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Dlaczego polskie kobiety chcą pozostać bezdzietne? Analiza motywów dobrowolnej bezdzietności
No full textThe phenomenon of voluntary childlessness is increasingly apparent in the modern world contributing to the problem of an ageing society. There are numerous motives of voluntary childlessness indicated in the literature that are especially related to the decisions of women. The aim of this study was the identification of the motives for voluntary childlessness among Polish women using internet debate analysis. The analysis indicated nine motives: desire for freedom, the need for peace and solitude, reluctance to make sacrifices/to take additional responsibilities, dislike of children, fear of pregnancy and childbirth, fear of potential disease of a child, environmental motives, the lack of maternal instinct and bad childhood experiences that can be classified in three categories.Zjawisko dobrowolnej bezdzietności staje się coraz bardziej widoczne we współczesnym świecie, przyczyniając się do problemu starzenia się społeczeństw. W literaturze wskazano wiele motywów dobrowolnej bezdzietności. Celem badania była identyfikacja motywów dobrowolnej bezdzietności wśród polskich kobiet na podstawie analizy komentarzy zamieszczanych w Internecie. Analiza wskazała na funkcjonowanie dziewięciu motywów, które stanowią: pragnienie wolności, potrzeba spokoju i samotności, niechęć do poświęceń/wzięcia na siebie dodatkowej odpowiedzialności, nielubienie dzieci, lęk przed ciążą i porodem, lęk przed potencjalną chorobą dziecka, motywy środowiskowe, brak instynktu macierzyńskiego oraz złe doświadczenia z dzieciństwa. Motywy te mogą być sklasyfikowane w trzech kategoriach
Zmiany w zakresie atrakcyjności nieruchomości mieszkaniowych w polskich miastach w latach 2010-2020, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dostępności
Get PDFThe article aims to provide an introductory discussion and assessment of the changes in the attractiveness of residential real estate, including its availability, in Polish cities in the second decade of the 21st century. The research subject is all of Poland’s cities, with particular emphasis on a few selected ones. The research period is 2010-2020. The study analyzed, from various perspectives, changes in the condition and quality of the housing stock (comparative analysis), changes in housing accessibility (traditional approach, income method), and changes in the quality of the real estate and its surroundings (case study method). The study results show that the residential attractiveness of real estate in Polish cities analyzed broadly, is increasing. At the same time, considering the examined issue as a feature of the real estate’s surroundings, the housing attractiveness decreases in particular conditions, such as the rapid density of buildings.Celem artykułu jest wstępne omówienie i ocena zmian w zakresie atrakcyjności nieruchomości mieszkaniowych, w tym ich dostępności, jakie zaszły w polskich miastach w drugiej dekadzie XXI w. Przedmiotem badań są wszystkie miasta w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kilku wybranych. Okres badawczy to lata 2010-2020. W badaniu przeanalizowano, w różnych ujęciach, zmiany stanu i jakości zasobu mieszkaniowego (analiza porównawcza), zmiany w zakresie dostępności mieszkaniowej (podejście tradycyjne, metoda dochodowa) oraz zmiany w zakresie jakości nieruchomości i ich otoczenia (metoda studium przypadku). Wyniki badania pokazują, że atrakcyjność mieszkaniowa nieruchomości w polskich miastach, analizowana w szerokim ujęciu, co do zasady wzrasta. Jednocześnie, rozpatrując badane zagadnienie jako cechy otoczenia nieruchomości, wskazano, że w szczególnych warunkach, takich jak np. gwałtowne zagęszczanie zabudowy, następuje obniżenie atrakcyjności nieruchomości mieszkaniowych
Factors of ESG ratings assigned to commercial banks – the cultural and credit risk dimensions
No full textThe purpose of the study was to examine the impact of cultural differences and credit ratings on the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) scores assigned to commercial banks. The analysis was performed using ordered logistic regression. