HAL Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques
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The clean development mechanism
No full textInternational audienceThe Clean Development Mechanism is one of three flexible mechanisms included in the Kyoto Protocol. It enables Annex I countries to finance emission reductions in developing (non-Annex I) countries and use the credits thus obtained to meet their quantified emission reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM had two objectives: to reduce the costs of compliance of the Annex I countries’ emission reduction commitments, and to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC. The major part of certified emission reductions (CERs) comes from renewable energy investments, reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs and N2O), and energy efficiency projects. The geographical distribution of projects and emission reductions is concentrated in a few countries: China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. A substantial amount of CERs was created under the CDM, but the uneven geographical distribution of projects and the lack of consistent control of projects’ contribution to sustainable development have been arguments to contend that the CDM did not fulfil its initial objectives. The restriction by the EU in 2013 to use CERs in the EU-ETS brought down prices and the market for CERs has not recovered since. The CDM was discontinued as of 30 June 2022 and requests for exemptions were considered on a case-specific basis. Nevertheless, the CDM has continued to function while parties are waiting for the flexible mechanisms created in the Paris Agreement of 2015 to become operational, in particular the Sustainable Development Mechanism of Article 6.4 which is similar to the CDM in its objectives
Comment expliquer la sous-représentation des femmes dans les écoles d’ingénieurs les plus sélectives ?
No full textBien que les femmes soient majoritaires dans l’enseignement supérieur en France, elles restent fortement sous-représentées dans les grandes écoles d’ingénieurs, notamment les plus sélectives. Ces écoles recrutent sur concours, censés garantir une sélection objective fondée sur les performances académiques. Leur préparation exige deux à trois années en classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles (CPGE), réputées pour leur intensité. La faible proportion de femmes admises dans les écoles les plus sélectives pourrait s’expliquer par deux types de facteurs : des écarts de performance (avant ou pendant la CPGE, ou au moment du concours), ou des différences de préférences quant aux concours présentés ou au choix d’affectation. Nos analyses permettent d’écarter à la fois le rôle des préférences et celui des performances avant l’entrée en CPGE comme causes principales, car ces facteurs jouent en réalité en faveur des femmes. Le coeur de l’explication réside dans une inversion progressive de l’écart de performance entre les femmes et les hommes au cours des années de classe préparatoire, notamment dans les filières les plus sélectives et compétitives, les classes « étoile ». Ce décrochage se double d’un léger désavantage des femmes le jour du concours, qui contribue également – bien que dans une moindre mesure – à leur sous-représentation dans les écoles d’ingénieurs les plus sélectives
Corporate Tax Avoidance and Sales: Micro Evidence and Aggregate Implications
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the effect of corporate tax avoidance (CTA) on U.S. firmlevel sales and its aggregate implications. In theory, CTA gives a competitive edge to avoiding firms, which affects the distribution of sales in the economy. In practice, we find a causal impact of CTA on firm-level sales using a broad set of measures of tax avoidance and different identification strategies. Combining micro-estimates and the model, we assess how changes in CTA over the past two decades have shaped the distribution of sales across U.S. industries. While the effects vary by sector, rising CTA among large firms has reinforced their dominant positions, contributing to increased concentration, in several key industries
Variants of violence: Classifying conflict types and policies for peace
No full textInternational audienceThis paper studies how heterogeneity in conflict determinants and types calls for different policy responses. For this purpose, we propose a novel, data-driven classification of country contexts and corresponding conflict types. We discuss several major conflict-related themes and policy-relevant recipes for curbing fighting
Who will work on Sunday? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation
No full textInternational audienceIn 2016, a law authorized Sunday working in the retail sector in some thirty French areas. We show that the reform did not coincide with any significant increase in retail trade employment in target areas. However, the increase in the number of days shops are open has led employers to favor employees who are sufficiently experienced to manage a store independently. There has been a significant drop in the employment share of less experienced workers, as well as a sharp decline in the share of single parents, for whom it is difficult to reconcile family responsibilities and Sunday work
Zola's “Ladies Paradise” and the “creative destruction” theory
No full textInternational audienceZola’s Ladies Paradise may be read as a romance. A poor young woman is hired as a salesperson by a tycoon who is launching the first department store, the “ladies paradise”, in mid-19th century Paris. After several twists and turns, inventive enough for having inspired several modern-day filmmakers, they fall in love and marry. Behind this love story, however, the novel is also to be read as a deep reflection on economic progress, showing, in particular, how a major innovation may fulfil the dreams of some, the mid- and high-bourgeoisie customers or the newly hired white-collars and salespersons, while destroying the life of others, the traditional neighbouring merchant families outcompeted by the new store.Published the year of Marx’s death, the novel echoes his concerns about the social consequences of capitalist growth. Despite the tragic description of shops and families displaced by the swelling department store, however, hope and faith in the future set the tone of the novel, unlike Zola’s usual sombre painting of the society around him. Far-sightedly, this novel foresees the theory that would be famously put forward 70 years later by the economist Joseph Schumpeter, according to which economic “creative destruction” is the essence of capitalism and the root of economic progress
Ballot Richness and Information Aggregation
No full textWhen voters have different information quality, voting rules with richer ballot spaces can help voters better aggregate information by endogenously allocating more decision power to better-informed members. Using laboratory experiments, we compare two polar examples of voting rules in terms of ballot richness: majority voting (MV) and continuous voting (CV). Our results show that CV outperforms MV on average, although the difference is smaller than predicted, and that CV has more support than MV in treatments where it is expected to perform better. We also find that voters with intermediate information overestimate the importance of their votes under CV
Social security and retirement around the world: lessons from a long-term collaboration
No full textInternational audienceDeclining labor force participation of older men throughout the 20th century and recent increases in participation have generated substantial interest in understanding the effect of public pensions on retirement. The National Bureau of Economic Research's International Social Security (ISS) Project, a long-term collaboration among researchers in a dozen developed countries, has explored this and related questions. The project employs a harmonized approach to conduct within-country analyses that are combined for meaningful cross-country comparisons. The key lesson is that the choices of policy makers affect the incentive to work at older ages and these incentives have important effects on retirement behavior
Rethinking the Informal Economy and the Hugo Effect
No full textInternational audienceThis paper offers a new approach to measuring the size of the informal economy based on VAT data for the European Union. Although data intensive, our evading value added duty economy (EVADE) measure is simpler and more transparent than existing measures. EVADE also shows more variation across countries of Europe than earlier measures, including higher informality in Greece, Italy, and Spain, for example. Moreover, we find considerably higher variation within countries across time; in a cross-country time series regression, controlling for tax rates, we confirm that the informal economy grows significantly in recessions and decreases in booms, which we term the “Hugo effect”
Heterogeneous Trade Elasticity and Managerial Skills
No full textThis paper investigates the role played by firms' managerial skills in the heterogeneous reaction of exporters to common exogenous changes in their international competitiveness (here captured by changes in the real exchange rate). Relying on a simple theoretical framework, we show that firms with better managerial skills have higher profits, market power, and are able to adapt their markup more when faced with a competitiveness shock. We test this prediction relying on detailed firm-product-destination level export data from France for the period 1995-2007 matched with specific information on the firms' share of managers. Our findings show that managerial intensive firms have larger exporter price elasticity to real exchange rate variations. The effect is not trivial: in the wake of a depreciation, exporters whose management intensity is one standard deviation higher than the average, increase their prices by 51% to 73% more than the average exporter. This finding is robust to controlling for the alternative explanations suggested by the previous literature to explain the heterogeneous pass-through of firms