World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Burn Wound Infections
Get PDFMulti-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the biggest challenges facing public health. The ability of these bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms makes it essential to routinely monitor their resistance to antibiotics. The current study aimed to investigate the incidence of burn infections caused by P. aeruginosa and to evaluate the susceptibility of these bacterial isolates to several antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of infected wounds. One hundred and fifty swabs were collected from infected burn samples. These swabs were cultured on various differential and selective media. The biochemical tests were used to identify the isolates. The VITIK 2 system was used to confirm the species of isolated bacteria. The Kirby–Bauer method was also used to determine the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to several antibiotics, including amoxicillin (AX), tobramycin (TOB 10), levofloxacin (LEV5), amikacin (AK10), gentamycin (CN10), and cefepime (FBP10), by measuring the diameters of inhibitory zones. The study revealed that the incidence of infected burn wounds caused by P. aeruginosa was 20%, and all isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. The highest susceptibility rate was to tobramycin, followed by levofloxacin. The number of bacteria sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin, and cefepime was 13, 11, and 11, respectively. It can be concluded from the current study that the incidence of burn infection with P. aeruginosa was 20%, and the highest sensitivity of P. aeruginosa was to tobramycin. Thus, we suggest that tobramycin may be a suitable choice for treating infected burn wounds caused by P. aeruginosa.
 
Some Toxic Effects of Sio2 NPs on Thyroid Gland Function with Histological Changes and Ovary Function in Female Rats
Get PDFThe study investigated the effects of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) on female rats\u27 thyroid glands and ovaries. Three groups were randomly selected, and two treatment groups were given different SiO2 NPs (25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of body weight). The animals were divided into three experimental groups. The thyroid (T3, T4, and TSH), and ovarian (E2 and progesterone) function hormones were measured. The histological study was studied. It was found that significant decrease in T3 levels in the rats group treated with SiO2 NPs doses over 10 days as compared with the control group. The significant decrease in T4 levels was also found in the treated rats groups (10, 20, and 30 days) as compared with the control group. However, a significant elevation in TSH was seen in treated groups as compared with the control group. The current study showed that exposure to SiO2 NPs caused thyroid tissue alteration, with certain follicles filled with colloidal scalloping activity. When exposed to 100 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs for 10 days, more scalloping formation was observed. When treated with 25 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs for 20 days, few follicles filled with colloidal were observed. When treated with 100 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs for 20 days, empty follicles with necrotic cells were observed. In conclusion, SiO2NPs produced structural, functional, and ovarian effects at different concentrations. In the thyroid gland, they decreased T3 and T4 hormone levels and increased TSH levels. In the ovary, they caused structural, functional, and decreased E2 and progesterone levels.
 