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the statistical significance of the explanatory variables were used as the method of comparing the models. Count R2 and adjusted count R2 were chosen as the measure of goodness of fit, but a non-diagonal element analysis of the contingency table was also performed. Based on the data of 330 banks from 50 countries the study proved that among all the clusters considered, the region with the highest ESG risk attributable to banks was the Arab countries, whereas regions with the lowest ESG risk were Western European and Nordic countries. Cultural variables found to influence ESG ratings were MAS (masculinity vs. femininity), PDI (power distance index), LTO (long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation), and UAI (uncertainty avoidance). In addition, a relationship between banks’ ESG and credit ratings was observed, i.e. an increase in the average credit rating reduces the chance of classifying a bank as high or medium ESG risk vs. ESG low risk. This is the first study focused on binding the cultural characteristics of a given country with the results of ESG risk assessments of banks registered in this jurisdiction as well as assessing the relation between ESG and credit risks. This kind of clustering with the use of an econometric model allows for capturing the interrelationships of many factors simultaneously with full interpretability of the results. An added advantage was the excellent accuracy of the model, even though the maximisation of the predictive power was not the key aspect of the research
Impact of the Regional Operational Programme on selected production factors of development. A case study for the Opolskie voivodeship
No full textThe article presents research aimed at analysing the impact of the Regional Operational Programme for the Opolskie voivodeship on selected macroeconomic factors of regional growth. The undertaken research analysed the impact of macroeconomic variables related to the labour market, average wages, and the housing market. Each of the specified areas was scrutinised, taking into consideration the analysis of temporal fluctuations in the examined factors in relation to the financial disbursements made under the Regional Operational Programme (ROP) for the Opolskie voivodeship. A correlation analysis was conducted between the examined variables and the financial contributions under the ROP for the Opolskie voivodeship, and a functional correlation analysis was carried out for the examined dimensions. The conducted analyses showed the positive impact of the disbursed funds under the ROP for the Opolskie voivodeship on the examined macroeconomic indicators. The obtained results may have a utilitarian aspect in decision making at both regional and national levels. It should also be noted that a literature analysis of the issue was conducted prior to the research process to ensure systematic research conclusions. This study demonstrates the importance of the cascading strategic planning process and comprehensively describes the evolution of the EU’s approach to interpreting the growth of particular regions, emphasising development, sustainability, and smart specialisation. Evaluating the impact of public policy and public funds is not easy and often poses challenges, however it should be noted that the creation of models allows for showcasing various, often simplified, aspects of reality
Internal factors influencing customer attitude, purchase intention and purchase behaviour with regard to green personal care products. A literature review
No full textPurpose: This paper proposes an umbrella term for personal care products with green attributes and contributes a systematised review of the existing research into the factors which influence the attitude, purchase intention and purchase behaviour with regard to this product category. Study design/methodology/approach: This research literature review uses the most popular databases that compile articles from between 2007 and 2021, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Findings: The findings indicate that the focus of the reviewed studies was predominantly placed on analysing factors that influence either the attitude or purchase intention, and less often on purchase behaviour. Additionally, it was determined that health consciousness and appearance awareness are factors which are in need of further investigation with respect to their direct relation to the attitude and purchase intention towards green personal care products. Originality/value: This meta-analysis of the literature is the first systematisation of research on the determinants of green consumption with a hierarchical breakdown of the effects on attitude, intention, and purchasing behaviour within a single green product category. It provides valuable insights into the discussion on the attitude-behavioural gap. Addressing this gap will allow communities to transition to sustainable consumption more effectively. Research limitations/implications: The small number of identified empirical studies within the research field resulted in identifying a promising number of research gaps to be addressed in future. Practical implications: This study will be of value to marketing practitioners in relation to shaping effective marketing strategies in the green personal care products market
