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EFFECTS OF FODDER TREE LEAVE SUPPLEMENTATION FOR BASAL RICE STRAW DIET ON RUMEN AMMONIA, pH, AND DEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS IN SHEEP
No full textFodder tree leaves (FTLs) contain high levels of protein, vitamins, and minerals that play a major role in enhancing roughage intake by ruminants, thus improving low-quality roughage utilization. The study sought to measure the rumen degradation characteristics, pH, and ammonia N concentration of sheep fed rice straw (RS) and supplemented with FTLs. Four forest-type rumen-fistulated rams of an average weight of 19.0±1.2 kg were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 4 � 4 Latin Square design. Treatment diets consisted of urea-ammoniated straw (UAS; control), RS+100 Leucaena leucocephala (L), RS+100 Samanea saman (S), and RS+50 L+50 S (LS). Data obtained were subjected to the Glimmix procedure of SAS (2016) and significant means were separated using Tukey�s test at (P<0.05). Treatments differed significantly (P<0.001) in the quantity of readily soluble materials (a), rate of degradation (c), and a potentially degradable fraction (P) with LS recording the highest a, c, and P among the treatments. Ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations differed significantly (P<0.0001) among the treatments. Overall mean rumen pH values obtained ranged from 6.44 in UAS to 6.72 in the S-supplemented diet whereas mean rumen ammonia values ranged from 4.59 mg/100 ml in sheep fed UAS diet to 9.15 mg/L in sheep fed L diet. The pH values obtained imply that the experimental diets could improve rumen fermentation and, hence, serve as good sources of feed for ruminants. The rumen DM degradation values indicated that sufficient amounts of DM would be degraded over a period of time, thus releasing substantial quantities into the small intestines for digestion to provide essential nutrients needed for better animal performance. The rumen ammonia values obtained were higher than the minimum values recommended for optimal microbial activity for animals fed lignocellulosic materials. This indicated that such FTLs could be utilized for moderate animal performance, especially during the dry seasons when natural pastures are qualitatively and quantitatively poor. © (2023), (Scienceline Publication). All Rights Reserved
EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS PARAMETERS OF HORSES HOUSED WITH GOATS IN INDIVIDUAL BOXES
No full textHorses are animals that are affected very quickly by the warnings coming from the environment. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate oxidative stress parameters of horses obtained from saliva analysis related to animal welfare as a result of keeping horses together with goats. While the research was being prepared, three groups were developed based on the time spent sheltering goats and horses. The horses were housed alone in the first and last 15-day groups, and along with the goats in the second 15-day group. In these stages, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) level in saliva were examined. Results showed that MDA and IMA levels decreased, but CAT, GPx, and SOD activities increased. It was concluded that goats had a positive effect on horses according to the oxidative stress parameters examined in terms of animal welfare. However, there is still a need for research that will house horses with various animals in acceptable animal welfare circumstances, analyse their stress metrics, and maintain a high level of welfare. © (2023), (Scienceline Publication). All Rights Reserved
Antioxidant Properties and Toxic Risks of Using Metal Nanoparticles on Health and Productivity in Poultry
No full textMetal nanoparticles (NPs) are introduced into various fields of science, particularly poultry farming. Supplementation of metal salts in nanoform can increase the profitability of poultry farming by enhancing meat and egg production. Although their toxic parameters pose limitations on their use, many studies have evaluated the effects of using metal NPs in modern poultry farming on health, productivity, metabolism, and especially antioxidant properties. In addition, the peculiarities of their toxicokinetic and recommended doses that meet safety criteria in practical activities are highlighted. Zinc oxide NPs are one of the most studied compounds in the poultry industry. Their pronounced antioxidant properties, positive effect on productivity and homeostasis of poultry, egg quality, and immune status have been experimentally confirmed. Copper oxide NPs have similar properties but are limited in usage due to their toxicokinetics. Silver and gold NPs emerge as potential alternatives to antibiotics and could solve the resistance problem of microorganisms to antibiotics. Other important NPs used in poultry are Iron and Calcium. In their nanoform, these NPs exhibit high bioavailability, which allows for efficient absorption and utilization by poultry. The methods used to synthesize these nanoparticles make it economically viable to incorporate them into poultry diets, reducing overall expenses compared to similar macroergic compounds. Manganese and chromium NPs positively affect sperm survival in turkeys during refrigerated storage and contribute to increasing the resistance of the broiler chickens' body to heat stress and normalizing the metabolism of sex hormones. In conclusion, the application of metal nanoparticles to poultry is a promising research direction, aiming at the development of feed additives, antibiotics, and growth stimulants due to their antioxidant, bactericidal, and immunomodulatory effects. © (2023), (Scienceline Publication). All Rights Reserved
Design and Analysis of Ventilation System for Closed Poultry House in Tropical Climate Conditions
No full textThe climate significantly impacts the temperature in different parts of the world. A moderate environment makes it simple to construct a chicken farm. Nevertheless, raising the birds in tropical places where typical temperatures can exceed 40-45°C is difficult because they can only survive at temperatures between 30°C and 35°C. As a result, the current study aimed to design a chicken house with a ventilation and cooling system to prevent excessive heat. The effectiveness of ventilation systems in maintaining liveable and constant conditions at the chicken house was assessed using computational fluid dynamics modeling to mimic internal and external airflows. In this study, a water evaporator-based cooling system and an exhaust fan-based ventilation system were built within a poultry house. ANSYS CFD was utilized to create the design and examine the flow of the model. The findings of each model were generated individually, and these results were compared to those of the other models to determine which model could decrease the temperature within the chicken coop. The proposed model's maximum temperature was around 30-32°C. A poultry house can be constructed using this idea to maintain chickens at a suitable temperature range of 30-32°C. © CC BY 4.
