World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis to Produce IL-10 in vitro
Get PDFLipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in stimulating the pro-inflammatory immune response, especially in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Production of IL-10 in the host plays an important role in reducing the effect of the pro-inflammatory immune response. The role of LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in stimulating IL-10 in patients with RA is not clear in the literature. The current study aims to determine the ability of the lymphocytes of patients with RA to produce IL-10 after being stimulated with LPS of P. aeruginosa in vitro. The human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were isolated from patients with RA (test group A) and healthy cohorts (HC) (test group B), and they were cultured in vitro and stimulated with 1 µg of LPS of P. aeruginosa and PBS. The folds of the IL-10 gene expression of IL-10 were estimated in the PBLs, while the concentration of IL-10 was measured in the cell culture supernatants. The results of the folds of the gene expression and the concentrations of Il-10 of test groups were compared with control groups [PBLs of patients with RA (control groups A) and HC (control groups B) stimulated with PBS]. The significant elevations of IL-10 gene expression and IL-10 concentrations were seen in the PBLs cultures of test group A as compared with control groups A and B. The results showed no significant difference in the IL-10 gene expression and IL-10 concentrations of cell culture of test group B as compared with control groups A and B. It can be concluded that the LPS stimulates the lymphocytes of patients with RA to produce IL-10 and help in balance of the effect of pro-inflammatory immune reaction.
 
Impact of antibiotics on public health
Get PDFOne of the most important factors affecting public health is the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases. It is the most important medical discovery of the twentieth century, as antibiotics contributed to controlling many bacterial epidemics in addition to treating infectious diseases. The overuse of antibiotics, especially in developing countries, has a negative impact on public health. Therefore, many organizations have worked to establish strict policies for the use of antibiotics. The current study highlights the main types of antibiotics their mechanism of action against bacteria and their role in public health. Those who understood the One Health approach contributed to developing a policy and action plan to reduce the misuse of antibiotics as well as control bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. International organizations and research centers developed important policies and initiatives to limit the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The most important strategies used to confront antibiotic-resistant bacteria are to find alternative treatments, as well as developing health education fields, and provide warning curricula that highlight the danger of the decreased efficiency of antibiotics in treating diseases and epidemics. The ambitions for the future are great in this field, especially by supporting scientific research that relies on the use of alternatives to antibiotics in treating infectious diseases, in addition to setting clear policies that restrict unnecessary uses of antibiotics. It can be concluded from this study that the optimal and scientific use of antibiotics reflects positively on public health by reducing the outbreak of infectious diseases and that focusing on alternative antibacterial medicine will create hope for a better future against infectious diseases.
 
Histopathological Effect of Extracellular Products of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Mice Lungs.
Get PDFThe bacterial secretions into the growth medium that are produced as a result of the dynamics of growth and death of bacteria such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides stimulate inflammatory response. The effect of extracellular bacterial secretions that are released by bacteria during growth on inflammatory response as well as the body\u27s tissues is not clear. The current study aims to highlight the effect of sterile bacterial secretion (IBS) of clinical isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa on lung tissue. Here, P. aeruginosa was isolated from urine and grown on Luria-Bertani (LB) broth for a day, and IBSs were collected after filtration using a Millipore filter. These materials were administered to the experimental mice intranasally (i.n.). The tissue sections of the mouse lungs and the number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were examined. The histological sections showed an increase in the leukocyte infiltration into the alveoli cavity and walls was seen as early as 4 h post-installation, and this continued until the second day. However, at 72 post instillation, it was found that the lung tissue had almost completely recovered and returned to its normal shape. The study also showed an increase in the number of Leukocytes number in BAL of mice that were given the IBS as early as 4 h post instillation this increase continued until 72 h. The results showed the effect of IBS in stimulating a safe inflammatory response in the lungs of mice, and this could help in the possibility of using these materials in the future to increase the immunostimulation of weak immunostimulatory antigens.
 