Analiza popytu zaobserwowanego na polskim rynku mieszkaniowym w latach 2019-2021
No full textConsumer demand has a key impact on the development prospects of the national economy, and the construction sector accounts for a significant share in the structure of Polish GDP. The period of crisis is a special environment conditioning social behaviour and, at the same time, the first stage of the new business cycle. Understanding the social reactions prevailing in this phase influences the forecasting of further parts of the cycle. The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of the economic environment conditioned by the COVID-19 epidemic on the behaviour of residential real estate buyers. In order to achieve the goal, empirical non-reactive and survey research were carried out. The obtained results show why flats in Poland are perceived as a safe form of investment and provide a helpful tool for forecasting the future of the Polish housing market.Popyt konsumpcyjny ma kluczowy wpływ na perspektywy rozwoju gospodarki krajowej, a sektor budowlany stanowi znaczny udział w strukturze polskiego PKB. Okres kryzysu jest szczególnym środowiskiem warunkującym zachowania społeczne i zarazem pierwszym etapem nowego cyklu koniunkturalnego. Identyfikacja reakcji społecznych panujących w tej fazie rzutuje na prognozowanie dalszych części cyklu. Celem badań było przeanalizowanie wpływu środowiska gospodarczego uwarunkowanego epidemią COVID-19 na zachowania nabywców nieruchomości mieszkaniowych. Aby osiągnąć cel, wykonano badania empiryczne niereaktywne i sondażowe. Uzyskane rezultaty wskazują, dlaczego w Polsce mieszkania postrzega się jako bezpieczną formę inwestycji, oraz stanowią pomocne narzędzie do prognozowania przyszłości polskiego rynku mieszkaniowego
The Role of Smart Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic – the Example of New York City
Get PDFThis paper investigates how smart cities responded to the COVID-19 pandemic-related issues based on the example of New York City (the case study formula). The first part of the research constitutes a background to the study. The specific challenges and city responses that the pandemic introduced to urban centres are indicated. The second part contains research on various definitions of the smart city concept. Since there is no official characteristic of such an urban centre, the commonly accepted attributes were indicated in the study. The first and second parts are based on desk research. Finally, in the last phase of the research, a case study analysis of New York City was conducted to present manifestations of previously indicated attributes of a smart city concept. The actions taken by the city authorities and other city actors to address the challenges that were both common for cities and specific ones (that applied to New York City) were investigated.This paper investigates how smart cities responded to the COVID-19 pandemic-related issues based on the example of New York City (the case study formula). The first part of the research constitutes a background to the study. The specific challenges and city responses that the pandemic introduced to urban centres are indicated. The second part contains research on various definitions of the smart city concept. Since there is no official characteristic of such an urban centre, the commonly accepted attributes were indicated in the study. The first and second parts are based on desk research. Finally, in the last phase of the research, a case study analysis of New York City was conducted to present manifestations of previously indicated attributes of a smart city concept. The actions taken by the city authorities and other city actors to address the challenges that were both common for cities and specific ones (that applied to New York City) were investigated
Coworking w perspektywie badań organizacyjnych
Get PDFCoworking is a new type of work environment, supporting the productivity, creativity and innovation of employees. The ambiguity of the term and the variety of different research perspectives have led to terminological and methodological chaos. The aim of this paper is to structure the research area by presenting the coworking research from an organisational perspective. For this purpose, a critical review of literature on the subject was carried out.Coworking to środowisko pracy nowego typu, wspierające produktywność, kreatywność i innowacyjność pracujących w nim jednostek. Niejednoznaczność tego pojęcia oraz wielość perspektyw poznawczych doprowadziła do związanego z nim chaosu terminologicznego i metodologicznego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest uporządkowanie obszaru badawczego poprzez przedstawienie badań coworkingu w perspektywie organizacyjnej na podstawie krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu
