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L’achat-innovation, un acteur d’interface d’Open Innovation
No full textInternational audienceThe benefits of Open Innovation, and specifically of innovation coming from suppliers, are widely emphasized by literature. In parallel, the difficulties of implementing such approaches are also underlined, and the necessity of creating new roles is emphasized for managing the interface and intermediation between internal functions and external innovation suppliers. Based on interviews conducted in two industrial firms, we show the emergence of a new practice supported by players at the interface between purchasing and innovation: the innovation-purchasers. We also show how they build this new role, in interface with Purchasing and R & D functions, that is critical in the implementation of open innovation by firms.Si les bénéfices de l’Open Innovation ont été largement mis en avant, les recherches soulignent les difficultés de sa mise en œuvre et, notamment, la nécessité de créer de nouveaux rôles d’interface et d’intermédiation entre certaines fonctions internes et les fournisseurs externes d’innovations. Sur la base d’entretiens menés dans deux entreprises industrielles, les auteurs mettent en avant l’émergence d’une nouvelle pratique portée par des acteurs d’interface entre l’innovation et les achats : les acheteurs-innovation. Ils caractérisent ce nouveau rôle, en interface avec les fonctions achats et R&D, central dans la mise en œuvre de l’Open Innovation
An Analytic Calculus for the Intuitionistic Logic of Proofs
No full textInternational audienceThe goal of this paper is to take a step towards the resolution of the problem of finding an analytic sequent calculus for the logic of proofs. For this, we focus on the system Ilp, the intuitionistic version of the logic of proofs. First we present the sequent calculus Gilp that is sound and complete with respect to the system Ilp; we prove that Gilp is cut-free and contraction-free, but it still does not enjoy the subformula property. Then, we enrich the language of the logic of proofs and we formulate in this language a second Gentzen calculus Gilp *. We show that Gilp * is a conservative extension of Gilp, and that Gilp * satisfies the subformula property
Does technostress inhibit employee innovation? Examining the linear and curvilinear influence of technostress creators
No full textFNEGE 4, ABS 2International audienceDespite the increasing quantum of research on technostress, three particularly noteworthy gaps remain. First, though prior studies have described "technostress creators" through the five dimensions techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity, and techno-uncertainty in an aggregated way, they have not adequately considered how these technostress creators individually influence job outcomes. Second, though past organizational research suggests a curvilinear relationship between job stress and job outcomes, research has yet to examine whether the stress-performance dynamics for the technostress context follows the organizational stress literature. Third, even though the literature emphasizes information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled innovation in firms, research has not explored what influence the technostress creators have on ICT-enabled innovation in-depth. Grounding our arguments in the control theory of occupational stress and conservation of resources (COR) theory, we first theorize the linear and curvilinear relationships for each of the five technostress creators with ICT-enabled employee innovation and then test the hypothesized relationships via conducting a survey on organizational employees who regularly used ICTs for professional tasks. The results offer a nuanced understanding about the nature of individual technostress creators and their relationships with ICT-enabled employee innovation. On the practical front, our research paves the way for more meaningful technostress-management strategies in organizations
Marketing Department Power and Board Interlocks
No full textAlthough the level of power held by the marketing department can determine key organizational outcomes, including firm performance, this power often is modest and, in many firms, diminishing. To address this apparent disconnect, the authors propose that the board of directors is a critical but overlooked driver of marketing department power. In particular, directors’ marketing exposure through board service at other firms (i.e., board-interlocked firms) may affect the marketing department’s power in the firms on whose boards they also serve. With a sample of 4,422 firms, spanning 2007–2013, this study reveals that marketing department power in board-interlocked firms significantly and positively drives marketing department power in the focal firms. Consistent with an information sharing view, the magnitude of this effect varies with the focal firm’s network position in the board-interlocked network, such that it strengthens as the focal firm’s network centrality (information amount) and network brokerage (information quality) increase. These robust results suggest that board members and their social networks significantly influence marketing department power; if marketing wants to increase its power, it should get the board “on board.
