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    Competition on the LNG Market - Consequences for the EU

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    The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the natural gas sector\u27s gradual transition towards a globally-traded commodity market for EU economies. The literature review provides evidence of regulatory, technological and business practice changes that have led to the development of a global gas market. A statistical analysis of the price spreads between the regions and of the differences in the LNG shipment costs is performed to verify whether competition over cargoes at a global level observed over the last years is not temporary. The results confirm that the market-based price indices have become a more relevant and popular form of price reference for short and long-term LNG supply contracts than oil indexation. The author concludes that the transition from regional markets to a global market has brought multiple benefits to EU economies that can be largely lost if Asian economies will be ready to pay substantial premiums for LNG cargoes in the future.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena wpływu ewolucji sektora gazu ziemnego w kierunku globalnego rynku towarowego na gospodarki Unii Europejskiej. Literatura przedmiotu dostarcza przykładów zmian w środowisku regulacyjnym i biznesowym oraz zmian technologicznych, które przyczyniły się do rozwoju globalnego rynku gazu ziemnego. Przeprowadzono analizę danych statystycznych w zakresie cen gazu ziemnego w różnych regionach świata oraz w zakresie różnic w kosztach dostaw LNG celem weryfikacji, czy globalny charakter handlu gazem ziemnym nie jest zjawiskiem tymczasowym. Wyniki potwierdzają, że rynkowe indeksy cenowe stały się bardziej przydatnym wyznacznikiem wartości gazu ziemnego w krótko- i długoterminowych umowach dostaw LNG niż indeksowanie względem cen ropy naftowej. Autor dowodzi, że rozwój globalnego rynku gazu ziemnego przyniósł wiele korzyści gospodarkom UE, które mogą zostać utracone, jeżeli gospodarki azjatyckie będą gotowe płacić więcej za dostawy LNG w przyszłości

    Research into the Importance of Small Seaport Nautical Infrastructure in the Development of the Local Economy

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    Research into the importance of small seaports in the development of the local economy is extremely rare. This applies equally to the assessment of port infrastructure. Considering the research deficiencies, the decision was made for this paper to assess the importance of nautical infrastructure to port operators and the local economy. The territorial scope of the research covers seven small ports where the vast majority of national maritime sailing is concentrated. The importance of nautical infrastructure to port operators was assessed based on a cost-benefit approach. However, in the case of the local economy, the benefits of the expansion of the nautical infrastructure were determined based on the sailors\u27 spending, accounting for cash flows and multiplier effects. The study was based on available statistical data and the results of surveys and interviews. The studies carried out showed a negative return on nautical investments for port operators. However, nautical facilities generate net benefits to the local economy. The importance of nautical investments for port municipalities requires further research, especially into cash flows and the indirect and induced effects.Badania nad znaczeniem małych portów morskich w rozwoju lokalnej gospodarki podejmowane są niezwykle rzadko. Dotyczy to także oceny infrastruktury portowej. Uwzględniając braki badawcze, za cel niniejszego artykułu przyjęto ocenę znaczenia infrastruktury żeglarskiej dla operatorów portowych oraz lokalnej gospodarki. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metodę kosztów i korzyści z uwzględnieniem wielkości wydatków żeglarzy. Materiał badawczy oparto na dostępnych danych statystycznych oraz wynikach badań ankietowych i wywiadach. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały ujemną rentowność inwestycji żeglarskich dla operatorów portowych. Obiekty żeglarskie generują jednak korzyści netto dla gospodarki lokalnej. Znaczenie inwestycji żeglarskich dla gmin portowych wymaga dalszych badań, szczególnie nad przepływami pieniężnymi oraz efektami pośrednimi i indukowanymi

