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L’influence des états aversifs sur le comportement du consommateur
No full textIn this dissertation, I examine the influence of aversive states (e.g., unpleasant emotions, undesired outcomes) on consumers’ motivations and behaviors. In essay 1, I explore how feelings of physical and moral disgust can be threatening to consumers’ sense of self and motivate them to engage in compensatory consumption. In essay 2, I investigate why and when consumers exhibit negative behavioral intentions against firms that terminate unconditional business-to-consumer gift-giving initiatives. In essay 3, I explore how loneliness affects consumers’ preferences for products and services that do or do not require interpersonal touch and interaction (e.g., getting a massage vs. shopping online). Together, the three essays contribute to the literature on emotion, identity threats, and compensatory consumption, to the literature on sales promotion, and to the literature on loneliness. Moreover, the research findings inform marketing practice in the fields of advertising, sales promotions design, and consumer haptics. Finally, this research provides insights into consumer welfare by bringing attention to the unforeseen consequences of marketers’ actions that seek to benefit the consumers but instead generate compensatory behaviors to cope with their aversiveness.Dans cette thèse, j’examine l’influence d’états aversifs (e.g., émotions désagréables, issues indésirables) sur les motivations et les comportements des consommateurs. Dans le premier essai, j’explore comment des sentiments de dégoût physique ou moral peuvent mettre en péril l’estime de soi des consommateurs et les motiver à se livrer à de la consommation compensatrice. Dans le deuxième essai, j’examine pourquoi et à quels moments les consommateurs font preuve de sentiments négatifs à l’égard des entreprises qui cessent de distribuer gratuitement des échantillons ou petits cadeaux aux consommateurs. Dans le troisième essai, j’explore comment la solitude affecte les préférences des consommateurs pour des produits et services qui peuvent ou non nécessiter des interactions interpersonnelles (ex : se faire masser vs. faire des achats en ligne). Considérés ensemble, ces trois essais contribuent à la littérature sur l’émotion, les menaces identitaires, et la consommation compensatrice, à la littérature sur les promotions commerciales et à la littérature sur la solitude. De plus, les résultats ont des implications pour les praticiens en marketing en ce qui concerne la publicité, le design des promotions commerciales, et l’haptique des consommateurs. Finalement, ces travaux de recherche offrent de nouvelles perspectives concernant le bien-être des consommateurs en soulignant les conséquences inattendues des actions des marketers qui cherchent à bénéficier aux consommateurs mais génèrent en réalité des comportements compensateurs pour faire face à leur aversion
When stereotype threat does not impair performance, self-affirmation can be harmful
No full textInternational audienc
Guerre commerciale: après la guerre, la déconstruction?
No full textInternational audienceThe situation of trade war is a difficult situation to define, because one is incapable of describing what would be a situation of commercial peace. To circumvent this ontological obstacle, a classic sequence of conflicts is defined as a commercial war: threat, threat of response, hostile action, riposte, search for allies, escalation or internationalization of the conflict.La situation de guerre commerciale est une situation difficile à définir, car on est incapable de décrire ce que serait une situation de paix commerciale. Pour contourner cet obstacle ontologique, on qualifie de guerre commerciale une séquence classique dans les conflits : menace, menace de riposte, acte hostile, riposte, recherche d'alliés, escalade ou encore internationalisation du conflit
Understanding emerging adults' consumption of TV series in the digital age: A practice-theory-based approach
No full textInternational audienceThe present research investigates how traditional roles of television (TV) in structuring consumers' everyday lives and fostering social relationships change when emerging adults switch to the digital (i.e., non-linear) network, as well as how they experience these changes. We use a practice-theory-based lens to explore (1) how switching to the digital network triggers misalignments in emerging adults' TV series viewing practice configurations, and (2) how they address these threats to the smooth performance of their practice triad. Through in-depth interviews, we identify key tensions stemming from emerging adults' experienced loss of structure and consumption sociality. Further, we delineate the realignment strategies consumers employ to stabilize their practice triad. The present research expands the current understanding of the role of TV in structuring the fabric of consumers' lives and nurturing social bonds in the digital age
Decision Theory Made Relevant: Between the Software and the Shrink
No full textDecision theory offers a formal approach to decision making, which is often viewed and taught as the rational way to approach managerial decisions. Half a century ago it generated high hopes of capturing and perhaps replacing intuition, and providing the “right” answer in practically all managerial situations. Today it seems fair to say that decision theory has not lived up to these expectations. Behavioral science provides ample evidence that managers fail to follow the dicta of decision theory, even when these are explained to them. As a result, executives often find decision theory frustrating and useless and prefer to rely on their intuition. This paper suggests that this extreme conclusion is unwarranted and calls for a re-appraisal of decision theory. We propose that it should not always be regarded as a mathematical tool that produces the answer; rather, it can be viewed as a framework for a dialog between the decision maker and the decision theorist. In one extreme, the decision theorist studies the problem and provides the “correct’’ answer. But in another, the decision theorist only challenges the decision maker’s intuition and logic. In between, a whole gamut of possible dialogs exists, in which decision theory doesn’t replace intuition, but supports and refines it
Is the EU Disinformation Review Compliant with EU Law? Complaint to the European Ombudsman About the EU Anti-Fake News Initiative
