World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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Isolation and identification of systemic mycological isolates from fishes samples that obtained from local markets in Baghdad, Iraq
Get PDFThere are few researches concerning isolation and identification of yeasts and moulds from systemic infections in different kinds of fishes in Iraq. The objective of this study is to investigate the percentage of mycotic infection and evaluate the diversity of yeasts and moulds in the intestine of fish in different local markets in Baghdad. One hundred samples were collected from different parts of intestine that belong to 11 types of fish which included: Ilisha (28), Liza abu (25), Cyprinu carpio (24), Barbus Luteus (7), Hypophthilminthys Molitrix (5), Aspius Varax (4), Barbus Sherpeyi (2), Mugil Cephitus (2),Barbus Xanthopterus (1), Barbus grypus (1) and Carrains auratus (1). Many samples were taken from multiple portions in intestine and cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The results revealed that the percentage of systemic mycosis in fish was 62% which classified to 55% yeasts and 7% moulds. Divided to Cryptococcus spp (19%), Candida krusei (11%), Candida quillermondii (9%), Blastomyces dermatitidis (9%), Candida pseudotropicalis (7%), Aspergillus flavus (6%) and Rizipus (1%). The current study suggests that the fungal diseases appeared as a serious threat to the fresh water fishes and human through handling in infected fishes.
 
Levels of bacterial and chemical pollutants in Euphrates River in Samawah, Iraq
Get PDFIn present study biological and chemical pollution of Euphrates River in Samawah city in Iraq were studies. Samples were collecting from three places; al-Majed area, Samawah city and al-Khader city. This study included analysis of five heavy metals in the river (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd and Zn); the study also included some bacterial pollution in the river in the three places. The study involving total Plate Count of the aerobic microbes in addition to isolation and identification of some bacterial isolates that present in the stream of river in the studied places. The results showed differences in concentration of metals in the river and increase in the concentrations, especially in al-Khader city due to pollution in Samawah city also the bacteriological study showed presence of different bacterial species; Escherichia coli (24.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (10.11%), Salmonella spp (4.79%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20.3%), Proteus mirabilis (11.45 %), Proteus vulgaris (7.55%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.21), Staphylococcus aureus (8.91%), Staphylococcus epidermids (5.18 %), E. coli represented the main bacteria as compared with others bacteria. The study showed increase in the five studies heavy metals concentrations in AL-Khader city specifically in case of copper and lead.
 
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins genes in food collected from local markets at Baghdad city
Get PDFThis study represents the record of assessment for the level of contamination by Staphylococcus aureus of certain categories of animal source food and characterization of enterotoxigenic strains. That was done dependent on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for identification genes coding for the production of toxin by Staphylococcus (SE). On basis of that information were compared the results obtained by PCR approximately the presence in the tested strains of genes encoding the enterotoxin. Number of coagulase-positive staphylococci was performed. At the end of incubation period of 24 h at 37 °C, the typical colonies were sub-cultured on triptycase soy broth, biochemical identification was subsequently completed in micro-method with the API Staph system. S. aureus were isolated from foods and confirmed by PCR with the identification of genus, species and toxins gene. From 350 tested food samples, (48.9%) were contaminated with S. aureus. From all tested samples, the percentage of contamination of fresh meat was 30.2 % from total number of samples, also including fresh meat preparations like sausages (the percentage of contamination was 18.7%. The fresh meat contamination levels were varied from 5 CFU/gm to 720 CFU/gm. It was found 19 toxigenic strains were isolated from meat products. They have proven to be carriers of genes coding to SE, in other hand there were 5 toxigenic strains isolated from pastry, ground beef and shell fish they were tested as a positive for SE. Use of innovative techniques for identification of genes encoding the production of enterotoxins, in addition to classic method of detection, allows identify gene carriers strains they could produce, in suitable conditions, toxins also different from those traditionally.
 
