World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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Increasing antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using silver nanoparticles
Get PDFThis study was carried out to determine bacteriostatic property of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Cinnamomum zeylanicum phenolic plant extracts as reducing agent against multiple drug resistant (MDR) of six isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and wound. Several experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect of phenolic extracted from plants and combination of phenolic with silver nanoparticles by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Also, the study included identification of active compounds present in the phenolic extracts by fast liquid chromatography (FLC). The study focused on the characterization and application of silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] which indicated a size range of 101.77 nm. The Complete Randomized Design [CRD] was used as an experimental design. Data were analyzed by using statistical analysis system- SAS to study the effect of different phenolic plant extracts and the nanoparticles on some bacterial isolates. All plant extracts showed high activity against all S. aureus isolates. Besides, the silver nanoparticles have potent antibacterial activities against all S. aureus isolates. The FLC results showed that T. vulgaris phenolic extract was the most effective against S. aureus isolates than the other tested extracts because of total concentration of the identified phenols was the highest in T. vulgaris extract (968.95 μg/ml). The data indicated that the lowest effective concentrations for T. vulgaris and nanoparticles were 6.25 and 3.125%. Analyses of the interaction data between T. vulgaris extract with silver nanoparticles showed the lowest effective concentrations were 12.5, and 3.125%, respectively. But in case of C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale were 100, 6.25% and 50, 6.25%, respectively. Finally, using plant extracts with silver nanoparticles as new types of bacteriostatic agent led to decrease concentration for both of them, which reduce their side effects on other living organisms.
 
Chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts
Get PDFGrape seed extracts have several effects on hosts in terms of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The many international studies focused on different species. The present study focused on the local species of grape (Vitis vinifera). The seeds were collected from local plants and alcoholic and aquatic extracts were obtained from grape (V. vinifera) seeds. The antibacterial effect of these extracts was evaluated against different bacterial species. The results showed that the alcoholic extract has antibacterial ability while, aquatic extract do not have this attribute. Alcoholic extract was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and it was found that the extract has many main bonds at 3450 /cm which represent NH2 groups, 3008 /cm that represents frequency asymmetrical patterns of aromatic group C-H, 2925/cm represented frequency patterns of alphatic bond of CH group, 1745/cm which is the patterns match the frequency of the ester anhydrate group (C=O) and at 1649/cm and 1618 /cm represent the frequency of pattern of group C=C [12]. It can concluded that the compounds that mentioned above play an important role in biological activity of alcoholic grape seed extracts in terms of antibacterial activity.
 
Evaluation three methods of the extraction and purification of bacterial DNA of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria
Get PDFThree methods were evaluated to choose the rapid and simple method of DNA extraction that is suitable for PCR detection. Ten isolates of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumonia: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium and Proteus mirabilis). Gram positive bacteria were more resistant to cellular lyses due to high concentration of peptidoglycan within bacterial cell wall. The qualitative assessment of bacterial DNA revealed that DNA extraction with QuickExtract™ Bacterial DNA Extraction Kit method produced the highest DNA purity and highest DNA yield as compared with the other two methods. In conclusion, QuickExtract™ Bacterial DNA extraction kit method is technically simpler and more rapid than Wizard Genomic DNA purification kit and phenol- chloroform method which was more slow and low purity of yielded DNA. QuickExtract™ Bacterial DNA extraction kit is the best method for extracting genomic DNA from Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, providing single-tube system. No toxic organic solvents, suitable for high-throughput applications, ready Lyse™ Lysozyme supplied and long DNA generated.
 
Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. isolated from local food markets at Baghdad city
Get PDFFormation and presence of biofilm leads to rise concerning of human towards food industries, because Biofilm formation impact human health and his economic negatively Staphylococcus spp. is a pathogenic bacteria, can form biofilm when conditions are adequate, also its able to transition from human to the food and food-contact surfaces due to the nature and habit of these type of bacteria. Staphylococcus spp. was Isolated from different food samples in processing plant of food preparation, and identified based on 16SrRNA using T stag primer, also we used forward primer Sa442-1 and reveres primer Sa442-2 to confirm the identification of Staphylococcus aureus, from 36 isolates, 18 isolates was identified as S. aureus. The ability of bacteria to form biofilm was verified by the use of polystyrene microtiter plate assay with crystal violet staining. There were clear differences among Staphylococcus spp. isolates in biofilm formation, the ability was measured by determination of adhesion to polystyrene microtiter plates and compared with Bacillus spp. as a control positive and control negative. Isolates of Staphylococcus spp. showed different ability to form biofilm and adhere on polystyrene plates.
 
