World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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High Incidence of Escherichia coli – Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women in Iraq
Get PDFEscherichia coli is considered as one of the most important microbial causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. The UTI caused by E. coli increased in the last years and the resistance strains to wide spectrum also increased with time. The present study aims to evaluate the incidence of E. coli that is responsible for UTI in women and evaluate the difference between pregnant and non-pregnant women in Iraq. The urine samples were collected from 170 women who visited the public hospital in Waist City. The clinical cases were divided into symptomatic cases and asymptomatic cases. E. coli was identified by using the biochemical test, API20E system, and Vitek II System. The Bergy’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology was followed to identify the species of E. coli. The current study showed that the highest percentage of UTI infection with E. coli was seen in symptomatic women aged 25-29 years old, and the highest percentage of asymptomatic UTI infection in women aged range 25-29 years. The highest percentage of UTI infection with E. coli was seen in pregnant women as compared with non-pregnant women (P<0.05, Chi-square). It can be concluded that the incidence of E. coli -UTI is high in women in Iraq and the incidence of E. coli -UTI in pregnant women is higher than the incidence of E. coli -UTI in non-pregnant women.
 
Effect of Different Rheumatoid Arthritis Medicines on the Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28 in the Patients with RA Suffering from Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection.
Get PDFRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most impact autoimmune diseases in society, as it affects the movement and work of people. There are different types of medications given to patients with RA. The current study aims to fill the knowledge gap related to the effect of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacterial pathogens in people with RA who have taken different types of medications on the activity of the disease in terms of disease activity score (DAS) 28. In the present study, The 100 cohorts included 30 healthy control volunteers and 70 RA patients divided into two groups, The first group contained 41 patients (24 female and 7 male) with RA and UTI; the second group, 29 patients suffering from RA (24 female and 5 male) without suffering from UTI. The study showed that there is no change in the level of disease activity DAS28 in the patients with RA getting different RA medicines (1. Enbrel and Methotrexate, 2. Enbrel, 3. Methotrexate, 4. Humira and methotrexate, 4. Rituximab) and their urinary tract infected with different bacteria as compared with DAS28 of RA patients using above medicine and did not suffer bacterial UTI. (P>0.05). No effect of the type of medicine on the DAS28 in each patient group. It was concluded for the first time that the RA medicines do not affect the activity of RA (DAS28) in patients with RA and suffering from UTI or not suffering from UTI.
 
Histopathological Features and Leukocyte Infiltration in Mice Lungs Administrated with Pseudomonas aeruginous
Get PDFPseudomonas aeruginosa isolates have the ability to stimulate the pro-inflammatory immune response in addition to developing the infection. The aim of the present study is to estimate the role of P. aeruginosa in generating inflammation and cell filtration in lung tissue. P. aeruginosa (Pa) was isolated from sputum samples collected from patients suffering from pneumonia. The test mice were given 50 µl of standard inoculum (108 c.f.u) of P. aeruginosa intra-nasal (i.n.). The lungs were harvested at different time intervals (4, 24, 48, 72h) to collect bronchoalveolar lavages for estimation of the total number of leukocytes and to prepare the lung section for histopathological examination. A significant increase in leukocyte infiltration was seen as early as 4 h post-instillation with P. aeruginosa and this elevation was seen up to 72h. The histological images showed acute inflammation in terms of cell infiltration and dilation of small blood vessels and edema. The acute inflammation picture appears up to 72 h post instillation with P. aeruginosa. The study proved that P. aeruginosa generates pro-inflammatory phenomena in the lung tissue and increases leukocyte infiltration. That confirms the role of P. aeruginosa infection in generating immune-pathogenesis phenomena in the lungs of experimental mice post-instillation with this bacterial isolate. 
Clinical Pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Role of Flagella in Immunostimulation of Respiratory Tract and Possibility of Using as an Adjuvant
Get PDFFinding a safe and cheap immune stimulant is one of the most important challenges facing immunologists working in vaccine production. The other challenge is finding a way to improve the immune response of people who suffer from an immune suppressive phenomenon. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is considered one of the controversial pathogens because it is an opportunistic bacterium, but its infection rate increases over time. In the current study, the most important studies that dealt with pathological and immunological perspectives of S. maltophilia will be reviewed. Furthermore, it sheds light on flagella protein (flagellin) and its role in stimulating the innate immune response as well as the safe pro-inflammatory immune response. The current study showed that the flagella of S. maltophilia has the ability to stimulate the innate immune response, as well as the pro-inflammatory immune response, through binding to the toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 receptor, which in turn stimulates internal cellular interactions that result in the cells secreting immune mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine. As well as activating various immune cells, especially phagocytic cells in the respiratory system, and increasing neutrophil infiltration to the mucosal layer of the respiratory tract system, which in turn increases the host response to other external pathogens. Studies have shown that administrating flagellin protein will stimulate the mucosal immune response in the respiratory system and help the host resist infectious diseases. These results pave the way for a belief that confirms the possibility of using this protein as an adjuvant in the future after conducting many in vivo experiments related to the evaluation toxicity of flagellin.
 
Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Stimulating Respiratory Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response
Get PDFThe current study sheds light on the innate immune response as well as the inflammation that occurs as a result of the host cells being exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also showed the role of receptors on the surface of epithelial cells or other immune cells, especially those responsible for the primary immune response and the cells that cover the mucosal canal such as the respiratory tract. The study also showed how the response to P. aeruginosa occurs at the level of the inflammatory immune response as well as the cellular immune response represented by phagocytosis that occurs by phagocytic cells (macrophages) and polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophil). The possibility of finding a vaccine against infection with P. aeruginosa was also covered in this review, as this bacterium is responsible for a high rate of mortality, especially for patients who suffer from immunosuppression.
 