Indication of Heavy Metals and Coliform Bacteria in Tap Water of Al-Karkh Side Hospitals-Baghdad, Iraq
Get PDFThe correlation between the quality of drinking water provided to healthcare facilities and the quality of healthcare services rendered to individuals is crucial. The objective of this present investigation is to assess the presence of heavy metals and coliform bacteria (indicating contamination with pathogenic bacteria from fecal matter) in the tap water distributed to the Al Karkh area of Baghdad. Specifically, tap water samples were collected from four hospitals situated in the Al Karkh region of Baghdad, namely Al Karama Teaching Hospital, Albishara private hospital, Al-karkh private hospital, and Karkh Hospital For Childbirth. The levels of heavy metals, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), were evaluated, as well as the presence of coliform bacteria (a marker for pathogenic contamination). The findings revealed that the levels of heavy metals complied with the standard values in all hospitals under study, except Cd, which exceeded the standard level in the tap water collected from Albishara private hospital and Karkh Hospital for Childbirth. Moreover, no coliform bacteria were detected in any of the tap water samples obtained from the hospitals investigated. As such, it can be inferred that the quality of water, in terms of heavy metal levels, supplied to these four hospitals adhered to the standard regulations, and all samples were free from coliform bacteria, which indicates the absence of fecal contamination in the water provided to these healthcare facilities
Comparison Study between Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in terms of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Production in Mice Lungs
Get PDFPseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most widespread bacteria. It causes infectious diseases and at the same time is found in soil and water. It stimulates the pro-inflammatory immune response. The study aims to compare the role of P. aeruginosa isolated from infected burned wounds and that isolated from fresh water in terms of stimulating the pro-inflammatory response of the respiratory tract. In the current study, P. aeruginosa isolates were isolated from infected burned wound swabs (PAC) and from freshwater (PAE). Laboratory mice were stimulated by giving them intranasal (i.n.) standard inoculum of pathogenic and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa (PAC and PAE respectively). The levels of interleukin (IL-) 1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (α) were measured in the homogenized mice lungs. The study demonstrated that both isolates (PAC and PAE) stimulated the respiratory system to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). Both isolates significantly (P<0.05) increased the level of IL-1β and TNF-α at the first-hour post-administration, and the highest level was observed at the fourth hour after administration with PAC and PAE. After that, the level of cytokines decreased dramatically over time. At 48 hours after administration, it was found that a significant increase of IL-1β and TNF-α was seen only in the lungs of the mice that were given the pathogenic isolates. It can be concluded that both isolates of P. aeruginosa (PAC and PAE) stimulate respiratory system cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, but PAC stimulates mice lungs to produce IL-1β and TNF-α in a higher level and for a longer period as compared with stimulation of mice lungs with PAE
Effect of Polyhydroxybutyrate Nano-Particles (PHB-NPs) in Mice Kidney Tissues: Histopathological Investigation
Get PDFPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a promising substance as it enters different applications such as medical, industrial, and food sectors. It is a safe material to prepare the PHB-nanoparticles (NPs) that are required to pass different chemo-physical reactions that may change its structure. That is why the PHB-NPs are required to assess their toxicity. The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of PHB-NPs in vivo by examining the impact of PHB-NPs and other forms of this compound on kidney tissue. Within the confines of this study, PHB-NPs were synthesized in the laboratory through the application of ultrasound waves to PHB under varying pH conditions. The generation of PHB-NPs was estimated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four cohorts of mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 mg of PHB, PHB-NPs, PHB-cefotaxime (CTX), and CTX. The control group consisted of mice that were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline. The mice were subsequently dissected, and kidney slides from each group were prepared for histopathological examination. The method used in the current study is effective in producing PHB-NPs with diameters ranging from 20 to 35 nm. Furthermore, there was no discernible alteration in the kidney tissues of the mice in the four cohorts when compared to the kidney tissues of the control group. Thus, the present study concludes that there is no observed toxicity or any other adverse effects associated with the administration of PHB, PHB-NP, PHB-NP+CTX, and CTX on the histological characteristics of the experimental animals.
 
Role of Lipopolysaccharide in Stimulating Rheumatoid Arthritis Leukocytes to Produce IL-1β in vitro
Get PDFThe pro-inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is considered one of the most common autoimmune diseases around the world. The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in stimulating the pro-inflammatory response in patients with RA requires further clarification. The current study aims to determine the role of LPS in stimulating leukocytes in patients with RA to produce interleukin (IL-) 1 beta (β) in vitro. Here, LPS was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and used in stimulating the cultures of leukocytes isolated from patients with RA and cultures of leukocytes isolated from healthy control (HC) people with LPS. Two control groups were employed, first, cultures of leukocytes isolated from patients with RA from HC people, and stimulated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The level of IL-1β was measured at the protein in supernatants of cell cultures and at the gene expression in leukocytes. The results showed the effect of LPS in stimulating leukocytes of patients with RA and HC people to produce IL-1β higher than the production of IL-1β in cultures of control groups (leukocytes of RA and HC exposed to PBS). The results also showed that leukocytes of patients with RA stimulated with LPS produced IL-1β (in terms of protein production and gene expression) higher than the production of IL-1β by leukocytes isolated from HC people and stimulated with LPS (P<0.05). It can be concluded that LPS stimulates leukocytes in RA patients to produce a high level of IL-1β and that plays a role in pro-inflammatory response in RA.
 
