Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting
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Correlation Methodologies Revisited: From Classical Statistics to Contemporary Residual Diagnostics
No full textThe main purpose of this research paper is to explore the varied approaches provided to researchers for the examination of correlation coefficients in a range of types of data and research contexts. Through the use of desk research, this essay rigorously delves into both parametric and non-parametric correlation methods covering oldies such as Pearson’s r, Spearman’s ρ, and Kendall’s τ, to more niche measures like Point-Biserial, Phi coefficient, Cramér’s V, Polychoric, and Polyserial correlations. For econometrics and time-series applications, the essay covers residual diagnostics for correlation in time series and econometrics such as Durbin-Watson statistic, Breusch-Godfrey test, Ljung-Box Q test, Runs test, ACF/PACF plots, and ARCH tests. The study also guides on selection, interpretation, and limitations of every method, stressing the importance of data type, distribution, and sample structure in correlation analysis. Practical “dos and don’ts” are then provided to help in preventing misuse and enhance the validity of inferences for both primary and secondary data research. A visual flowchart helps with selecting methods. This review adds methodological clarity and rigor to social science, behavioural, and econometric research
Perception on the Effect of Taxes on the Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises in Selected Entities: A Case of Iringa Municipality, Tanzania
No full textThis study investigates the impact of tax policies on the growth of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Iringa Municipality, Tanzania. MSEs are critical for economic development, yet they face significant challenges, particularly regarding taxation. Despite existing literature on the effects of tax policies on SMEs globally, there is a notable gap in research focusing specifically on the Tanzanian context, especially on how local tax policies, such as income tax, VAT, and business license fees, affect the performance and growth of MSEs in Iringa Municipality. The main objective of this study is to assess the perceived effects of tax policies on the growth of MSEs, with specific objective To assess the perceived effect of tax policies on the growth of micro and small enterprises in Iringa Municipality. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative data from structured questionnaires administered to 100 MSE owners selected through a stratified random sampling technique with qualitative insights gathered from interviews and focus group discussions. Findings indicate that while some tax policies may enhance profitability, the overall tax burden including high income tax rates, VAT, and business license fees significantly increases operational costs and constrains revenue growth, leading many businesses to operate informally. Specifically, 70% of respondents reported that high tax rates increase operational costs, 65% stated that VAT reduces profit margins, and 60% indicated that tax compliance procedures discourage business expansion. The study concludes that current tax policies often hinder the growth of MSEs rather than facilitate it, highlighting the need for reforms. Recommendations include simplifying tax laws and procedures, reducing tax rates, and introducing tax holidays for new enterprises. Such measures aim to create a more favorable environment for small businesses, ultimately promoting economic development in the region
Assessing the Impact of FDI and Its Nexus on Domestic Investment in Ghana
No full textAims: To examine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on domestic investment in Ghana
Study Design: Both Quantitative and Qualitative Study.
Place and Duration of Study: The Department of Mathematical Sciences at University of Mines and Technology, Ghana, between January 2024 and August 2025.
Methodology: The study employs annual secondary time-series data (1990–2019) drawn from the World Development Indicators. Using the Agosin–Machado investment model augmented with inflation, GDP growth and the nominal exchange rate, it applies the ARDL bounds-testing approach to cointegration and an Error-Correction Model for short-run dynamics. ADF and Phillips–Perron tests verify that variables are I(0) or I(1), while standard post-estimation diagnostics check for serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, normality and parameter stability. Direction of causality between foreign and domestic investment is examined with pairwise Granger tests after selecting optimal lag lengths via VAR criteria.
Results: ARDL bounds tests confirm a long-run equilibrium among the variables; the long-run estimate shows FDI has a significant negative (crowding-out) effect on domestic investment, while inflation exhibits an inverted-U impact, GDP growth is positively associated and the exchange rate is negatively related. Short-run ECM results mirror these signs and reveal a 45 % annual speed of adjustment back to equilibrium. Diagnostic and stability tests (Breusch-Godfrey, Jarque-Bera, CUSUM, CUSUMSQ) indicate a well-specified, stable model with no serial correlation or heteroscedasticity. Finally, Granger causality tests find no significant directional causality between foreign and domestic investment in Ghana.
