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Working Modes with a Declarative Modeler
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the point of view of a designer about declarative modelers. First, we propose a model of this point of view. Our approach is based on the work we have done to develop some of our declarative modelers. It takes into account the main functions used by a designer in these modelers. Then, we explain also the scene-building process and we present working processes that can be used with those modelers. Finally, we discuss the World-Wide-Web compliancy of declarative modelers
La confiance : un mode de coordination dont l'utilisation dépend de ses conditions de production
No full textLa diversité des arrangements contractuels (alliances, accords de coopération) et l'émergence d'une réflexion sur les modes de coordination au sein des réseaux ont créé les conditions favorables à un retour théorique sur la notion de confiance. Pourtant, ce concept n'est pas nouveau et il est déjà intensément utilisé en économie. Arrow [1974] place la confiance au coeur des institutions invisibles, avec les principes éthiques et moraux. Si Arrow mentionne que la confiance peut être parfois difficile à établir, les ressources mobilisées pour sa construction restent hors du champ économique. La confiance est en fait considérée comme immanente. Ce chapitre tente de répondre à certaines questions récurrentes : A quoi sert la confiance dans la coordination des actions entre acteurs ? Peut-on la produire, la gérer ? Est-elle un mode de coordination efficace ? Dans quelles circonstances
The Simultaneous Shaping of Organization and Technology Within Co-operative Agreements
No full textStudies in the field of sociology of innovation and economics of technical change have shown that technologies and their markets are highly intermingled. If we accept that technologies can shape the market, it leads to paying attention to how technologies are designed and developed. Indeed, the characteristics of technologies influence the nature of the competition (network externalities, increasing returns to adoption,...). The importance of co-operative R&D agreements is mostly analysed in terms of successes and failures or in terms of reduction of transaction costs. But, does the mode of development of technics have effects on the characteristics of the technical objects ? The impact of the mode of development of the technics on the characteristics of technics is still mysterious. Could it be that one of the determinants of the characteristics of technologies is the way in which technological development is organised ? The aim of this paper is to present some hypotheses about the consequence of R&D co-operation on the characteristics of the technical object in an actor network perspective.Thanks to an ethnographic study of the mode of coordination of a Eureka project, the role of technics as a mechanism of coordination is highlighted. Thus, technical choices can be analysed as the result of the identity of the actors of the cooperation, of their mutual trust and of the form of cooperation. Hence, the form and the nature of the technical object, which shapes the market, are the result of the organisation of its development
Working Modes with a Declarative Modeler
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the point of view of a designer about declarative modelers. We propose a model of this point of view. Our approach is based on the work we have done to develop some of our declarative modelers. It takes into account the main functions used by a designer in these modelers. We explain also the scene-building process and we present working processes that can be used with those modelers
Servuction, modes opératoires, coopération et technologies
No full textInternational audienceDans le domaine de la coopération des entreprises de services, les spécificités liées au concept de service et la place que joue le client dans son processus de fabrication obligent ces entreprises à prendre en considération d’autres critères de choix que la simple complémentarité deleurs activités. Les facteurs qui caractérisent les niveaux et formes d’implication du client dans le processus de fabrication de service vont devenir un axe prioritaire dans le choix des différents partenaires. Si on observe une part croissante des technologies en front office les entreprisesde services ont des degrés de prégnance technologique différents. Ainsi, l’offre globale de services multi prestataires pose la problématique identitaire de l’entreprise de services de demain dans le cadre du concept de la méta entreprise
Profile of public laboratories, industrial partnerships and organisation of R & D: the dynamics of industrial relationships in a large research organisation
No full textInternational audienceThere is a paucity of papers dealing with the system characteristics of laboratories or, put in another way, the institutional character of research organisations. Neither R & D economics nor the sociology of science, as traditionally conceived, has made much headway in providing insight into sets of R & D laboratories and their evolution. Drawing upon an empirical study in the plant breeding and biochemical industry, this paper presents a typology of public research laboratories which is based on three dimensions: scientific production and visibility, type of funding (public or private) and homogeneity of research themes. Three types of public laboratory emerge: the first, called “research centres for the profession”, is composed essentially of laboratories with close ties with small and medium firms (SMEs) and industry associations. The second, called “designers of generic tools and methods”, is oriented towards basic research and themes of general interest to the industry as a whole. The third type, called “basic and specialised laboratories”, strives to develop its scientific visibility. Contracts between this type of laboratory and industry are mainly bilateral and demonstrate the complementarity between public and private research. Each type of laboratory develops specific types of relationship with private partners. The authors have identified three logics underlying these relationships: proximity, market and club. The main objective of contracts based on a proximity logic is to test a hypothesis, while the knowledge produced is mostly tacit and specific. By contrast, knowledge is entirely coded and specific in the market logic, where the aim of the contract is to implement expertise in order to relieve a scientific bottleneck. In a club logic, the aim of contracts is to produce a technical referent. In each kind of contract, the learning trajectories, modes of co-ordination, role of trust and degree to which contracts are complete or not, are different
Technological competition, strategies of the firms and the choice of the first users: the case of road guidance technologies
No full textInternational audienceBased on an in-depth study of two different road guidance technologies, both under increasing returns to adoption, this paper is an attempt to elucidate the strategic game played by the producers and the first users before the introduction of the technologies onto the market. It shows that it is possible to endogenize the decisions made by the first users (who are chosen by the supplier) as much as those of the suppliers when they choose the first users. When identifying first users, firms evaluate their capacity to influence other potential adopters, a capacity which depends on their position in the social networks to which they belong. In order to enrol the first users, the producers of a technology develop various strategies, including standardization in voluntary standardization committees, pre-announcement, scientific legitimizing and even technological transformation of the product itself. Indeed, the first users who seem strategically vital by the sponsor of the first system are not necessarily the same as those targeted by the sponsors of the second technology. Thus, the degree of substitutability itself appears as an endogenous variable. This analysis provides a new basis for understanding technological competition and completes economic modelling of the competition
L'extension des marques et des enseignes : Cadre conceptuel et problématique managériale
No full textInternational audienceCet article propose une synthèse des connaissances et des recherches sur l'extension de marque. Il présente les fondements conceptuels de l'extension de marque, propose des cadres d'analyse pour son étude et analyse sa problématique managériale. Il propose enfin des voies de recherches futures dans ce domaine