No full textThe EU’s approach to fake news, as epitomised by the European External Action (EEAS) Service East Stratcom Disinformation Review, violates the rights to freedom of expression and due process of those accused of distributing disinformation. The EU Disinformation Review is a publication of the European External Action Service (the European Union’s diplomatic service) to target fake news and online disinformation. Following our request for access to documents, EEAS conceded that the EU Disinformation Review uses an “ad hoc” methodology for conducting its fact-checks, which makes it an outlier in the international fact-checking community led by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Despite being a well-intentioned initiative to respond to the challenges posed by pro-Kremlin disinformation, the EU should ensure the respect of fundamental rights when engaging in fact-checking.The EU Disinformation Review seeks to control the right to freedom of expression by labelling publishers as “disinforming outlets” and their content as “disinformation,” creating a chilling effect on the work of journalists that is central to democracy. The right to freedom of expression is expressed in Article 11.1 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000/C 364/01) and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The labelling of publishers as “disinformation outlets” is contrary to principle of the freedom of press established by the European Court of Human Rights: “[a] general requirement for journalists systematically and formally to distance themselves from the content of a quotation that might insult or provoke others or damage their reputation is not reconcilable with the press’ role of providing information on current events, opinion and ideas.”In addition, the methodology used by EEAS in the EU Disinformation Review is “ad hoc,” which constitutes a violation of the fundamental right to good administration in Article 41 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. Specifically, the ad hoc design and operation of the EU Disinformation Review fails to ensure the review acts “impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time.”First, publications are not provided with the right to be heard or proper notice. The EU Disinformation Review’s homepage offers an opportunity to contact the Task Force report a suspected mistake in a fact-check but the page is only available in English, in violation of the principle of multilingualism, and no notice if given to outlets accused of being “disinforming outlets” before or after fact-checks of their content are published.Second, the EEAS does not fulfil its duty to motivate. EEAS is given a broad margin of discretion to identify disinformation, but fails to do so according to a consistent methodology. Therefore, EEAS cannot justify, on the basis of objective criteria, its choice of which content to review and how to determine its truth or falsehood.To comply with EU law and ensure the respect of fundamental rights, the EEAS should develop and make public (1) a methodology for selecting partnerships and reviewing fact-checks in line with international standards and (2) a notice and response mechanism for journalists, publishers and citizens whose content is being reviewed. If EEAS is unable to comply with the above, the EU Disinformation Review should be shut down
Efficiency of Correlation in a Bottleneck Game
No full textWe consider a model of bottleneck congestion in discrete time with a penalty cost for being late. This model can be applied to several situations where agents need to use a capacitated facility in order to complete a task before a hard deadline. A possible example is a situation where commuters use a train service to go from home to office in the early morning. Trains run at regular intervals, take always the same time to cover their itinerary, and have a fixed capacity. Commuters must reach their office in time. This is a hard constraint whose violation involves a heavy penalty. Conditionally on meeting the deadline, commuters want to take the train as late as possible. With the intent of considering strategic choices of departure, we model this situation as a game and we show that it does not have pure Nash equilibria. Then we characterize the best and worst mixed Nash equilibria, and show that they are both inefficient with respect to the social optimum. We then show that there exists a correlated equilibrium that approximates the social optimum when the penalty for missing the deadline is sufficiently large
Que disent les auditeurs quand ils ne sont plus silencieux?Le rôle des vertus face aux menaces contre l’éthique des auditeurs
No full textInternational audienceNous étudions le rôle des vertus dans le processus de décision éthique des auditeurs lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à des dilemmes éthiques. Quoique considéré comme crucial par les régulateurs, cet aspect de la vie des auditeurs est souvent tu par les auditeurs, et fait donc l’objet de peu de recherches académiques. En nous fondant sur le modèle de Thorne (1988), nous avons mené et analysé des entretiens semi-directifs avec des auditeurs expérimentés basés en Tunisie. Ce pays en phase postrévolutionnaire présente aujourd’hui en effet la double caractéristique d’un contexte à la fois de parole libérée, susceptible de voir des auditeurs s’exprimer librement sur ces sujets controversés, et d’anomie sociale, susceptible de faire apparaitre les différentes menaces contre l’auditeur. Nos résultats montrent que les vertus jouent un rôle essentiel dans le passage de l’intention à l’acte éthique, et nous permettent de dresser une typologie en fonction du rôle de certaines d’entre elles, comme le courage ou la compassion. Nous montrons également que cette influence doit être relativisée par des éléments contextuels comme la culture ou l’existence de contrôle efficaces. Nos résultats participent au débat règlementaire sur le comportement éthique de l’auditeur, et justifie certaines initiatives visant à inclure la notion de courage moral dans les codes d’éthique
Fundamentals and exchange rate forecastability with simple machine learning methods
No full textUsing methods from machine learning we show that fundamentals from simple exchange rate models (PPP or UIRP) or Taylor-rule based models lead to improved exchange rate forecasts for major currencies over the floating period era 1973--2014 at a 1-month forecast horizon which beat the no-change forecast. Fundamentals thus contain useful information and exchange rates are forecastable even for short horizons. Such conclusions cannot be obtained when using rolling or recursive OLS regressions as used in the literature. The methods we use -- sequential ridge regression and the exponentially weighted average strategy, both with discount factors -- do not estimate an underlying model but combine the fundamentals to directly output forecasts
