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Untapped Riches of Meso-Level Applications in Multilevel Entrepreneurship Mechanisms
No full textInternational audienceEntrepreneurial action is embedded within a variety of complex social structures, not all of which can be as easily defined or measured as macro-institutional or micro-individual characteristics. Nonetheless, these multilayered structures collectively hold rich insights—before now underexamined—into the actual causal mechanisms that affect entrepreneurial actions and outcomes. To address this problem, we call on researchers to broaden their levels of analysis and direct their focus to meso-level structures. Although meso-level social structures are widely studied independently, these intermediate levels are seldom integrated into existing multilevel models. We argue that meso-level structures offer untapped riches for enhancing multilevel entrepreneurial mechanisms and discuss how social groups, associations, and other collectives operating at a meso level can play a more distinct, integrative role between the two ends of the institutional spectrum. To provide practical guidance for pursuing such investigations, we adapt Coleman's bathtub model to form a robust framework that integrates micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis. Our framework helps alleviate the shortcomings produced by an overdependence on either solely macro- or micro-level entrepreneurial mechanisms and offers fresh insights, as the intermediate level is more deeply integrated into this new framework.<br /
Les effets de la mention d’origine géographique locale sur les perceptions alimentaires
No full textInternational audienceCette recherche examine l’impact de la mention d’origine locale sur les perceptions et l’intention d’achat des produits alimentaires. Elle met par ailleurs en évidence le mécanisme psychologique spécifique à l’origine locale expliquant ces effets. Deux expérimentations, réalisées sur 632 consommateurs au total, montrent qu’un fromage (étude 1) et une pomme (étude 2) sont perçus comme étant plus sains, meilleurs au goût, plus respectueux de l’environnement et du travail des agriculteurs quand ils sont présentés comme étant des produits locaux (versus nationaux ou issus d’une autre « région »). L’intention d’achat est également plus élevée quand les produits portent la mention d’origine locale. L’étude 2 montre que ces effets peuvent être expliqués par la théorie des niveaux de représentations. Le produit local est perçu comme étant plus proche spatialement et psychologiquement par le consommateur, qui peut ainsi imaginer plus concrètement la manière dont il a été cultivé ou préparé ; ce qui influence positivement les perceptions et l’intention d’achat. Ces effets sont mesurés sur des produits qui ne sont pas typiques du territoire. Ils perdurent quel que soit le niveau d’identité locale de la personne qui évalue le produit
How do creative genres emerge? The case of the Australian wine industry
No full textInternational audienceThe present paper examines how a new, creative genre emerges out of a commodity-based industry. Building on the genre-emergence literature, the paper analyzes the Australian wine industry since the 1950s. Based on content analysis of a wide variety of sources, the study identifies four mechanisms that account for creative-genre emergence: shifting and layering of metrics, analogies with established creative industries and practices, resonance with society-level logics, and personification. The results contribute to the genre-emergence and creative-industries literatures
Spatial processes in urban energy transitions: considering an assemblage of Socio-Energetic Nodes
No full texthttp://authors.elsevier.com/a/1TVUC3QCo9JMWa free till september 25thInternational audienceUrban and energy transitions are increasingly seen as being deeply intertwined. The way this relation impacts our approach to energy transition is a current issue for research. Implementing renewable energy sources in built-up areas challenges incumbent supply chains and large technical systems, especially for electricity, gas and heat. Approaches to transition such as the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) highlight the transformation of socio-technical regimes but have been criticised for overstating stability of regime and for overlooking spatial (and consequently urban) processes. Other concepts are required in order to understand local and non-local relationships between niches and regimes. This paper suggests a constructivist and pragmatic concept for urban energy transition, the Socio-Energetic Node (SEN), thanks to which actors and artefacts can be traced within energy networks. The SEN is a group of elements, which collects, converts and/or supplies energy, built by a decision-maker interacting with stakeholders and regime rules. Having identified SENs in four French eco-districts, we observed how they took shape around continuous energy flows and across decision-making boundaries, highlighting how spatial-scale and place-specificity impact on energy transition.Les transitions énergétiques et urbaines sont de plus en plus considérées comme étroitement liées. La mise en œuvre de sources d'énergie renouvelables dans les zones urbaines remet en question les chaînes d'approvisionnement existantes et les grands systèmes techniques, en particulier pour l'électricité, le gaz et le chauffage. Les approches de la transition telles que la perspective multi-niveaux (MLP) mettent en évidence la transformation des régimes socio-techniques, mais ont été critiquées pour avoir exagéré la stabilité du régime et négligé les processus spatiaux (et par conséquent urbains). D'autres concepts sont nécessaires pour comprendre les relations locales et non locales entre les niches et les régimes. Cet article propose un concept constructiviste et pragmatique pour la transition énergétique urbaine, l'assemblage socio-énergétique dont le nœud socio-énergétique (NSE) est un composant qui lie des acteurs et des artefacts. Le NSE est un ensemble d'éléments qui collectent, convertissent et/ou fournissent de l'énergie, construit par un décideur interagissant avec les parties prenantes et les règles du régime. Après avoir identifié des NSE dans quatre éco-quartiers français, nous avons observé comment ils ont été assemblés pour assurer flux énergétiques traversant les frontières de responsabilité. Ainsi peut être qualifié comment l'échelle spatiale et la spécificité du lieu d'innovations socio-énergétiques compose avec le régime sociotechnique