Identification of new heterocyclic compounds synthesized from 4-aminopyridine and evaluation their antibacterial effect
Get PDFDiazotization of pyridine-4-amine (1) to form diazonium chloride salt (2): pyridine-4-diazonium chloride which undergo coupling reaction with various anions in DMF, and EtOH to give: 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) isoindoline-1,3-dione (3), 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) isoindoline-1-one-3-sulphoxide (4), and ethyl 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) acetate (5). The last ester was converted to the acid hydrazide: 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) acetohydrazide (6) which was condensed with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde in absolute ethanol and some drops of glacial acetic acid to give the Schiff\u27s base: N -_(4-chlorobenzylidene) -2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) acetohydrazide (7). Schiff\u27s base was reacted with benzoic acid derivatives (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2-mercaptobenzoic acid) in ethanol to give: N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3-(4H)-yl]-2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium)acetamide (8), N-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-oxo-2Hbenzo[e][1,3]oxazine-3-(4H)-yl-2- (pyridine-4-yldi azonium)acetamide (9), and N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-2H-benzo[e][1,3]thiazine-3-(4H)-yl]-2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium)acetamide (10). The spectral methods of the prepared compounds were characterized by FT.IR, 1HNMR (for compounds (4, and 10), and Uv-Vis (for compounds (3,4,8,9, and 10), besides melting points were recorded and the purity was checked through T.L.C. technique. Antibacterial activity for some of the synthesized compounds was screened.
 
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori as coinfection in Iraqi patients infected with viral hepatitis types
Get PDFHelicobacter pylori is slightly responsible for liver diseases in many countries, prevalence of H. pylori as co-infection in Iraqi patients with viral hepatitis types problem is scanty in literature. Here, 63 Iraqi patients infected with viral hepatitis types HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV diagnosed by sera examination were recognized with bioelasia kit, and 30 healthy persons as a control were studied. The patients and healthy persons screened for H. pylori infection by examine anti- H. pylori in their sera. The result of diagnostic tests was analyzed statistically by percentage ratio, chi-square test, relative risk ratio and odds ratio. The results of showed that the relative risk of a viral hepatitis patients getting H. pylori was 74.6% about four times higher than risk of control getting H. pylori (16.7%), each of chi-square test, relative risk ratio and odds ratio showed significant differences values. The percentage of positive H. pylori in viral hepatitis types A, B, C and E types were 7.9%, 47.6%, 15.9% and 6.34%, respectively. The study demonstrated high prevalence of H. pylori in patients with HBV compared with patients infected with other types of hepatitis. Also the study manifested high percentage in male with coinfection of H. pylori compare with female, while the percentage of positive infected of H. pylori in viral hepatitis types depending on gender and type of hepatitis virus. In the HBV the highest percentage in male and female 39.7% and 22.2% respectively and in the HEV was the lowest percentage in male and female 4.8% and 6.3%, respectively.
 
Effectiveness of some β- lactamase encoding genes on biofilm formation and slime layer production by uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Get PDFIn present study 74 specimens of urine were collected from patients suffering from urinary tract infections. Fifty (67.56%) isolates were identified as Escherichia coli. 78% of isolates were identified as extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producer. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done and ceftazidime was selected to complete this study by implying stress at sub-MIC on isolate harbor high number of resistance genes (N11) and compared with sensitive isolate (S). Only four β-lactamase coding genes were detected; blaTEM, blaPER, blaVIM and blaCTX-M-2, and N11 had blaTEM, blaPER, and blaVIM. It was found that the resistant isolate did not form biofilm when compared with the sensitive one, which formed moderate biofilm. In addition, ceftazidime stress reduced the ability to produce slime layer and affected the viable bacterial count in combination with pH and temperature stresses.
 