The Role of Newcastle Disease Virus in Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review
No full textRecently, immunotherapy has become a hopeful option for cancer therapy. Taking advantage of pathogens is a well-established method of cancer immunotherapy. It has been shown that the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian virus with oncolytic properties, can be used to treat cancer. This study was designed to offer a comprehensive overview of the role of NDV in cancer treatment, focusing on its attributes, mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical trials, and future perspectives. A systematic literature review was performed to gather relevant information about NDV in cancer therapy. The inclusion criteria of this study included studies conducted in vitro and in vivo as well as clinical trials to investigate the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms behind the action of NDV. A total of 34 out of 176 academic articles, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and review articles were analyzed to collect key findings. In addition to replicating selectively through invading cancerous cells, NDV has been shown to induce apoptosis in in vivo studies. There is evidence that it can induce apoptosis, induce oncolysis, and modulate immune function in preclinical research. Studies have demonstrated that combining this therapy with chemotherapy, immunotherapies, and targeted therapies provides encouraging results regarding effectiveness and safety in animal models. As a result of NDV�s ability to induce immunogenic cell death, the immune system is activated when it reacts to cancer cells. In addition, NDV infection promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells, especially cytotoxic T cells, by releasing cytokines and chemokines. This dual mechanism triggers anti-cancer immune responses. An interesting new approach to cancer treatment is based on the selective replication of NDV, which can induce immunogenic cell death in tumor tissues and interfere with oncogenic signaling pathways. Research in preclinical models has yielded valuable information, as well as evidence of the effectiveness and safety of clinical trials. A synergistic effect has been demonstrated when chemotherapy, immunotherapies, and targeted therapies are used in conjunction. © Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article�s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article�s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Quail Farming in Villages of Mogoditshane-Thamaga and Tlokweng Districts, Botswana
No full textThe interest in quail farming has been increasing over the years due to the quail�s many productive and financial benefits over other poultry species. Quail farming is still in its infancy in Botswana. This study investigated the current status, challenges, and prospects of Japanese quail farming in Mogoditshane, Gabane, and Tlokweng districts, Botswana. A total of 64 quail farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire from June 2022 to April 2023. Data were collected on the respondents� demographic characteristics (age, educational status, and sex), quail management aspects (feeding, housing, and health), ownership of quail, challenges in quail farming, and the use of quail products in the study area. Results showed that 67 of male respondents were involved in quail rearing. The youth (�35 years) dominated the rearing of quails, followed by respondents aged 41-50 years (22), 36-40 years (16), and above 50 years (9). In addition, 48 of the respondents reared �100 quails, followed by 39 and 13 who reared 101-500 and 500 quails, respectively. Furthermore, 81 of respondents reared quails in cages, 17 in conventional structures, and 2 in residential houses. Bobwhite, Jumbo, and Japanese quail were the three quail varieties reared in the study area. It was found that 55 of the respondents had less than one year of experience in quail farming. Moreover, 86 of the respondents used crushed maize or sorghum to feed quails, while 14 used commercial chicken diets. Finally, 92 of the respondents mentioned that quail eggs were used to treat various human diseases. Effective challenges in quail farming included external parasites (36), diseases (30), predation (13), lack of commercial quail diets (12), escaping (6), and theft (3). Quail farming should be considered for inclusion in government support programs as it has the potential to contribute to income generation and food and nutrition security. © The Author(s) 202
Cytology of Turkey Blood Reactive Hemograms and Measures of Stress