Bioremediation of crude oil pollutants in the soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other soil microorganisms
Get PDFSoil pollution with oily residues is one of the biggest challenges facing the environment. Microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa play an important role in decomposing oil in soil. The current study aims to highlight the role of P. aeruginosa and the synergistic effect of other microorganisms in cleaning the soil from oily residues. Here, nine isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated from soil contaminated with oil. Use biochemical methods and VITIK II technology in identifying the isolates. An oil-contaminated soil model was established in the laboratory, and eight experimental groups were used in the current study; group a, sterilized soil mixed with crude oil and P. aeruginosa (OD600: 0.8); group b, soil mixed with crude oil and P. aeruginosa (OD600: 0.8); group c, sterilized soil mixed with crude oil; group d, soil mixed with 5 ml of crude oil; group e, sterilized soil mixed with waste cooking oil (WCO) and P. aeruginosa (OD600: 0.8); group f, soil mixed with WCO and P. aeruginosa; group g, sterilized soil mixed with WCO; group h, soil mixed with WCO. The results showed that the highest percentage of decrease in WCO and crude oil was found in the soil group that was not sterilized in the presence of P. aeruginosa. A moderate rate of decomposition was also found in soil that had not been sterilized, and also in sterilized soil in the presence of P. aeruginosa. The sterilized soil (only) did not show any significant decrease in the WCO and crude oils. It can be concluded that P. aeruginosa is capable of decomposing WCO and crude oils and the presence of other soil microorganisms has increased the rate of decomposition of oil in the soil, which confirms the synergistic role of microorganisms and P. aeruginosa in decomposing WCO and crude oils.
 
Traditional Methods of Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Get PDFDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases in the world, and the incidence of this disease is not limited to specific age groups, and it appears among men and women and there is no effect on gender, age, and geographic area on the outbreak of this disease. Synthetic and natural materials have been used to control blood sugar levels in diabetics. The current study sheds light on the importance of this disease and the extent of its spread in the world, in addition to its most important types, which are Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Insulin-independent diabetes mellitus (IIDM), and Gestational diabetes. The current study showed the most important herbal extracts that were used and are still used today in many countries to control hyperglycemia in diabetics, especially Brassica olerace. The effect of these herbal extracts is due to the presence of some active substances that reduce high blood sugar levels, and the most important of these substances are phenols and alkaloids. The effect of these substances on insulin-producing cells was discussed, as well as their direct and indirect effect on controlling high blood sugar in laboratory animals and people suffering from various types of diabetes. The study concluded that the use of herbal medicine is effective in reducing hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes, in addition to being safe and having no side effects on patients who use them.
 
Antimicrobial Effect of Soil Microorganisms’ Products against Different Clinical Bacterial Isolates
Get PDFFinding an effective antibacterial against a wide spectrum of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major challenge for scientists. The current study aims to investigate microorganisms that produce antibacterial agents in soil. In the present study, 65 soil samples were collected from different areas of Baghdad. Microorganisms were grown in nutrient broth to collect the extracellular secretions of these microorganisms. The effect of substances secreted by microorganisms in each sample into the growth media against four species of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterobacter spp) was estimated using well diffusion method. The study showed that 9.1% of soil samples produced antibacterial substances against four pathogenic bacteria, but with different levels and effectiveness. The highest effect of these secretions was against S. aureus and E. coli, as the study showed that 8 samples produced anti-S. aureus substances. Five samples containing microorganisms that produce anti-E. coli. While the study showed that the microorganisms present in one sample produced anti-S. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Aspergillus and Penicillium represent the highest percentage of microorganisms in the soil samples, followed by Saccharomyces. It can be concluded from the current study that there is a large percentage of microorganisms that can produce antibacterial substances, and this opens the door to the possibility of obtaining new antibiotics that can help treat diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
 
Preparing Burn Mouse Model Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a Histopathological Study
Get PDFThe infection of burn injuries by Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent a biggest challenges facing doctors. Therefore, treating infected burns area requires finding an animal model that helps standardize the treatment protocols used to treat infected burns, as well as to test appropriate medications. The current study aims to prepare a model of burnt ears as well as those infected with P. aeruginosa. In the present study, the posterior portion of mice back was burned using an iron bar heated with boiling water (100 oC). After one hour, the burn area was contaminated with a standard dose of P. aeruginosa (50 µl of 108 c.f.u./ml). The changes that occur in burned skin and bacteria contamination were observed with the neck eye, in addition to collect skin pieces (after 48 h) from infected area and put them in 10 % of formalin for histological examination. The results of the histological examination showed damage to the tissues that were burned and that were exposed to the standard dose of P. aeruginosa, where the destruction of epithelial layer and damage to the dermis layer was observed, in addition to the appearance of edema, as well as the infiltration of leukocytes. As for tissues taken from mice that were subjected to burning (posterior portion) without contamination with bacteria, minor changes were observed and they quickly returned to their normal status. It can be concluded that the method used was effective in preparing a model of burned mice infected with bacteria, and this will help in conducting experiments to standardize the protocol of treatments.