    A Conceptual Method of Maintaining Equivalence in International Market Research

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    This paper focuses on equivalence in international market research and the conditions for maintaining such an equivalence. Equivalence was defined, in the field of research on an international scale, as an attribute of the results of research conducted in a multicultural environment, which guarantees the coherence of measurement models amongst the analysed countries. This attribute is achieved by the apropriateness of the subject-matter of research, sampling design, measurement tools, the process of direct research and the research results in the scope of the analysed countries/cultures. The model for maintaining equivalence described in this paper provides the researchers with knowledge of the conditions for maintaining equivalence in their international market research, and knowledge of the methods and criteria for evaluating data quality and comparability to those who avail themselves of reports and databases concerning foreign markets.Artykuł koncentruje się na problemie zachowania ekwiwalencji w badaniach międzynarodowych. Przedstawiono w nim najistotniejsze czynniki determinujące porównywalność modeli pomiarowych w skali międzynarodowej. Zbudowany model zachowania ekwiwalencji międzynarodowych badań rynku wyjaśnia płaszczyzny ekwiwalencji (obiektu badania, pomiaru, narzędzi pomiarowych, procesu badań międzynarodowych oraz wyników badań). Artykuł zawiera także wyniki analizy statystycznej, której celem było sprawdzenie poziomu ekwiwalencji badań własnych autorki. Model zachowania ekwiwalencji opisany w artykule może być użyteczny dla badaczy i naukowców w ocenie porównywalności wyników badań międzynarodowych, które prowadzą (zarówno bezpośrednich, jak i pośrednich)

    The Benefits of HR Analytics

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    The aim of this paper is to present the benefits of using HR analytics in enterprises. The research sample included 44 practitioners employed in HR departments of Silesian enterprises. In the study a questionnaire was used where 88.6% of people surveyed indicated the benefits of using HR in the area of recruitment, and 83.6% of respondents believe that analytics affects efficiency through the better planning and utilizing of the workforce, and also positively impacts the company\u27s organizational culture. Employees from large companies demonstrate knowledge of HR analytics to a greater extent than those employed in the SME sector.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie korzyści z zastosowania analityki HR w przedsiębiorstwach. Próba badawcza obejmowała 44 praktyków zatrudnionych w działach HR śląskich przedsiębiorstw. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą ankietową. 88,6% osób wskazało korzyści z zastosowania HR w obszarze rekrutacji, 83,6% respondentów uważa, że analityka ta wpływa na efektywność przez lepsze planowanie i wykorzystywanie siły roboczej, a także korzystnie oddziałuje na kulturę organizacyjną firmy. Pracownicy z dużych firm deklarują większą znajomość analityki HR niż zatrudnieni w sektorze MSP

    The Mismatch between the Maturity Structure of Bank Assets and Liabilities in Polish Listed Banks and the Polish Banking Sector: an Empirical Study

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    The purpose of the article is to identify the problem of the mismatch between the maturity structure of assets and liabilities of the Polish banking sector and Polish listed banks. The article analyzes the maturity balance sheet structure of the Polish banking sector in 2010 and 2019 and Polish listed banks in 2019. The results of this analysis indicate a significant mismatch in the maturity structure of assets and liabilities of Polish banks and the need for a significant reconstruction of the structure of liabilities in the direction of their extension. Furthermore, the results of the analysis identify the most and the least secure Polish listed banks in terms of mismatches in the maturity balance sheet structure, as well as banks with opposite trends in the maturity structure compared to the Polish banking sector.(original abstract)Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja problemu niedopasowania terminowej struktury zapadalności aktywów i wymagalności pasywów polskiego sektora bankowego oraz polskich banków giełdowych. Przeanalizowano terminową strukturę bilansową polskiego sektora bankowego w latach 2010 i 2019, jak również polskich banków giełdowych w 2019 roku. Wyniki tej analizy wskazują na znaczne niedopasowanie w strukturze terminowej aktywów i pasywów polskich banków oraz na konieczność istotnej przebudowy struktury pasywów w kierunku ich wydłużenia. Ponadto zostały zidentyfikowane najbardziej i najmniej bezpieczne polskie banki giełdowe pod względem niedopasowania terminowej struktury bilansowej. Opisano również banki, w których zachodzą odwrotne tendencje w strukturze terminowej w porównaniu ze strukturą polskiego sektora bankowego.(abstrakt oryginalny

    The Nexus Between the Fear of Floating and Expenditure-Switching External Adjustment Mechanism: Emerging European and Latin American Floaters

