational audienceThe displacement of approximately eight million Ukrainians throughout Europe since February 2022 has had a significant impact on migration governance, and sparked important discussions within migration research. Leveraging novel data from the “Voice of Ukraine” (VOU) survey — a multifaceted longitudinal study of Ukrainian refugees deployed since June 2022 — we examine the migratory and socio-economic trajectories of this community in exile. We posit that the demographic characteristics of Ukrainian refugees, and the asylum and integration policies enacted by European countries of settlement, shape variation in migratory decisions as well as integration outcomes. Our initial analyses of the VOU data show a surprising migratory sedentariness following an initial sorting across Europe. They also reveal a potential association between policies and socio-economic integration tied to housing, education, employment, and personal finances. Our work sets the stage for further exploration of the interplay between refugee attributes and the legislative frameworks of host nations, shedding light on broader dynamics of forced displacement
Power in plurality voting games
No full textInternational audienceSimple games in partition function form are used to model voting situations where a coalition being winning or losing might depend on the way players outside that coalition organize themselves. Such a game is called a plurality voting game if in every partition there is at least one winning coalition. In the present paper, we introduce an equal impact power index for this class of voting games and provide an axiomatic characterization. This power index is based on equal weight for every partition, equal weight for every winning coalition in a partition, and equal weight for each player in a winning coalition. Since some of the axioms we develop are conditioned on the power impact of losing coalitions becoming winning in a partition, our characterization heavily depends on a new result showing the existence of such elementary transitions between plurality voting games in terms of single embedded winning coalitions. The axioms restrict then the impact of such elementary transitions on the power of different types of players
Network-based allocation of responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions
No full textInternational audienceWe provide an axiomatic approach to the allocation of responsibility for GHG emissions in supply chains. Considering a set of axioms standardly used in networks and decision theory, and consistent with legal principles underlying responsibility, we show that responsibility measures shall be based on exponential discounting of upstream and downstream emissions. From a network theory perspective, the proposed responsibility measure corresponds to a convex combination of the Bonacich centralities for the upstream and downstream weighted adjacency matrices. Scope 1 emissions, consumption-based accounting and income-based accounting are obtained as particular cases of our approach, which also gives a precise meaning to scope 3 emissions while avoiding double-counting. We apply our approach to the assessment of country-level responsibility for global GHG emissions and to sector-level responsibility in the USA. We examine how the responsibility of countries/sectors varies with the discounting of indirect emissions. We identify three groups of countries/sectors: producers of emissions whose responsibility decreases with the discounting factor, consumers of emissions whose responsibility increases with the discounting factor, and an intermediary group whose responsibility mostly depends on the network position and varies non-monotonically with the discounting factor. Overall, our axiomatic approach provides strong normative foundations for the definition of reporting requirements for indirect emissions and for the allocation of responsibility in claims for climate-related loss and damage