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Effects of Sumac (Rhus coriaria) Seeds and Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Wool Growth of Awwasi Male Lambs
No full textNutrition can have a significant effect on animal production. In recent years, many compounds have been widely used as feed additives to stimulate animals� appetites and consequently improve animal productivity. Exogenous fibrinolytic enzymes are one of these feed additives, which have been used as a digestive stimulant in different types of animals. Sumac (Rhus coriaria) seeds and leaves have been widely used as an appetite stimulant. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the dietary effects of using 0.3 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and 3 of grinds Rhus coriaria seeds on wool production and some physical traits of the Awassi lambs. Twenty-four male Awassi lambs with an average age of 4 months were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, each containing six animals. The control group received a basal diet equivalent to 2 of body weight. The second group received the same diet supplemented with 3 sumac (Rhus coriaria) powder. The third group received the basal diet supplemented with 0.3 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (protease, amylase, and cellulase). The fourth group received the basal diet supplemented with both 3 Rhus Coriaria powder and 0.3 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. The experiment lasted 130 days in the animal house belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine in Iraq. Some wool traits, including wool staple length, clean wool weight, greasy wool weight, wool fiber length, and wool fiber diameter, were measured. The results revealed significant differences in all measured wool quality traits among the treated groups compared to the control group. The group receiving the diet supplemented with a combination of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and Rhus coriaria powder exhibited the most significant improvements in wool growth, overall wool production, and physical characteristics. These findings highlight the potential of using exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and sumac as effective appetite stimulants and enhancers of wool production in Awassi lambs. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
Management Updates on Prepartal Stress Effects on Transition Cow and Calf Health
No full textThe transition phase is thought to be the most critical period in high-producing dairy cows� productive cycle. Maternal stresses during the peripartum period affect both dam and newborn calf health. The objective of this review article was to describe the role of prepartal metabolic and environmental stressors on postpartum-related disorders in both cows and newborn calves. The transition phase (21 d before to 21 d after calving) is considered the most critical period in dairy cattle life. Decreased dry matter intake coincides with increased nutrient demands due to the onset of lactation. It can lead to negative energy balance and tremendous metabolic challenges for high-producing dairy cows. During this time, insulin concentrations and peripheral tissue sensitivity decrease, leading to fat mobilization from adipose tissue. Such incidences would increase levels of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in plasma. The success in the transition from the dry to lactating phase depends on how the cow could deal with such challenges. Failure to handle such metabolic alterations may predispose cattle to costly metabolic disorders such as ketosis, fatty liver, retained placenta, displacement abomasum, and infectious diseases, including metritis and mastitis in the postpartum period. The energy content of dairy cow diets in the dry-off (40 days before calving) or close-up (21 days before calving) periods may influence cow physiology and health in the peripartum period. The role of a transition period diet on cow health and productivity in the early or overall lactation period has been frequently investigated. However, the role of stressors such as nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, stocking density, and grouping in the late gestation period on the health and performance of cows and calves are much less addressed. Therefore, the present review delineates and reviews updates on the role of maternal stresses during the peripartum period on dam as well as newborn calf physiology and behavior. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
Protection of Khaki Campbell Ducks against Duck Plague Using an Inactivated Duck Plague Vaccine
No full textDuck plague (DP) or duck viral enteritis is a fatal viral disease of ducks taht causes huge economic losses in the duck industry. The present study was performed to determine the immune response and protective efficacy of an inactivated DP vaccine prepared from a local virulent DP virus. A virulent DP virus was obtained from the laboratory repository of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (Bangladesh). The DP virus (EID50 105.3/ml) was inactivated using 0.04 formalin. The alum (40 g/L) was added to the inactivated DP virus as an adjuvant. A total of 60 Khaki Campbell male ducks aged 17 weeks were randomly divided into three groups. Ducks of groups A (n = 20) and B (n = 20) were vaccinated intramuscularly in the breast muscle with 1 ml of inactivated DP vaccine and a live attenuated DP vaccine, respectively. Ducks of group C (n = 20) were kept as unvaccinated control. Booster vaccination was administered at 2 weeks after primary vaccination. Antibody titers of vaccinated ducks were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-vaccination (DPV) using a passive haemagglutination (PHA) test. Ducks of both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were challenged with 1 ml virulent DP virus (EID50 104.3/ml) at 28 DPV. Clinical signs, morbidity and mortality, and gross pathological lesions of vaccinated and control ducks were observed for 10 days post-challenge to evaluate the protective efficacy of inactivated DP vaccine. The mean PHA antibody titers of vaccinated ducks of group A at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DPV were 5 ± 0.43, 26 ± 1.71, 43 ± 3.4, and 54 ± 3.28, respectively. Ducks in group B had mean serum PHA antibody titers of 21 ± 1.71, 41 ± 3.28, 52 ± 3.41, and 84 ± 7.25 at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DPV, respectively. No mortality or gross pathological lesions were observed in vaccinated ducks after they were subjected to a challenge infection. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between groups A and B in terms of the challenge infection. The mortality rate of the control group of ducks was 70. Hemorrhage in the trachea and intestine and necrotic foci in the liver were seen in unvaccinated control ducks (group C). Experimentally developed inactivated DP vaccine induced a protective serum antibody titer and conferred 100 protection against virulent challenge infection up to 10 days observation period. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