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    The focus of this research is the identification of the fear of floating (FOF) problem as a vulnerable ground for employing the exchange rate (ER) as a shock absorber with consequent limitations for expenditure-switching external adjustment mechanism. This research aims to fill the literature gap stressing the connection between FOF and the functioning of expenditure-switching external adjustment mechanism, highlighting the nexus from the viewpoint of emerging European vs. Latin American floaters, as well as from individual emerging European floaters (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania) in the period 2000Q1-2017Q2 with standard and panel VAR analysis. FOF is identified as a stronger reaction of foreign exchange reserves and interest rate to nominal ER shocks, as well as higher variations of real ER explained with price shocks compared to nominal ER shocks. As a confirmation, in countries with expressed FOF current account shock is more transmitted to economic activities (expenditure-reducing external adjustment) rather than nominal ER changes (expenditure-switching mechanism). The results confirm the vulnerable position of European emerging floaters compared to Latin American floaters, bearing in mind the stronger FOF coinciding with the higher currency mismatch. Within the sample of European emerging floaters the most vulnerable position concerning the nexus was detected for Romania, while the most favorable position was found in the case of Poland.(original abstract

    Employee Institutional Trust as an Antecedent of Diverse Dimensions of Organisational Commitment

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    The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the level of institutional trust upon employee commitment. Four types of organisational trust were taken into consideration: affective, normative, benefit-based and fear-based continuance. The influence of trust propensity upon the level of institutional trust was also tested. The survey was conducted in Poland on 444 randomly selected employees. Structural equation models were estimated confirming hypothesized relationships and explaining the substantial amount of variance of commitment measures. The research results allowed for verifying the model presenting relationships between institutional trust and commitment. The model indicates a significant impact of the institutional trust onto different types of organisational commitments, i.e. affective commitment, normative commitment, continuance benefit-based and fear-based commitment. In addition, the impact of trust propensity onto the degree of institutional trust of respondents was confirmed. The results of the study show that institutional trust in organisations must be developed in full awareness of its implications as the degree of the trust severely influences all types of organisational commitment, for this reason they should inspire management to actions aimed at growing the institutional trust. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of institutional trust as an organisational commitment-building factor. Up till now research was focused on the search for a relationship between the level of interpersonal trust and the level of organisational commitment, with regretfully little attention paid to institutional trust. The study confirmed the impact that institutional trust has on all four different types of organisational commitment, including two aspects of continuance commitment: benefit-based commitment and fear-based commitment, developed by the author.(original abstract

    Prices of Accommodation Rental as Functioning on the Basis of a Sharing Economy in the Capitals of Cee States

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    Housing rental from private resources, thanks to the growing popularity of a sharing economy, is becoming more and more common. The principles of market activities compliant with the assumptions of a sharing economy create new frameworks in the science of economics, simultaneously subjecting classical methods and tools of management to verification. Making use of new information technologies and peer-to-peer technology, which as part of the former, has facilitated using a sharing economy in the hotel industry, creating a new community in the rental of housing market - people providing services of short-term renting of private accommodation facilities. The conducted research presents one-day rental (of the Bed & Breakfast type) functioning in compliance with the principles of a sharing economy. Its parametrization was carried out in the area of the formation of prices and their distribution. The resources of B&B rental were examined in the capital cities of Central and Eastern Europe. For each city the average prices of rental were determined, as were the average prices of extra services provided within the business activity (i.e. mean service charges and mean charges for cleaning). Additionally, a comparative analysis was carried out regarding the pricing of average rental costs with a simultaneous study of the significance of the differences observed in them. The conducted research allowed defining the structure of the total price of rental, which is composed of the price of the rental displayed on the webpage including offers of B&B rental and additional charges, i.e. the service and the cleaning fees. It follows from the conducted research, among others, that about one-third of the offered housing rental resources did not charge fees for cleaning and that the mean total price of housing rental for all the capitals of European the post-communist states ranged between 50 and 60 euros per night. From the point of view of the mean total rental price, the most expensive cities are Tallinn and Bratislava, whereas the cheapest countries are Bulgaria and Romania. The mean total rental prices for the capitals of Bulgaria and Romania are considerably lower than in the other capital cities of European post-communist states.(original abstract