Using the morphological characters to classify the Rhopalosiphum Koch. spp. In Iraqi environments
Get PDFThe morphological features used in the classification of aphid species are supported by microscopic examination. This process requires significant expertise and facing several challenges. The present study aims to collect aphids from different environments and classify them using their morphological features. The different aphid samples were collected during the spring and summertime. The genus and species of aphids were classified. The samples were prepared by cooking the samples in 95% ethanol for 10 min in a nutshell. The body contents of the aphids were boiled for 10–20 min in a 10% KOH solution or for 2–5 min in 40% KOH until they liquefied before being transferred to 5 ml of distilled water. The measurement of the antenna (ANT), the distance along the antenna from the Processus terminalis (ANT PT) tip to the base of the segment I. Base antennal VI: The distance between the basal articulations to the main rhinarium\u27s distal end. The distance between the apical ends of the main rhinarium to the tip of the ultimate antennal segment is known as the processus terminalis (ANT PT or PT). Body length (BL) is the distance between the front\u27s midpoint and the cauda\u27s base. Cauda: The distance between the cauda\u27s center and apex. Siphunculi: the distance between the base and peak of a siphunculi. The length of the ultimate rostral segment (URS) is measured from the tip of the rostrum to the basal articulations of segment 4. HT II: Length of Second segment of hind tarsus from basal articulation to the tip of the segment. According to the above measurement, three species of the genus Rhopalosiphum Koch; Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum sp. was identified in the studies area. It can concluded that the morphological feature can be depended on in the classification of aphid but that need to be supported by the other new technologies.
 
Antioxidant Activity and Lethal 50 Doses of Polyhydroxybutyrate Nanoparticles (PHB-NPs)
Get PDFPreparing Polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticles (PHB-NPs) in a safe, economical, and effective manner is one of the biggest challenges facing nanotechnology workers. The current study aims to find an effective and safe way to prepare PHB-NPs. Moreover, to find the antioxidant effect and lethal dose fifty (LD50) of prepared PHB-NPs. The PHB-NPs were prepared by exposing an emulsion of PHB (dissolve 0.5 mg of PHB in 25 ml of deionized distilled water) to ultrasound (4500 kh) for 25 seconds at pH 4, then the pH was elevated to 10 for 18 and after that reduced to 7.1. Anti-oxidant activity was measured by using using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The results were compared with ascorbic acid. Lethal dose 50 was measured to prepare PHB-NPs by using the linear assay. The results proved that the method used in the current study is an effective method in producing the PHB-NPs after testing it under the scanning electronic microscope (SAM), which showed that the obtained particles were nanoparticles (20-22 nm). The results showed the scavenger activity of PHB and PHB-NPs as compared with the scavenger activity of ascorbic acid. Moreover, the scavenger activity of PHB-NPs was higher than the Scavenger activity of PHB (200 and 100 µg/ml). The present study showed that 1500 mg/kg (PHB-NP/animal weight) killed 50 % of laboratory animals, and this percentage is very high, which confirms that PHB-NPs are a safe material. It can be concluded that the affectivity of the studied method in preparing PHB-NPs and these particles have antioxidant activity and are almost safe in vivo.
 
Role of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection in the Activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Get PDFRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered one of the most common autoimmune diseases in the world. The nature of this disease, as well as the medications used to treat it, contributes to the occurrence of various bacterial infections. The current study aims to determine the effect of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) on the activity of RA in terms of DAS28. In the present study, urine samples were collected from 70 patients suffering from RA and 30 healthy volunteers who did not suffer from RA. The bacterial isolates were isolated and identified using different enrich, selective, and differentiation media. Biochemical tests were also used to identify bacterial isolates. Bacterial diagnosis has been enhanced using VITIC technology. The study proved that the incidence of bacterial UTI patients with RA was higher than in the healthy control group who do not suffer from RA. The highest bacterial infection was found in the case of Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus. While the lowest bacteria infection was found in the case of Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is no significant difference in the DAS28 of the cases (RA) infected with Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, and Streptococcus spp. The infection (UTI –RA) with S. haemolyticus involved with disease activity (high DAS28) P<0.05 as compared with DAS28 of all RA cases. It can be concluded from the current study that the rate of UTI in patients with RA was higher than in healthy people who do not suffer from RA. The species of bacteria that causes UTIs does not affect the level of activity of RA (DAS28) except the S. haemolyticus.
 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide Involves in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Response in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Get PDFRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the complex diseases caused by unknown reasons and mechanisms of action of the disease. Studies that address the role of bacterial antigens in stimulating the inflammation, autoimmune response, and activity of RA are scanty in the literature. Therefore, the current review attempts to highlight autoimmune diseases\u27 pathogenicity, especially RA. The review also focused on the role of bacterial infections and lipopolysaccharides in stimulating the autoimmune response as well as the activity of RA. The study showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS increased the inflammation response and activity of RA. Moreover, this review showed the effect of this LPS on increasing the autoimmune response in patients with RA. The study concluded the role of bacterial infection and bacterial LPS in the autoimmune response phenomenon in the laboratory as well as RA disease activity, and inflammation immune response.
 