Autentyczne przywództwo a wynagradzanie i rozwijanie pracowników
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to assess the impact of authentic leadership on compensating and developing employees by their superiors. The article presents the results of a survey conducted in 2022, using the CAWI method, on a sample of Polish managers (N = 83). Multiple regression was used in the analysis of the results. The results of the research confirmed the existence of a positive relationship between authentic leadership and the use by managers of practices in the field of employee compensation and development. The frequency of using compensation practices increases with the level of the managerial position in the organizational structure. Actions aimed at developing subordinates are undertaken more intensively by managers in large organizations. Their intensity decreases with seniority at managerial position. The article complements the knowledge on the relationship between authentic leadership and managers’ practices in the field of human capital management in the areas of compensation and employee development.Celem artykułu jest ocena wpływu autentycznego przywództwa na wynagradzanie i rozwijanie pracowników przez ich przełożonych. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych w 2022 roku, metodą CAWI, na próbie polskich menedżerów (N = 83). W opracowaniu wyników zastosowano regresję wielokrotną. Wyniki badań potwierdziły istnienie pozytywnej zależności między autentycznym przywództwem a używaniem przez menedżerów praktyk w zakresie wynagradzania i rozwijania pracowników. Częstość stosowania praktyk w zakresie wynagradzania rośnie wraz z poziomem stanowiska menedżerskiego w strukturze organizacji. Działania mające na celu rozwijanie podwładnych intensywniej podejmowane są przez menedżerów z dużych organizacji. Ich nasilenie spada wraz ze stażem na stanowisku menedżerskim. Artykuł uzupełnia wiedzę na temat związków autentycznego przywództwa z praktykami menedżerów w zakresie zarządzania kapitałem ludzkim w obszarach wynagradzania i rozwoju pracowników
Wpłaty na Państwowy Fundusz Rehabilitacji Osób Niepełnosprawnych jako stymulanta zatrudnienia osób z niepełnosprawnością w dobie pandemii COVID-19
No full textThe aim of the study is to determine the changes in the employment of people with disabilities during the pandemic and the effectiveness of the system of financial penalties for employers in the event of failure to comply with the statutory obligations to employ people with disabilities as incentives to employ such people. The time range of the research was set for the years 2017-2021 and the first half of 2022. The following research methods of a general nature were used in the article: the method of analysis and criticism of source literature, the inductive and deductive method, as well as analysis and synthesis. In addition, detailed methods were also used: descriptive, monographic and document research. Research hypothesis: financial penalties imposed on employers for not employing the percentage of disabled people required by law were more effective in stimulating employers to improve the employment rate of people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic than before its outbreak. In the light of the conducted research and literature studies, the effectiveness of penalties as a stimulant to employ people with disabilities in particularly difficult macroeconomic conditions was noticed.Celem opracowania jest ustalenie zmian zachodzących w zatrudnieniu osób z niepełnosprawnością w okresie pandemii i skuteczności funkcjonowania systemu kar finansowych dla pracodawców w przypadku niewywiązywania się z ustawowych obowiązków zatrudniania osób z niepełnosprawnością jako stymulanty zatrudnienia takich osób. Zakres czasowy badań ustalono na lata 2017-2021 oraz pierwsze półrocze 2022 roku. W artykule zastosowano następujące metody badawcze o charakterze ogólnym: metodę analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa źródłowego, metodę indukcyjną i dedukcyjną oraz analizę i syntezę. Ponadto zastosowano też metody szczegółowe: opisową, monograficzną oraz badania dokumentów. Hipoteza badawcza: nakładane na pracodawców kary finansowe z tytułu niezatrudniania wymaganego ustawowo odsetka osób z niepełnosprawnością były bardziej skuteczne w zakresie stymulowania pracodawców do poprawy wskaźnika zatrudnienia OzN w okresie pandemii COVID-19 niż przed jej wybuchem. W świetle przeprowadzonych badań i studiów literaturowych dostrzeżono skuteczność kar jako stymulanty do zatrudnienia osób z niepełnosprawnością w szczególnie trudnych warunkach makroekonomicznych