NETosis and Calcium influx in Dromedary Camel Neutrophils after In Vitro Toll-like Receptor Stimulation
No full textNeutrophilic granulocytes are vital immune cells of the early response to pathogens. They contribute to the antimicrobial response through phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, cytokine production, degranulation, and NET-formation. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), also known as NETosis, are a critical antibacterial effector mechanism of cells of myeloid effector cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate pathogen sensing through the recognition of microbial structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The present study aimed to investigate the potential of several TLR ligands that mimic the sensing of bacterial and viral pathogens to stimulate NET-formation or Ca2+ influx in camel neutrophils. Neutrophils were purified from blood and were stimulated in vitro with ligands to TLR4, TLR2/1, TLR7/8, or TLR3. Net-formation was analyzed using the DNA-sensitive dye SYTOX� Green and staining with antibodies to the neutrophil's granular enzyme myeloperoxidase. Real-time stimulation-induced Ca2+ influx was measured using the Ca2+-sensitive dye Flou-4 and flow cytometry. Only the TLR4-ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce NET-formation in camel neutrophils, while none of the investigated TLR agonists showed a Ca2+ influx-inducing effect in camel neutrophils. The current study represents the first report on the impact of direct activation of TLR on NET-formation and Ca2+ influx in camel neutrophils with a selective effect of LPS on NET-formation induction. Future studies may investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the different responsiveness of bovine and camel neutrophils to TLR stimulation. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
Incidence and Hematological Changes in Dogs Infected with Dirofilaria immitis in Thailand
No full textDirofilaria immitis is responsible for heartworm disease in dogs. Clinical signs are non-specific, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms. The most common symptoms include coughing, emaciation, dyspnoea, and sudden loss of consciousness. Therefore, diagnosing heartworm infection in dogs requires a combination of methods, such as hematology and serology. This study was conducted on dogs with clinical signs, including anorexia, coughing, panting, and hind legs weakness, that was referred accidentally to a pet clinic in Thonburi district, Bangkok Province, Thailand, during 2020-2022. The examination was performed using a rapid enzyme immunoassay test and a thin blood smear. The total number of dogs admitted to a pet clinic during that period was 980. The result indicated infection of 21 (12 male and 9 female) dogs with heartworm (2.14). The mean age of dogs was 5.62 ± 2.48 years. All infected dogs were classified under an open husbandry system that did not consistently use heartworm prevention products such as the macrocyclic lactone group. In the groups that received topical ectoparasites products, 10 dogs were detected with heartworm infection. The hematological changes in the infected dogs consisted of leucocytosis and increased levels of ALT, BUN, and creatinine. The study results can guide owners in choosing products that can prevent heartworm. Anti-mosquito nets should be deployed in areas where pets live, and always keep the environment clean © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
IMPACT OF PHYTOGENIC FORMULATION ON PERFORMANCE AND FATTY LIVER DISEASE OF BROILER CHICKENS
No full textThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of polyherbal (phytogenic) formulation (PHF: containing Acacia nilotica and Curcuma longa) on performance parameters, liver histopathology and prevention of fatty liver in broilers. 700 day-old chicks were randomly distributed to seven groups (10 replicates /group; 10 birds each), namely positive control (T1) fed with basal diet + choline chloride (CCL) 60 (1000g), negative control (T2) fed with high energy (5 increment), low protein (24 reduction), high cholesterol (2 increment) diet, T3 (T2 + PHF; 1000g-full cycle), T4 (T2 + PHF; 2000g-full cycle), T5 (T2 + CCL 60 (1000g-full cycle)), T6 (T5 + PHF; 1000g-grower and finisher stage), T7 (T5 + PHF; 2000g-finisher stage). Average daily gain (ADG; g), average daily feed intake (ADFI; g) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated at 1-14 days, 15-28 days, 29-42 days, and 1-42 days. Serum triglycerides analysis, gross and histopathological observations of liver morphology were performed for the samples of control and experimental groups on day 42. The performance parameters; ADG, ADFI, FCR, and liveability were found to be improved in all the groups as compared to the negative control group. However, better performance was observed in PHF (2000g) top-up group (during the finisher stage) as compared to the negative control group. Serum triglyceride levels were increased non-significantly as compared to the negative control indicating that more fat is mobilized from liver to serum. In addition, PHF supplementation at 2000g during the finisher phase had restored the liver tissue architecture as well as improved the liver score when compared to the negative control group. It is concluded that PHF (2000g/ton) during the finisher stage can be used as a top-up to improve the performance parameters as well as to prevent the fatty liver condition in broiler chickens. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FEEDING CONDITIONS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PEKIN, LOCAL, AND CROSSBRED DUCKS