Conclusion: The study concludes that FDI crowds out domestic investment in Ghana, while moderate inflation and GDP growth support it and exchange-rate depreciation harms it; no causal link exists between FDI and domestic investment. Policy should therefore target FDI diversification, strengthen local absorptive capacity, and improve the business climate to protect and stimulate domestic investors
Building Superior Performance through Employee Agility and Engagement: The Mediating Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
No full textAims: This study examines the influence of employee agility and employee engagement on employee performance, with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as a mediating variable. Addressing the inconsistent findings in prior studies, this research integrates three complementary perspectives—Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) Theory, Dynamic Capability View (DCV), and Social Exchange Theory (SET)—to develop a multidimensional model of employee behavior and performance.
Study Design: This is a quantitative study using a random sample. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires.
Place and Duration of Study: The population was employees in the private sector in Surabaya. The sample size was 216 respondents. The survey was conducted between January and May 2025.
Methodology: The research method used a quantitative approach. Sampling was conducted using non-probability sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis was performed using SEM-PLS.
Results: Results reveal that employee agility and engagement significantly and positively affect performance, both directly and indirectly through OCB. The mediation of OCB demonstrates that agile and engaged employees tend to reciprocate organizational support through extra-role behaviors, thereby improving overall performance.
Practical Implications: These insights provide meaningful implications for both scholars and practitioners seeking to strengthen employee adaptability, engagement, and sustainable performance in the digital era.
Conclusion: This study enriches the theoretical discourse by integrating JD-R, DCV, and SET into a single explanatory model. The results confirm that OCB acts not only as a behavioral outcome but also as a strategic mechanism linking employee capabilities and organizational performance
Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Sustainability Reporting of Listed Insurance Firms in Nigeria
No full textAims: This study investigated the effect of corporate governance mechanisms on sustainability reporting among listed insurance firms in Nigeria.
Methodology: The study employed correlational and causal research design. The population of the study covered twenty-two (22) listed insurance firms in Nigeria. The study utilized secondary data obtained from firms’ annual reports for the period of 2013 – 2023, yielding 220 firm-year observations. The System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique was applied to address potential endogeneity, heteroscedasticity, and firm-specific effects.
Results: Descriptive analysis revealed a low mean level of sustainability reporting (mean = .7272), indicating limited disclosure practices across Nigerian insurance firms. The correlation analysis showed weak but positive associations between board director’s reputational capital (BDRC) and sustainability reporting, and a weak negative relationship with board director’s nationality (BNAT). The regression results indicated that lagged sustainability reporting (SR–1) was positive and significant (P < .001), suggesting persistence in disclosure behaviour. BDRC had a strong and significant positive effect on sustainability reporting (P < .001), while BNAT had a negative and significant impact (P < .001). Among the environmental control variables, total greenhouse gas emissions (TGHGS) showed a significant positive relationship (P = .003), whereas renewable energy consumption (RENG) was negative and insignificant (P = .674).
Conclusion: The study concluded that board reputational quality significantly enhances sustainability disclosure, while foreign board representation may not translate into improved reporting within the Nigerian context. The study recommends that Nigerian insurance firms strengthen their governance structures by appointing directors with high reputational standing and proven records of integrity, as such individuals positively influence sustainability reporting and enhance stakeholder trust.
