HAL Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques
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Take-up of Social Benefits: Experimental Evidence from France
No full textInternational audienceWe report on two nationwide experiments with job seekers in France. We first show that a meeting with social services to assess eligibility and help with applications to social benefits increased new benefit take-up by 29 percent. By contrast, an online simulator that gave personalized information on benefit eligibility did not increase take-up. Marginal treatment effects show that individuals who benefit the most from the meetings are the least likely to attend. Overall, without ruling out information frictions, our results suggest that transaction costs represent the main obstacle to applying for benefits or accessing government’s assistance in applying
Political Brinkmanship and Compromise
No full textInternational audienceWe study how do-or-die threats ending negotiations affect gridlock and welfare when two opposing parties bargain. Failure to agree on a deal in any period implies a continuation of the negotiation. However, under brinkmanship, agreement failure in any period may precipitate a crisis with a small chance, i.e. an outcome worse than the status-quo and any possible deal. In equilibrium, such brinkmanship threats improve the probability of an agreement but also increase the risk of crisis. Brinkmanship reduces welfare when one might think it is most needed: severe gridlock. In this case, despite this global welfare loss, a party has incentives to use brinkmanship strategically to obtain a favorable bargaining position
La tarification à l’activité (T2A/GHM) entre paiement et régulation : tarifs, secteur et implications pour la santé publique
No full textInternational audienceHospital funding is a key structuring lever of health systems, shaping care organization, professional behavior, and equity of access. In France, Activity-Based Funding (T2A), introduced between 2004 and 2008, relies on lump-sum payments per hospital stay based on homogeneous patient groups. While originally designed to promote transparency, efficiency, and equity between public and private sectors, T2A has revealed significant limitations: growing complexity, strategic coding practices, and tensions between performance-based incentives and public service missions. Over time, T2A has evolved into a multi-purpose instrument—used not only for funding, but also to regulate care provision and generate epidemiological data. Yet these objectives may conflict: financial incentives for coding may distort data quality, encouraging upcoding at the expense of reliable public health analysis. Twenty years after its implementation, a marked gap has emerged between the complex classification system developed by regulators and the simplified version used in practice. Fewer than 500 DRGs (about 20%) account for 80% of hospital activity, pointing to unnecessary complexity in the current system. Meanwhile, the tariff ratio between private and public hospitals has stabilized around 48%, reflecting persistent structural differences. While this may stem from disparities in medical personnel costs, it may also signal deeper organizational or functional divides. This article offers a critical perspective on T2A—tracing its origins, evolution, and uses—while questioning its ability to address today’s challenges of sustainability, equity, and care relevance.Le financement hospitalier est un levier structurant des systèmes de santé, influençant l’organisation des soins, les comportements professionnels et l’équité d’accès. En France, la tarification à l’activité (T2A), instaurée entre 2004 et 2008, repose sur un financement forfaitaire par séjour, selon des groupes homogènes de malades (GHM). Conçue pour renforcer la transparence, l’efficience et l’équité entre les secteurs public et privé, la T2A a néanmoins révélé des limites : complexité croissante, stratégies de codage, et tensions entre logique de performance et missions de service public. La T2A a évolué vers un outil multi-missions, mobilisé non seulement pour financer, mais aussi pour réguler l’offre de soins et produire des données épidémiologiques. Or, ces objectifs peuvent s’avérer contradictoires : les incitations financières au codage peuvent altérer la qualité des données, favorisant le surcodage au détriment de la fiabilité des analyses de santé publique. Par ailleurs, un écart notable s’est creusé entre le système de classification complexe élaboré par les autorités de régulation et la version simplifiée utilisée en pratique par les professionnels de santé. Vingt ans après la mise en œuvre de la T2A, moins de 500 groupes (GHM), soit environ 20 % du total, suffisent à couvrir 80 % de l’activité hospitalière. Cette inadéquation contribue à une complexité inutile du système de tarification. De plus, le ratio tarifaire entre le secteur privé et le secteur public s’est stabilisé autour de 48 %, reflétant des différences structurelles persistantes. Cette divergence peut être attribuée au seul coût du personnel médical, mais peut également traduire des écarts organisationnels ou fonctionnels. Une évaluation rigoureuse de ces écarts est indispensable pour garantir un financement hospitalier plus équitable et pertinent. Cet article propose une lecture critique de la T2A, de sa genèse à ses usages actuels, et interroge sa capacité à répondre aux enjeux contemporains de soutenabilité, d’équité et de pertinence des soins
Informing the uninformed, sensitizing the informed: The two sides of consumer environmental awareness
No full textInternational audienceHow do environmental information and awareness interact to improve environmental quality by changing consumer behavior and firm strategies? This article provides theoretical insights using an original differentiation model within a general framework whose specific cases have been studied previously. On the demand side, only informed consumers differentiate brown from green product quality, while uninformed consumers consider these perfect substitutes. Moreover, all informed consumers value the green product and devalue the brown product due to an aversion effect but are heterogeneous in their environmental awareness. On the supply side, two firms offer different environmental qualities and compete on price. We consider two types of environmental campaigns: increasing the number of informed consumers and increasing the environmental awareness of informed consumers. We show that these campaigns crucially determine three market configurations: segmented; fragmented, with a brown product that appeals to both uninformed consumers and a fraction of informed consumers; and covered. Assuming that the greenest consumer behavior is abstention, we find that a situation where all consumers are informed and some are highly environmentally aware is not necessarily the greenest. Depending on the aversion effect, the campaign organizer’s budget, and their relative cost-effectiveness, information and awareness-raising campaigns require a judicious mix