16S rRNA gene sequence of local isolate of new strain of Bacillus that produces alkaline phosphatase
Get PDFTwenty one bacterial isolates were obtained from different sources, 9, 9 and 3 isolates of Bacillus were isolated from different kinds of food, soil and water, respectively. They were identified according to morphological of their colonies and biochemical tests. The results showed that all of them belong to the genus Bacillus. Bacillus FH4 isolate (isolated from potato) was determined as the highest producer of alkaline phosphatase (1.433 U/ml). Bacillus FH4 isolate was identified by 16s rRNA, the phylogenetic tree was done by MEGA5 program. The isolate was closet to Bacillus lichenifrmis, the bacterial strain was submitted to NCBI and specified as Bacillus licheniformis FH4. IRQ with accession number KF531930.
 
Bioremoval of Chromium (Cr+3) using leaves of Myrtus communis
Get PDFThe present study showed that leaves of Myrtus communis have many compounds which can serve as hunting net to heavy metals. The potential to remove Cr+3 from aqueous solutions through bio-sorption using leaves of M. communis as agriculture waste was investigated in batch experiments at (200 mg/l). Wilson-Box as mathematical program was used in order to examine several factors influencing metal adsorption such as pH (4-8), contact time (5 – 240 min) and bio-mass (0.1-10 g). The Best rate of Bioremoval of Chromium (99.1%) of 400 mg/l of Chromium (Cr+3) was found at the following conditions: pH, 7.1; contact time, 190.4 min; bio-mass, 2.2g. While, the lowest rate of bioremoval of Cr+3 (45%) was observed at pH, 6; contact time, 122.5 min and bio-mass, 0.1g. At 200 mg/l of Cr+3, the best Bioremoval was similar to the results of 400mg/l but the lowest bioremoval rate was found at pH, 4.8; contact time, 54.6 min and bio-mass, 2.2g. From these results it can be concluded that the leaves of M. communis have good ability to remove Cr+3 from water because its active compounds, which serves as entrapment positions to heavy metals. Finally, it can be hypothesis that heavy metals just like all pollutants can be easy removed by using green chemistry that gives a simple, safe and inexpensive solution to solve the problem of pollution with heavy metals.
 
Production, optimization, and characterization of cellulose produced from Pseudomonas spp
Get PDFBacterial cellulose is a type of biopolymer produced by many Gram-negative bacteria such as Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Alcaligenes, and Gram positive bacteria such as Sarcina ventriculi. Bacterial cellulose characterized by high purity containing no hemicellulose or lignin, high water holding capacity and hydrophilicity, good mechanical strength, elasticity and high crystallinity. This article aimed to study the optimum conditions for the production and extraction of cellulose produced from different species of Pseudomonas isolated from different samples of food. The results showed that the best production was obtained in cellulose production medium (HS- medium) containing 2% dates molasses, 1% yeast extract, pH 5, inoculated with 10% of bacterial culture and incubated at 30 0C for one week in shaker incubator. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for Pseudomonas f3 cellulose showed peaks at 3365.55 cm-1, 2968.24 cm-1, 2852.52 cm-1, 1118.64 cm-1 and 1436.87 cm-1. These peaks indicating the presence of stretching O-H, C-H, H-C-H, C-O-C, and C-C, which identifying functional groups present in Pseudomonas f3 cellulose.
 
Isolation and identification of Cronobacter spp. obtained from different food samples in Iraq
Get PDFThe study aims to isolate and identify Cronobacter spp isolated from different food in Iraq. The identification of Cronobacter depended on biochemical profile, VITEK2 system and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The antibiotic susceptibility for six recovered isolates was done also. 120 food samples were tested. Cronobacter spp was identified in 4 (3.33%) food samples by VITEK2 system. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were detected in 11 (9.16%) isolates of Cronobacter spp. Six isolates of Cronobacter spp were tested for antibiotic susceptibility (8 antibiotics) using disc diffusion method. The results showed that 5 isolates (83.3%) were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin, and 2 isolates (33.3%) were resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. While, 5 isolates (83.3%) were sensitive to chloramphenicol, 4 isolates (66.7%) were sensitive to tetracycline, and 3 isolates (50%) were sensitive to gentamicin and nalidixic acid.