Effect of pregabalin on ovary tissue of albino female rats
Get PDFThe present study aimed to investigate effect of Pregabalin (PGB) on ovary tissue and number of follicles in female albino rats. Three groups of healthy adult female albino rats, fifteen rats in each group were used in current study. The rats of groups, G2 and G3 were administered orally with two doses 150 mg and 300mg/kg b.wt/day of pregabalin, respectively. The doses were given daily for 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months. Animals of group G1 (Control) were given saline alone. After the experimental periods, the rats were sacrificed and the isolated ovaries were histologically examined. The results of histological analysis of the ovaries in treated rats (G2, and G3) showed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the number of preantral, antral, corpora lutea, and total number of follicles when compared to the control group (G1). While the number of atretic follicles was showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase in the treated groups (G2 and G3) when compared with control group. The difference was dependent on the dose and period. Final remarks of present study are oral administration 150 mg and 300 mg/kg b.wt/day of pregabalin produce adverse effects on the ovary tissue and affect on fertility in female rats.
 
Effect of sub-inhibitory and inhibitory concentrations of some antibiotics and rosemary essential oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Get PDFKlebsiella pneumoniae have an ability to form biofilm as one of strategies to persist and overcome host defenses. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rosemary essential oil alone and in combination with some antibiotics against biofilm of K. pneumoniae isolated from urine. The antibiotics resistance pattern by disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim/ sulfame-thoxazole, cefotoxime and rosemary essential oil were determined. The ability to form biofilm as well as inhibition of biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae was performed. MICs 128, 0.25, 768, 64, 384 and 104 μg/ml were used. The effect of MIC and 1/2 MIC of antibiotics and rosemary essential oil that used alone and in combinations found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in biofilm reduction percentage of all isolates in comparison to control. In conclusion, the combination of antibiotics with rosemary essential oil effect negatively on biofilm of K. pneumoniae.
 
Evidence Based Dentistry skills
Get PDFDecision-making based on reliable evidence is more likely to lead to effective and efficient treatments. Evidence-based dentistry was developed, similarly to evidence-based medicine, to help clinicians apply current and valid research findings into their own clinical practice. Interpreting and appraising the literature is fundamental and involves the development of evidence-based dentistry (EBD) skills.
 
Isolation and identification of bacteria isolated from different parts of cell phones
Get PDFPersonal mobile phone is part of human accessories and are used in every moment. The high bacterial contaminate the main source for many pathogenic disorders. In general the rate of bacterial contamination in mobile phones 100%. The bacterial percentages of isolation frequency and occurrence were Staphylococcus aureus (5 Staphylococcus epidermidis (84%), Bacillus spp. (30%), Escherichia coli (43%) and Proteus spp. (11%). The res findings indicate that Staphylococcus epidermidis is dominant bacteria associated with mobile phones, due to direct contact with the human skin
 
Use of immobilized lipase in cleaning up soil contaminated with oil
Get PDFThirty five isolates of Pseudomonas spp were obtained from seventy samples of soil contaminated with crude oil. The ability of lipase production by these isolates was screened. Pseudomonas ps 12 isolated from oil contaminated soil showed the highest lipase production (60 U/mg). This isolate was identified by VITEK-2 compact as a strain of P Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lipase extracted from P. aeruginosa ps 12 was immobilized by adsorption on solid surface included charcoal and sawdust. The effect of enzyme (free and immobilized) on degradation of oils was studied into polluted soils. It was observed that the immobilized enzyme was more effective in removing oil than the free enzyme. The analysis of the heavy crude oil fractions was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) technique to check the changes in their structure before and after treatment with P. aeruginosa ps 12 lipase. The result revealed that the spectra of crude oil treated with P. aeruginosa after 96 h of incubation many compounds disappeared and CO2 was released. This change indicated degradation of oil to simple structure and it is possible to use lipase producing from these isolates in treatment of soils and polluted environments to reduce the harm on soil.
 
Population diversification in geographically varied population of Lonchura punctulata in India based on 12SrRNA and morphometry
Get PDFMorphological characters of birds imitate their adaption occurred due to evolution and pressure of environmental for their ecological requirements. These characters are also significant towards their phylogenetic relationships in a genus and family. Lonchura genus is represented by colorful passerine birds widely distributed in Asia, Africa and Australia. One of their member Spotted munia is widely distributed in India in same type of habitat with similar kind of morphological appearances. However the populations show great variability in their physiology according to their altitudinal distributions. In the present study investigations were made to find the genetic and morphometric variation in the geographically varied population of spotted munia in India. Wild birds were caught, samples and data were collected for genetic and morphometric comparison. Data were analysed statistically and comparisons were made at population levels. In morphometric comparison we observed that the lengths northern population (101.8 mm) is high as compared to southern population (96.5 mm). We significantly observed the differences in other parameters too. In genetic comparisons separate population clusters were seen according to geographical locations. We observed morphometric variation according to their altitude. Higher altitude populations are big in size in compare to lower altitude population. It might be due to environmental pressure on their flight, food, prey and breeding. Similar differences were seen in genetic parameters too. Northern populations were seemed to be more genetically varied in compare to southern populations, indicate the ongoing process of speciation