 
Environmental Accounting Disclosures and Profitability in Nigerian Listed Oil and Gas Companies: A Dynamic Analysis
No full textThis study investigates the effect of Environmental Accounting Disclosures (EAD) on the profitability of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria over the period 2015–2024. Using panel data from six sampled firms, the research employs a dynamic panel data approach with the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to account for the persistence of profitability and potential endogeneity between financial performance and environmental disclosures. The findings reveal that environmental policy disclosures have a strong and positive effect on profitability (β = 1.081, p = 0.001). Conversely, waste management practices negatively affect profitability in the short term (β = –0.298, p < 0.001). Greenhouse gas emissions disclosures exhibit a positive but statistically insignificant effect (β = 0.347, p = 0.225). Additionally, firm size positively influences profitability (β = 0.246, p < 0.001), while leverage exerts a negative effect (β = –0.266, p = 0.005). The study concludes that strategic environmental transparency, particularly through policy-level disclosures, can enhance firm performance. Recommendations include strengthening environmental governance, adopting cost-efficient waste management technologies, and improving the quality of carbon reporting to align with global sustainability standards
Determinants of Human Development Index (HDI): A Regression Analysis of Economic and Social Indicators
No full textThis study aims to investigate the factors influencing the Human Development Index (HDI). Five variables—GDP per capita, health expenditure, education expenditure, infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), and average years of schooling—were analyzed to develop a regression model assessing their impact on HDI. The results indicate that GDP per capita, infant mortality rate, and average years of schooling are significant predictors of HDI. Specifically, the study finds a positive relationship between GDP per capita and average years of schooling with HDI, while infant mortality rate is negatively associated with HDI
Consumer Attitudes and Preferences Towards Ride-hailing Services: A Comparative Analysis of Ola and Uber
No full textUrban transportation has been completely transformed with the introduction of ride-hailing services. This study explores how customers view and prefer Ola and Uber, two well-known companies in the Indian industry. This study examines several aspects of service quality, such as dependability, price, safety, and customer assistance, using a thorough survey technique and statistical analysis. The results show that although the two systems provide comparable basic services, elements like pricing policies, driver conduct, and app layout have an impact on user preferences. Additionally, the study looks at how demographic variables like age, gender, and occupation affect the decisions made by consumers. Ride-hailing businesses can improve consumer pleasure and loyalty by customizing their methods by comprehending these subtleties. This research offers insights into the dynamics of consumer behaviour in the digital age, with implications for the larger subject of service marketing. The study, based on a survey of 200 respondents, reveals that affordability and availability are critical factors favoring Ola\u27s preference over Uber in Ludhiana
The Effect of Decision Support Systems on Strategic Business Decisions: Evidence from Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria
No full textThis study examined the evaluation of the effect of Decision Support System on Strategic Business Decisions from selected manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The effective utilization of decision support system is crucial in driving business decisions, yet its impact on decision making within Nigeria manufacturing companies remains underexplored. This study examined the evaluation of the effect of Decision Support System on Strategic Business Decisions from selected manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study employed a qualitative survey research design. The population for the study comprised top-level managers, middle managers, and operational managers from 34 listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria Exchange Group. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 1,014 samples. Taro Yamane’s formula was employees to select the sample size of 286 respondents. Data collection is collected through a close ended questionnaire based on a five likert scale, designed to assess perceptions and practices related to decision support system. The data were analyzed using ordinary regression analysis to estimate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The findings revealed positive significant association between decision support system on strategic business decisions. This study hereby recommended Nigeria Manufacturing companies should invest in robust decision support systems to ensure continuous improvement and accountability. This study concludes that effective implementation and enhancement of decision support system can sustainably impact business decision process in Nigeria manufacturing companies
Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Renewable Energy Consumption in India
No full textThe relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental sustainability has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The EKC posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, where pollution initially rises with income levels and subsequently declines after reaching a certain income threshold. One of the most important issues in a current era is striking a balance between environmental sustainability and economic prosperity. Considering the said background, this study aims to find out the growth rate of renewable energy consumption per-capita, Gross domestic product per-capita and CO2 emission per-capita. Side by side, it is also trying to revisit the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve in India and how renewable energy consumption per-capita is affected by Gross domestic product per-capita and CO2 emission per-capita. All the data has been collected from World Development Indicator (WDI), World Bank for the period 1990-2020 using a multiple regression analysis. The result suggests that the growth rate of renewable energy consumption per-capita, Gross domestic product per-capita and CO2 emission per-capita is fluctuating in nature. In case of India, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) still exists and Gross domestic product per-capita is affecting renewable energy consumption positively and CO2 emission per-capita negatively