    A Few Remarks on the Stochastic Structure of the Unemployment Rate in Poland by Gender

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    The quarterly unemployment rate from the Labour Force Survey covering Poland\u27s data from the first quarter 2005 to the third quarter 2019 was investigated. The issue was to reveal its stochastic structure as a trend, seasonality and disturbance and to make a prognosis. The analysed data comes from a survey based on rotational design, so the problem of possibly autocorrelated survey errors was taken into consideration. Following Harvey (2000), Pfeffermann, Feder, and Signorelli (1997), Yu and Mantel (1997) and Bell and Carolan (1998) it seemed to be of great importance to include the proper autocorrelation structure of the errors into a statistical treatment. It appeared that for Polish unemployment data that structure was not as it could have been expected. After the model was fitted to the data, a conclusion about the specificity of the unemployment rate with respect to gender was drawn. Unemployment forecast until 2020:Q4 is provided.(original abstract)Analizowana jest kwartalna stopa bezrobocia według Badania Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności w zakresie od pierwszego kwartału 2005 r. do trzeciego kwartału 2019 r. Celem pracy jest dopasowanie strukturalnego modelu szeregu czasowego obejmującego trend, sezonowość oraz błąd, a także wyprowadzenie prognozy bezrobocia. Ponieważ analizowane dane zebrano według rotacyjnego planu losowania, błędy powinny być ze sobą skorelowane. Zgodnie z sugestią autorów, takich jak: Harvey (2000), Pfeffermann i in. (1997), Yu i in. (1997) oraz Bell i in. (1998), wzięcie tego faktu pod uwagę jest niezwykle ważne przy wyborze modelu statystycznego. Okazało się, że w przypadku analizowanych danych postać zależności błędów nie jest taka, jakiej by należało oczekiwać. Po uwzględnieniu struktury szeregu czasowego stopy bezrobocia dopasowano odpowiedni model. Na podstawie oceny składowych modelu porównano poziom bezrobocia wśród kobiet i mężczyzn oraz wyprowadzono prognozę do czwartego kwartału 2020 r.(abstrakt oryginalny

    Risk Management on the Metals Market

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    The purpose of this paper is to attempt to classify risk which can be observed when one deals with data from the metals market. Usually the general definition of risk includes two dimensions. The first one is the probability of occurrence and the second one are the associated consequences of a set of hazardous scenarios. In this research the authors try to add a new dimension: the source of risk, which can be defined in terms of the level of turnover (volatility of volume) and price (volatility of returns). One can categorize risks in terms of multidimensional ranking based on a comparative evaluation of the consequences, probability, and source of a given risk. Another dimension is the chosen risk measures, in the meaning of the risk model. In risk analysis, some selected quantile risk measures were proposed: VaR, Expected Shortfall, Median Shortfall and GlueVaR. The empirical part presents a multidimensional risk analysis of the metal market.(original abstract)Celem opracowania jest próba klasyfikacji ryzyka, które można zaobserwować, gdy mamy do czynienia z danymi z rynku metali. Ogólna definicja ryzyka obejmuje dwa wymiary: prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia zdarzenia ryzykownego i związane z nim konsekwencje zestawu niebezpiecznych scenariuszy. W niniejszym badaniu staramy się dodać nowy wymiar: źródło ryzyka, które można zdefiniować w kategoriach poziomu obrotu (zmienność wolumenu) oraz ceny (zmienność stóp zwrotu). Ryzyko możemy kategoryzować według wielowymiarowego rankingu, na podstawie porównawczej oceny konsekwencji, prawdopodobieństwa i źródła danego ryzyka. Inny wymiar to wybrane miary ryzyka w rozumieniu modelu ryzyka. W analizie ryzyka wykorzystano wybrane miary kwantylowe: VaR, Expected Shortfall, Median Shortfall oraz GlueVaR. W części empirycznej przedstawiamy analizę ryzyka w ujęciu wielowymiarowym przeprowadzoną na rynku metali.(abstrakt oryginalny

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