HAL Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques
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Le bien-être en France. Rapport 2024.
No full textInternational audienceCe cinquième rapport annuel s’ouvre sur un hommage à Richard Easterlin, père fondateur de l’économie du bonheur, disparu en décembre 2024.Si les Jeux Olympiques ont offert une parenthèse de bonheur collectif en 2024, le bien-être des Français est globalement resté stable sur l’année, avec une inquiétude croissante pour l’avenir. Or, la baisse de la satisfaction de vie et de la confiance sociale nourrissent la polarisation politique des opinions et des votes, en France comme chez nos voisins européens et américains. Nous relevons aussi une montée spectaculaire des émotions, notamment de la colère, dans le débat public, aussi bien l’Assemblée nationale que sur les réseaux sociaux.Plusieurs groupes sociaux font l’objet d’analyses spécifiques. Les lycéens d’abord, qui manifestent une forte aspiration à la mobilité mais aussi une forte éco-anxiété. Ensuite, les élèves de classes préparatoires, aussi heureux que leurs pairs, malgré un stress important, et qui valorisent fortement leur formation. Enfin, les jeunes actifs, dont les aspirations professionnelles se révèlent remarquablement proches de celles de leurs aînés, le salaire demeurant la première préoccupation à travers les générations. Les enseignants, quant à eux, s’ils sont fortement insatisfaits de leur rémunération, ont également le sentiment d’être peu respectés, tant par la société en général que par leur propre administration. Enfin, les femmes manifestent une inquiétude particulière face à l’avenir, que leur niveau de revenu n’explique pas entièrement.Au-delà des facteurs économiques, ce rapport souligne l’impact positif du contact avec la nature sur le bien-être, ainsi que l’influence complexe de l’environnement sonore, au-delà de la simple dichotomie bruit/silence
Les rythmes de la modernisation
No full textNational audienceIntroduction de la moitié de l'ouvrage consacrée à l'époque contemporaine. Elle souligne que l'importance prise par l'échelle nationale est une spécificité de la période contemporaine et discute notamment les rythmes du changement au cours de cette période
Dual communication in a social network: Contributing and dedicating attention
No full textCommunication between individuals often involves two types of dual activities. On social media such as Facebook, for example, users produce content (posts) and pay attention to their friends' posts. These activities are dual as a user is more inclined to produce posts the more friends react to them and is more inclined to dedicate attention to a friend's posts the more numerous these posts are. This paper builds and analyzes a simple game with dual activities and dedicated attention when agents communicate through a follower-influencer network (say, X-Twitter). Equilibria can be multiple, each characterized by its attention network, which describes who pays attention to whom, resulting in a partition of cohesive subgroups who pay and receive attention from each other and do not communicate with agents in other subgroups. The stars-equilibria, where attention in each subgroup is focused on a single influencer, stand apart: activities and payoffs are high on average but unequal. Furthermore, they are the only equilibria stable to perturbations or to self-enforcing deviations from coalitions (coalition-proofness)
L'interculturalité : pour un accès au droit universel ?
No full textInternational audience"L'interculturalité : pour un accès au droit universel ?
Aligning Competitiveness and Sustainability: How Border Adjustments Can Strengthen the EU’s Agricultural Policy
No full textPublication parue dans la note EUTAX observatory Mars 2025EU policies promoting higher environmental standards in agriculture are often perceived as a challenge to the sector’s economic competitiveness. However, well-designed policies can align the EU’s environmental and economic goals, fostering sustainable and inclusive growth. This policy note examines the case of pesticide-reduction targets and finds that competitiveness trade-offs can be mitigated through complementary trade measures. Our analysis highlights that 44% of pesticide use embedded in EU agricultural consumption comes from imports, despite them representing only 16% of the consumption. Particularly striking, a substantial amount of the pesticide use embedded in imports is represented by banned pesticides, exposing a blind spot in current trade policies. Without appropriate safeguards, stricter EU pesticide regulations can shift production to less-regulated markets, undermining global pesticide reduction efforts while disadvantaging EU agriculture. Analysing the potential for policy solutions, we consider different border-adjustment mechanisms, drawing parallels with the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Our findings indicate that such measures preserve EU agricultural competitiveness without compromising on environmental ambition. Aligning trade and environmental policies is therefore not only feasible but essential for effectively reducing global pesticide use while safeguarding EU agriculture
Collusion in Bidding Markets: The Case of the French Public Transport Industry
No full textWe explore empirically the impact of the market sharing collusive practices that were implemented in the French public transportation industry between 1994 and 1999. We build a structural model of bidding markets where innovating firms compete for the market and have the ability to spread the benefits of their innovation through all markets on which they are active. Each local competitive environment shapes the distribution of the prices (the bids) paid by public authorities to transport operators. We recover empirically the distribution of prices and innovation shocks and we show that collusive practices had overall a limited impact on prices. Firms were in reality more interested in avoiding significant financial risks inherent to the activity, as well as the high cost of preparing a tender proposal. As a by-product, we perform a counterfactual analysis that allows us to simulate how an increase in firms' innovation reduces prices significantly