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Serious Clinical Pathogen
Get PDFIn recent years, the bacterial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as a significant clinical concern, challenging healthcare providers and researchers alike. Once considered an opportunistic pathogen of limited clinical importance, this gram-negative bacterium is increasingly recognized as a formidable adversary, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems, chronic respiratory conditions, or those undergoing invasive medical procedures. A fundamental aspect of its clinical success lies in its ability to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces within the host environment, facilitating colonization and subsequent infection. In this review, we delve into the intricate world of S. maltophilia, exploring its taxonomy, morphology, genetic characteristics, ecological habitat, clinical manifestations, respiratory tract infection, bacterial pneumonia, S. maltophilia and Cystic fibrosis, malignant tumor, and S. maltophilia and Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAI).
 
Histopathological Examination to Evaluate the Cytotoxicity of Polyhydroxybutyrate Nano-Particles (PHB-NPs) in Mice Livers
Get PDFPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is considered a promising material in various medical, industrial, and food fields. The use of any substance in these areas must pass toxicity tests in vivo and in vitro. The current study aims to estimate the cytotoxicity of PHB nanoparticles (PHB-NPs) in vivo by checking the effect of PHB-NPs and other forms of this chemical on liver tissue. In this study, PHB-NPs were produced in the laboratory by exposing PHB to ultrasound waves in gradient pH. The formation of PHB-NPs was estimated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with a treatment dose of PHB, PHB-NPs, PHB-cefotaxime (CTX), and CTX. The control group was the mice injected intraperitoneally with normal saline. The mice were dissected and liver slides of mice groups were prepared for histopathological examination. The results showed the efficiency of the method used in preparing the PHB-NP. The results of the experiments also showed that there was no change in the liver tissue of the mice of the four groups when compared with the liver tissue of the control group. The present study concluded that there is no toxicity or any other effect of administrating the mice with a treating dose of PHB, PHB-NP, PHB-NP+CTX, and CTX on the histologic features of the experimental animals. This study proves the safety of PHB-NPs and combines materials for use in in vivo study but after further cytotoxic experiments.
 
Implementing Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Gene in Identifying Rhopalosiphum Koch. spp. In Iraqi Environments
Get PDFAphid species are usually identified by microscopic examination of morphological features. This process requires significant expertise and is difficult in immature aphid stages that lack many diagnostic morphological features in addition to the characterization of polymorphism in this group. The current study used molecular technique by detection of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene using Lep primer pairs (Forward and Reverse) to identify local Rhopalosiphum Koch. spp. these aphid samples were previously characterized by morphological features, and then compared between these two identification methods. Only 5% of samples were not detected by this primer. The DNA amplification product of the mitochondrial COI gene was subjected to direct sequencing. The sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene were obtained from 11 samples and each sample consisted of approximately 710 nucleotides. The results were compared to the Genbank database of the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), and The sequencing results showed that the 10 samples of Rhopalosiphum had percentage similarities between 98-100% with Rhopalosiphum Padi and Rhopalosiphum miadas, and one sample couldn\u27t find similarity to them in GenBank. The present study approves the importance of designing a specific primer that can differentiate between local Rhopalosiphum spp. that could improve the misidentification problems that are intrinsic to morphological features.
 
Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulate Interleukin 1 Beta and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha in Mice Lungs
Get PDFPseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to stimulate the pro-inflammatory immune response in addition to causing infection. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of this bacteria on generating the pro-inflammatory immune response and whether this response can be short-term or long-term, as well as to identify the persistence of bacterial infection in the lungs of experimental mice. Here, P. aeruginosa (PAC) was isolated from sputum samples collected from patients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. Experimental mice were given 108 c.f.u of P. aeruginosa intra-nasal (i.n.). The lungs were harvested at different time intervals (1, 2, 4, 24, 48h) to check the Interleukin (IL-)1 Beta (β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) alpha (α) using Enzyme linkage immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and (4, 24, 48, 72h) for studying the bacterial burden in mice lung using plate count method. Significant increase in IL-1B with maximum level by 4 h post instillation. A similar finding was observed in studying the level of TNF-a. In both cytokines, a significant increase was observed up to 48 h post-instillation with P. aeruginosa. The study showed that the clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa could be persistent up to 72 h post-instillation with PAC. The current study confirms the ability of this bacteria to stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines for a long period, as well as its ability to remain in the lungs of animals for long periods, which confirms the ability of the bacteria to maintain its negative effect for long periods in experimental animal lungs.
 
Biofilm Formation by Environmental and Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosain vitro
Get PDFBiofilm builds when bacteria adhere to surfaces in aqueous environments and begin to excrete a slimy, glue-like substance that can anchor them to all kinds of material – such as metals, plastics, soil particles, medical implant materials, and most significantly, human or animal tissue. Most bacteria have a good ability to form biofilm. The studies that cover the compression of biofilm formation by environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are very scanty. The present study aimed to measure the biofilm formation by clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plates. Two clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (CPa3 and CPa4) that were isolated from patients suffering from respiratory tract infection and two environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa (EPa1 and EP2) that were isolated from soil contaminated with oil wastes were included in the current study. The micro-dilution and spectrophotometric method was used to measure the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa isolates to polystyrene microtiter plates. The optical density of the released crystal violates stain in the case of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa was 0.28 ± 0.11, while this value was 0.13 ± 0.01 in the case of environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa. The present study provided the ability of clinical isolates to form biofilm higher than the ability of environmental isolates to form biofilm.