Large-scale experimental investigation of the reliability of confidence measures
No full textInternational audienceWhether individuals feel confident about their own actions, choices, or statements being correct, and how these confidence levels differ between individuals are two key primitives for countless behavioral theories and phenomena. In cognitive tasks, individual confidence is typically measured as the average of reports about choice accuracy, but how reliable is the resulting characterization of within- and between-individual confidence remains surprisingly undocumented. Here, we perform a large-scale resampling exercise in the Confidence Database (103 studies, 6000 participants) to investigate the reliability of individual confidence estimates, and of comparisons across individuals’ confidence levels. Our results show that confidence estimates are more stable than their choice-accuracy counterpart, reaching a reliability plateau after roughly 50 trials, regardless of a number of task design characteristics. While constituting a reliability upper-bound for task-based confidence measures, and thereby leaving open the question of the reliability of the construct itself, these results characterize the robustness of past and future task designs
Unleashing the transformative power of deliberation with contextual citizens
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we investigate deliberation procedures that invite citizens with contextual opinions to explore alternative thinking frames. Contextuality is captured in a simple quantum cognitive model. We show how disagreeing citizens endowed with contextual opinions can reach consensus in a binary collective decision problem with no improvement in their information. A necessary condition is that they are willing to (mentally) experience their fellow citizens’ way of thinking. The diversity of thinking frames is what makes it possible to overcome initial disagreement. Consensus does not emerge spontaneously from deliberations: it requires facilitation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Quantum theory and topology in models of decision making (Part 1)’
How large is "large enough" ? Large-scale experimental investigation of the reliability of confidence measures
No full textWhether individuals feel confident about their own actions, choices, or statements being correct, and how these confidence levels differ between individuals are two key primitives for countless behavioral theories and phenomena. In cognitive tasks, individual confidence is typically measured as the average of reports about choice accuracy, but how reliable is the resulting characterization of within-and between-individual confidence remains surprisingly undocumented. Here, we perform a large-scale resampling exercise in the Confidence Database to investigate the reliability of individual confidence estimates, and of comparisons across individuals' confidence levels. Our results show that confidence estimates are more stable than their choice-accuracy counterpart, reaching a reliability plateau after roughly 50 trials, regardless of a number of task design characteristics. While constituting a reliability upper-bound for task-based confidence measures, and thereby leaving open the question of the reliability of the construct itself, these results characterize the robustness of past and future task designs
Explaining gender differences in migrant sorting: Evidence from Canada-US migration
No full textThis paper uses newly digitized Canada-Vermont border crossing records from the early twentieth century to document substantial differences in how female and male migrants sorted across US destination counties by earnings potential. Income maximization largely explains sorting patterns among men. For single women, gender-based labor market constraints were important, with locations offering more work opportunities attracting women with higher earnings capacity. Among married women, destination choices were much less influenced by labor market characteristics. These findings reveal how labor market constraints based on gender and marriage influence the allocation of migrant talent across destinations
Limited factors and why optimal growth has led to destruction
No full textWe revisit the classical Ramsey (1928) model with time discounting and a linear production function, explicitly accounting for the inevitable limitations of tangible production factors, which must remain both finite and positive. By employing Pontryagin's (1962) maximum principle, we transform state constraints into control constraints and provide a complete solution for all impatience rates under the linear production framework. While we classify the levels of impatience as established in the existing literature, we show that the behaviors associated with this threshold fundamentally differ when input limitations are considered -a factor previously overlooked. Our analysis extends beyond the literature's traditional focus on agents with mild impatience, encompassing the entire spectrum of impatience. For highly patient agents, the policymaker prioritizes investment over consumption, ensuring the economy reaches its maximum capital level in finite time. Once this level is attained, consumption stabilizes indefinitely, achieving the golden rule trajectory -an outcome previously deemed unattainable under time discounting. Conversely, beyond the classical impatience threshold, capital and consumption decline over time. For agents with extreme impatience, we identify a second threshold where investment ceases entirely, leading to rapid depletion of capital and output
Losing on the home front? Battlefield casualties, media, and public support for foreign interventions
No full textInternational audienceHow domestic constituents respond to signals of weakness in foreign wars remains an important question in international relations. This paper studies the impact of battlefield casualties and media coverage on public demand for war termination. To identify the effect of troop fatalities, we leverage the timing of survey collection across respondents from nine members of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. Quasi‐experimental evidence demonstrates that battlefield casualties increase the news coverage of Afghanistan and the public demand for withdrawal. Evidence from a survey experiment replicates the main results. To shed light on the media mechanism, we leverage a news pressure design and find that major sporting matches occurring around the time of battlefield casualties drive down subsequent coverage, and significantly weaken the effect of casualties on support for war termination. These results highlight the role that media play in shaping public support for foreign military interventions