The Vicious Circle of Xenophobia: Immigration and Right-Wing Populism
No full textWe investigate the bidirectional relationship between immigration and right-wing populism, which we characterize as a self-reinforcing dynamic process where anti-immigrant rhetoric and populist policies lead to a deterioration in the average education and skill level of immigrants. The deterioration in the ratio of high-skill to low-skill immigrants in turn fuels populist support and anti-immigration attitudes, creating what we call “the vicious circle of xenophobia”. We review some historical and contemporary studies that are suggestive of such vicious circle. In particular, recent cross-country evidence shows that low-skill immigration tends to exacerbate populism, while high-skill immigration tends to mitigate it. Conversely, populist policies and xenophobic attitudes have a strong repulsive effect on highly-skilled immigrants and result in adverse immigrant selection. We use the empirical results from those studies to inform a theoretical model of joint determination of immigrants’ skill-ratio and right-wing populism levels. The model displays multiple equilibria, with the inferior equilibrium – corresponding to our vicious circle -- characterized by high levels of right-wing populism and a high proportion of low-skill workers among immigrants. In this framework, structural trends such as internet penetration, economic erosion of themiddle class, demographic pressure from poor countries as well as adverse cyclical shocks make the good, efficient equilibrium less likely and the inferior equilibrium of explosive populism and deteriorated immigrants’ skill-ratio more likely
Informing the uninformed, sensitizing the informed: The two sides of consumer environmental awareness
No full textHow do environmental information and awareness interact to improve environmental quality by changing consumer behavior and firm strategies? This article provides theoretical insights using an original differentiation model within a general framework whose specific cases have been studied previously. On the demand side, only informed consumers differentiate brown from green product quality, while uninformed consumers consider these perfect substitutes. Moreover, all informed consumers value the green product and devalue the brown product as a result of an aversion effect but are heterogeneous in their environmental awareness. On the supply side, two firms offer different environmental qualities and compete on price. We consider two types of environmental campaigns: one that increases the number of informed consumers and one that increases the environmental awareness of informed consumers. We show that these campaigns crucially determine three market configurations: segmented; fragmented, with a brown product that appeals to both uninformed consumers and a fraction of informed consumers; and covered. Assuming that the greenest consumer behavior is abstention, we find that both campaigns do not always lead to better environmental quality; that is, a situation in which all consumers are informed and some highly environmentally aware is not necessarily the greenest situation. Depending on the aversion effect, the budget of the campaign organizer, and their relative cost-effectiveness, information and awareness-raising campaigns must be carefully combined to achieve the best possible environmental quality
Strategic Fertility, Education Choices, and Conflicts in Deeply Divided Societies
No full textInternational audienceFertility becomes a strategic choice for minorities when having a larger share of the population helps to increase power. If parents invest resources to educate their children, then raising fertility for strategic reasons might be at the cost of future human capital. We dispel this view using census data from several developing countries. We show that religious and ethnic minorities in Indonesia, China, and Malaysia tend to invest more in both education and fertility compared to larger groups. Solving for the Nash equilibrium of an appropriation game between two groups with education and fertility being prescribed as group-specific behavioral norms, we offer a rationale for the observed patterns provided that human capital is an important input to appropriation
When You Can't Afford to Wait for a Job: The Role of Time Discounting for Own-Account Workers in Developing Countries
No full textInternational audienceFrictional labor markets impose a fundamental trade-off: individuals may work on their own at any time, but can only take a potentially better-paid wage job after spending some time looking for it, suggesting that intertemporal considerations affect how people choose their occupation. We formalize this intuition under the job search framework and show that a sufficiently high subjective discount rate can justify the choice for own-account work even when it pays less than wage work. With this simple model, we estimate the lowest discount rate that is consistent with the occupational choice of urban own-account workers in Brazil. We find that at least 65 percent of those workers appear to discount the future at rates superior to those available in the formal credit market, which suggests constrained occupational choice.Finally, we show that our estimated lower bound of the time preference is positively associated with food, clothing, and housing deprivation.</p