Relationship between Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Levels of Basic Inflammatory Indicators in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Get PDFRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered one of the complex autoimmune diseases that affects not only the body\u27s joints but can also affect various organs of the body. There are several inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) used to estimate the activity and progression of the disease (RA). The current study aims to highlight the effect of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) on the level of some inflammatory indicators (ESR and CRP), in addition to the level of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in the peripheral blood of patients with RA. The present study included 70 patients suffering from (RA) divided into two groups, the first group contained 40 patients (24 female and 6 male) with RA and UTI; the second group, 29 patients suffering from RA (24 female and 5 male) without bacterial UTIs, and 30 healthy control cohorts. The study showed that the levels of ESR, CRP, and ANA in the group of patients suffering from RA and bacterial UTI were not statistically different from their levels in patients suffering from RA only (without bacterial UTIs). The bacterial species (UTIS) did not affect the levels of ESR, CRP, and ANA in patients with RA and UTIs. The current study showed that bacterial infection of the urinary tract does not affect the level of basic inflammatory indicators (ESR and CRP) in patients with RA. It also does not affect the level of ANA. The study showed that the age factor and the period of treatment that a patient with RA undergoes do not affect the incidence of bacterial UTIs.
 
Interplay between Bacterial Infections and COVID-19: Mechanisms, Implications, and Management
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic is one of the biggest changes humanity has faced over many centuries, causing health, social and economic disasters. Bacterial co-infections with COVID-19, especially respiratory tract bacteria play an important role in increasing the severity of the epidemic, increasing the mortality and morbidity rate, especially among elderly patients and immunosuppressive patients. Infection with the COVID-19 virus paves the way for the occurrence of high-risk bacterial respiratory infections caused by many species, through the effect of this virus on the immune system and the destruction of lung tissue. Immune modulation is considered one of the strategies that the body follows to confront COVID-19 infection and co-bacterial infections. That may cause affect negatively on the human body as a result of immunosuppression due to many factors, including the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The mechanism of interaction between infection with COVID-19 and co-bacterial infection is governed by several factors, including the role of the virus in paving the way for the infection to occur, in relation to its effect on the immune system directly or indirectly, in addition to the role of the virus in removing barriers to bacteria to cause infection. The use of antibiotics in an appropriate manner (not excessive) can have a positive impact on the treatment of bacterial infections associated with infection with COVID-19, as well as vaccination against some respiratory system bacteria, in addition to COVID-19. The trend in the future is to innovate ways to treat or vaccinate the cases of suffering from COVID-19 co-bacterial infections could play an important role in reducing the death rate in these cases
Adhesion of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces and Role of Flagella in Bacterial Adhesion
Get PDFThe bacterial adhesion to the biotic and abiotic surfaces represents the first step in infection and contributes to increasing the pathogenicity of bacteria. In the current review, we have shed light on the ability of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces and the role of this adhesion in increasing the virulence of this bacteria and its ability to cause infectious diseases. The adhesion of S. maltophilia to abiotic surfaces contributes to the bacteria’s resistance to the wild spectrum of antibiotics in addition to evading the body’s immune response during biofilm formation. Bacterial appendages such as flagella and pili play an important role in adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces. Studies have shown the role of the flagella of S. maltophilia in adhesion to biotic and abiotic. The current study also showed the role of pili of S. maltophilia and bacterial outer membrane proteins in adhesion to the surfaces. The adhesion of bacteria to biotic surfaces occurs through the attachment of bacterial appendages to receptors located on the surfaces of living cells. The mechanism adopted by S. maltophilia to adhere to biotic surfaces is through binding to specific receptors on the surface of living cells or by attaching to mucus, especially in the respiratory tract. As for adhesion to abiotic surfaces, it depends on the hydrophobic forces as well as the electrical charges and the van der Waals force. Adhesion of S. maltophilia to the surfaces is considered one of the mechanisms used by bacteria to resist antibiotics and cause infectious diseases. The increased ability of S. maltophilia to adhere to surfaces has contributed to the increase in the pathogenicity of this bacteria in recent years.