No full textThe objective of the study was to investigate performance and carcass quality of Pekin, local, and cross-breed ducks raised under different feeding (varied in protein and fiber levels). A total of 180 male ducks aged 14 days, consisting of 60 Pekin ducks, 60 local ducks (Mojosari), and 60 cross-breed (Mojosari + Alabio) ducks were used in the study. Each type of duck was randomly divided into 36 units of cages, each of which was filled with 5 ducks. The data obtained from the study were analyzed according to a completely randomized design with 2x3 factorial pattern. Initial body weight of local ducks at 14 days was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of Pekin and cross-breed ducks, while, Pekin ducks were higher than the other two types of ducks. On the other hand, feed consumption was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the type of diet and breed. While carcass percentage was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by breed and diet types. The percentage of Pekin duck carcasses that received diet A (low protein and fiber) was significantly different (P<0.05) from cross-breed ducks, in comparison to local ducks. In conclusion the feed conversion rate and final body weight for diet A showed better results than diet B (high protein and high fiber) on the Pekin duck. Meanwhile, the carcass characteristics like abdominal fat of diet B (for Pekin, local duck, and cross breed) were better than diet A (for Pekin and local duck). It�s suggested to use Pekin ducks with low protein and low fiber diet to get the better performance, in compared with local ducks which needs high protein and high fiber content in diet. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
EVALUATION OF FERMENTATION PROGRESS DURING STORAGE OF MILLET STOVERS SILAGE BASED ON pH-INDICATORS
No full textThis study aimed at evaluating the fermentation levels of pearl millet Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br stovers silage during storage based on pH evolution. A completely randomized experimental design in a 6x2x2 factorial scheme with three replications for each treatment was used to evaluate three factors (6 cultivars, 2 different cutting stages, and with or without salt addition to the cultivars). The silages were prepared in plastic bags and stored for 60 days at room temperature. The results revealed that the pH values of the treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher on the first day than in the other periods and a rapid drop in pH, with significant differences (P<0.05), to levels below 4 was obtained on the third day of storage for the majority of local Sadoé and Siaka Millet silages (Niger). Four types of pH evolution were recorded and the variation was statistical significant among cultivars. Also, analysis of the relationships between pH, chemical composition parameters and In Vitro Digestibiliy of Organic Matter (IVDOM) showed that increasing pH values were associated with increasing Dry Matter content of stovers before silage (DM_BE), Dry Matter content of silages (DM_S), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) values and decreasing Crude Protein (CP), Metabolizable Energy (ME), IVOMD, and Ash values. However, the pH values obtained for all silages showed that all the millet stovers used were suitable for silage. At the maturity stage, it is thus possible to use the grain for human consumption and to ensile the stovers for animal feed. This study also shows that monitoring the pH in the silo makes it possible to evaluate the quality of the fermentations to avoid losses on the farms. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
Seismic Performance of Steel Moment Frame with Side-Plate Connections Combined with Friction Dampers
No full textWith the gradual change in the design method of structures from resistance-based methods to performance-based methods, existing common building frames do not respond to the criteria of these methods, and if these frames are designed with new performance criteria, the design will be uneconomical. The basic problem of the existing types of frames is the imbalance between hardness and plasticity in them. A structure must have sufficient hardness in order not to be displaced in an earthquake, and it must have high ductility in order to dissipate the energy of the earthquake well. In this article, the purpose of the structure's performance in the combination of friction dampers and side-pleat joints in the steel structure of the bending frame is according to the constraints in solving the problem such as architectural, executive and design limitations and considering the uncertainties inherent in the system. This problem is solved in such a way that all three conditions are estimated, and for this purpose, three structures, 6, 10, 15 stories, have been modeled in three dimensions and have been analyzed under time history analysis. In examining the arrangement of dampers in the frames, the amount of energy in the 3x3 structures in the second frame is more than the first frame, which has increased by about 15%. But in 5x5 structures, the amount of energy when the frame damper is 3 is more than other frames. In these structures, when the damper is in the third frame, the energy of the structure has increased by about 10% compared to other states. Also, the effect of side plate connection in increasing the hardness is also important. that the above connection will reduce displacement by creating hardness at the connection point, and as a result, it will absorb more energy
Assessment of Bacteriological Contamination of Hand-Dug Wells in Rural and Urban Areas in Ondo State, Nigeria
No full textThe study analysed the total bacteria, total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations of ten randomly selected hand-dug groundwater wells: five each from Alagbaka (Urban area) and another five from Ijare communities (Rural area) in Ondo State. Collins and Lyne’s pour plate method was used for the laboratory analysis. The laboratory results showed that 30%, 90% and 0% of the groundwater samples were above the WHO drinking water standards for total bacteria, total coliform and E. coli, respectively. Furthermore, the groundwater samples collected in the urban study area had total bacterial and total coliform mean levels of 24 and 15 cfu/100mL respectively compared to those of the rural study area with mean concentrations of 15 and 5 cfu/100mL, respectively. There was however no E. coli in the groundwater of both areas studies indicating the absence of faecal contamination in groundwater. It can therefore be concluded that there is a higher risk of microbial contamination of groundwater in urban land use than in rural land use and that groundwater in the study areas is unsafe for consumption unless it is first treated with appropriate treatment methods. For future research, the contamination level of other micro-organisms such as fungi, viruses, protozoa etc. should be assessed in study areas, as well the sources of microbial contamination in groundwater