Responding from that Vantage Point : Field Position and Discursive Strategies of Legitimation in the U.S. Wireless Telegraphy Field
No full textInternational audienceOur study explores the discursive strategies of legitimation that organizations employ as they occupy different positions in an emergent institutional field. By examining both the frame-alignment strategies and the frame targets of two organizations in the U.S. wireless telegraphy field, we show how an organization’s position – and its positional changes over time – affects the discursive strategies it uses to promote or protect its goals in the face of pressure from other field actors. Our results indicate that three distinct field positions – peripheral, central, and niche – are associated with three different legitimation strategies – which we label “robust,” “co-optive,” and “focused” – around which the discursive strategies coalesced. Organizations at the periphery attempt to break in to a field by employing a diverse range of frame-alignment strategies targeted toward a variety of relevant field actors. Those in a central position target fewer actors, but pursue a similar variety of frame-alignment strategies. Those in a niche position use fewer alignment strategies and target a smaller number of field-level actors. Our study enriches the literature on discursive strategies of legitimation by focusing on the ways in which central and non-central actors employ them, and the ways in which these strategies evolve alongside the field itself. More broadly, our work contributes to our understanding of discursive skills required to confront complex institutional pressures. These efforts depend on the interactive nature of discursive strategies from the vantage point of different field positions.<br /
TMI: Signaling credible claims in crowdfunding campaign narratives
No full textInternational audienceOne of the enduring insights about early-stage creative efforts is that their prospects for success depend on their ability to overcome a variety of liabilities of newness. In our study, we address one aspect of such liabilities: the ability to communicate credible claims about the merits of an idea when raising the funds required for execution. The narratives employed during fundraising are both a vehicle for assembling details about nascent ideas and a structure for communicating them to a wider audience. With this communication, entrepreneurs signal information that potential backers use to evaluate the claims. We argue that using language to differentiate new creative projects from the status quo is beneficial because of signal clarity, but employing a language of accountability that discloses too much information (TMI) may actually backfire when raising funds in open settings. We test this argument by analyzing a sample of crowdfunding campaign texts and find evidence supportive of our predictions. These results advance the literature on entrepreneurial narratives and signaling, establish some baseline characteristics of donation- and reward-based crowdfunding sites, and reinvigorate the application of Stinchcombe’s arguments about the liabilities of newness within a contemporary context.<br /
Perceptions of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR): Lessons from a French Longitudinal Survey
No full textInternational audienceThe goal of this longitudinal study is to examine the evolution of theperceptions, namely anxiety, ease of use, usefulness, misfit (not customization), trustand usefulness,related to an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) for the clinical staff ina French Teaching hospital. Twosurveys were conducted first in September 2013 and second in December 2015, based on a questionnaire consisting of items on the Likert scale. As results, the correlation of all thevariables between the two surveys is very significant(except for usefulness, for which the relationship is significant). This is not surprising, given previous studied focused on habits and learning related to technology adoption. Nevertheless, the increase is not spectacularand it makes necessary to evaluate EMR satisfaction and perceptions in order to elaborate a measure standard enabling comparisons and benchmarking among hospitals
The impact of accounting standards on hedging decisions: When the map becomes the territory
No full textInternational audienc
Modèles d'affaires et innovations énergétiques urbaines
No full textInternational audienceLa diffusion des solutions permettant de répondre aux enjeux du développement durable, à l’instar de la transition énergétique, reste insuffisante. Elle reste cantonnée à des monographies, le plus souvent d’expérimentations, dont il est difficile de tirer des enseignements généraux. La littérature récente suggère l’adoption d’une approche en termes de modèles d’affaires (Boons et Lüdeke-Freund, 2013; Bocken et al., 2014). Le projet de recherche Nexus a permis de mettre en oeuvre cette approche afin de qualifier les modalités de coordination de l’énergie dans les projets urbains novateurs. Après avoir rappelé les fondamentaux des modèles d’affaires, ce chapitre présente leur application au cas de de l’écoquartier de Bonne et d’IssyGrid. Il en résulte une typologie des modèles d’affaires des acteurs pour la transition énergétique, la mise en avant de leur dimension collective et les multiples dimensions de la valeur créée par et pour ces acteurs – bien au-delà de la valeur économique