Mondes polarisés et créativité contextuelle dans les industries créatives : le cas des processus de création dans l'industrie de la parfumerie
No full textInternational audienceCo-existing within the creative industries, there are opposite worlds with different organizations, creators and approaches to the product development process. Nevertheless, surprising collaborations occur between these worlds. This paper joins the emerging literature that analyses the specificities of the creative industries from both the management and organization viewpoints. From the viewpoint of the product development process, it seeks to analyze how and why designers are able to create differently in two worlds that are based on different creative approaches. In an in-depth exploratory study, we detail two product development processes in the perfume industry and show how the same designers operate in two different contexts. This article proposes a new explanation for these collaborations and the way that creators cross from one world to another. In addition to the social and conventional dimensions that are traditionally used to explain these collaborations in creative industries, we show that these opposite worlds are structured by differences in industry organization, distribution systems and creation processes. We show that the creativity of creators is embedded in a specific context and propose the notion of contextual creativity. We then identify a specific kind of collaboration between opposite worlds: creative symbiosis is observed when a creator develops a creative project in the opposite world
Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe
No full textInternational audienceArchaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local Euro-pean wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process. domestication | evolution | gene flow | Neolithi
Les dynamiques d’intégration du numérique dans les écoles de création françaises
No full textInternational audienceLe monde de l’éducation et des formations est aujourd’hui impacté par le numérique, qui questionne en profondeur les manières d’apprendre et d’enseigner dans l’ensemble des disciplines. Les écoles d’architectures, design, arts plastiques …, ne sont pas épargnées par ces transformations qui favorisent l’émergence de nouveaux métiers, de nouveaux outils et de nouveaux espaces de création. A travers l’étude de six écoles de création française, cet article explore l’impact du numérique dans la manière de former aux activités de création. Il met en évidence plusieurs voies d’entrées du numérique dans ces écoles : l’introduction de nouveaux outils, l’émergence de nouveaux métiers, et l’impulsion par certains individus. Au-delà, il montre que le numérique favorise la création de nouveaux programmes d’étude, qu’il tend à introduire une plus grande complexité dans les enseignements, une forme de recentrage vers les activités de création et de prise de recul par rapport aux outils. Enfin, le numérique amène les écoles à conduire une réflexion globale sur sa place dans l’école et à penser de nouveaux environnements et lieux dédiés
Gaia Data Release 2. Variable stars in the colour-absolute magnitude diagram
No full textInternational audienceContext. The ESA Gaia mission provides a unique time-domain survey for more than 1.6 billion sources with G 21 mag. Aims. We showcase stellar variability in the Galactic colour-absolute magnitude diagram (CaMD). We focus on pulsating, eruptive, and cataclysmic variables, as well as on stars that exhibit variability that is due to rotation and eclipses. Methods. We describe the locations of variable star classes, variable object fractions, and typical variability amplitudes throughout the CaMD and show how variability-related changes in colour and brightness induce "motions". To do this, we use 22 months of calibrated photometric, spectro-photometric, and astrometric Gaia data of stars with a significant parallax. To ensure that a large variety of variable star classes populate the CaMD, we crossmatched Gaia sources with known variable stars. We also used the statistics and variability detection modules of the Gaia variability pipeline. Corrections for interstellar extinction are not implemented in this article. Results. Gaia enables the first investigation of Galactic variable star populations in the CaMD on a similar, if not larger, scale as was previously done in the Magellanic Clouds. Although the observed colours are not corrected for reddening, distinct regions are visible in which variable stars occur. We determine variable star fractions to within the current detection thresholds of Gaia. Finally, we report the most complete description of variability-induced motion within the CaMD to date. Conclusions. Gaia enables novel insights into variability phenomena for an unprecedented number of stars, which will benefit the understanding of stellar astrophysics. The CaMD of Galactic variable stars provides crucial information on physical origins of variability in a way that has previously only been accessible for Galactic star clusters or external galaxies. Future Gaia data releases will enable significant improvements over this preview by providing longer time series, more accurate astrometry, and additional data types (time series BP and RP spectra, RVS spectra, and radial velocities), all for much larger samples of stars
CONFIDENCE IN BELIEFS AND RATIONAL DECISION MAKING
No full textInternational audienceThe standard, Bayesian account of rational belief and decision is often argued to be unable to cope properly with severe uncertainty, of the sort ubiquitous in some areas of policy making. This paper tackles the question of what should replace it as a guide for rational decision making. It defends a recent proposal, which reserves a role for the decision maker’s confidence in beliefs. Beyond being able to cope with severe uncertainty, the account has strong normative credentials on the main fronts typically evoked as relevant for rational belief and decision. It fares particularly well, we argue, in comparison to other prominent non-Bayesian models in the literature