No full textThe current study was intended to offer a cytological counterbalance to published descriptions of how processing or other procedures affect turkey welfare. Cytology represents a detailed description of morphological atypia or unusual intracellular or intercellular behavior. The study aimed to describe the variation of blood cells of commercial turkeys. Blood films were collected from 4 turkeys at four different ages of 6, 12, 17, and 19 weeks at commercial farms by a qualified veterinarian. The slides, stained by Wright-Giemsa, were photographed and interpreted off-site. Normal cells of the lymphocyte (L) and heterophil (H) series were described first, followed by examples of atypical cells of other series. These were shown with descriptions of cellularity defined as the proportion of leukocytes in each microscopic field. The results indicated examples of cells whose presence in a standard differential count (SDC) was important enough to disqualify the simple H/L ratio as a stress measure. These cells were atypical members of the lymphoid series, plasmacytes, and other cell types. Atypical granulocytes were heterophils with irregular shapes and faint nuclear staining (hypochromia). An example of a representative total white count revealed how the H/L value could depend on where the cells were counted on the slide. In conclusion, the cytology clearly shows that the presence of atypical cells in a hemogram highlights the inadequacy of relying solely on the simple H/L ratio to estimate stress status. © Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Effects of Histomonas, Trichomonas, and Eimeria Co-infection on Productivity and Macro-morphological Indicators of Eggs in Laying Hens
No full textThe study of macro-morphological changes is important for recognizing disturbances in egg formation that cause pathologies, especially co-infection. The current study aimed to evaluate the level of egg productivity and macro-morphological parameters of eggs in domestic chickens of the Rhode Island breed with co-infection of Histomonas, Trichomonas, and Eimeria. Clinical and parasitological, coproscopic, morphometric research, and statistical analysis methods were used for this research. Pathogens of Histomonas and Trichomonas were detected by microscopy of smears of fresh feces, and Eimeria oocysts were identified by flotation according to the Fullenborn method. During 30 days of research, there was a significant decrease in egg production (52), a decrease in egg weight by 16.8, and a decrease in the shell thickness by 30.43 during spontaneous Eimeria-Histomonosis-Trichomonosis co-infection in laying hens. The eggshell indicated noticeable macro-morphological changes, including deformations and defects resulting from insufficient calcification. These changes manifest as combined damage to the shell, characterized by small cracks, roughness, bumpy or spilled thickenings, and complete or partial depigmentation. When evaluating the internal content of eggs in 12 of their samples, there were bloody spots, relatively smaller and lighter yolks, thinning of the protein part. Thus, the specified macro-morphological changes and egg defects were the result of the negative impact of co-infection on the processes of egg formation, which indicates the systemic nature of the lesion and the morphofunctional insufficiency of the egg-forming organs. © Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article�s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article�s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Modulation of In Vitro Differentiation of Monocyte-derived Macrophage by Trypanosoma evansi Antigens in the Dromedary Camel
No full textStudies on the camel immune response to Trypanosoma (T.) evansi, the causative agent of Surra, are very limited. In the present study, flow cytometry was employed to investigate the modulatory effects of different T. evansi antigens on the in vitro differentiation of camel blood monocytes into macrophages. For this, in vitro, separated camel monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in the presence or absence (control) of formalin-fixed (inactivated) T. evansi whole parasite (T. evansi group) or the purified Ro Tat 1.2 antigen (Ro Tat 1.2 group). The analysis of the antimicrobial functions of MDM (phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production) revealed reduced phagocytosis activity of camel MDM generated in the presence of T. evansi antigens. In addition, a lack of ROS-response was observed in camel MDM generated in the presence of T. evansi antigens after stimulation with PMA. These results indicated a compromising effect of T. evansi on the innate defense mechanisms in camels. Phenotypic analysis revealed the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules together with the lower abundance of the scavenger receptor for haptoglobin�hemoglobin complexes (CD163) on MDM generated in the presence of whole T. evansi parasites, indicating a polarizing effect of T. evansi on the differentiation of camel monocytes into an M1 phenotype. However, the reduced antimicrobial functions of these cells argue against their pro-inflammatory nature. Although both MDM generated in the presence of whole T. evansi antigens or their purified Ro Tat 1.2 proteins indicated similar expression levels of CD14 and MHCII molecules, the different abundance of the cell surface molecules CD172a, CD163, CD45, and CD44 indicated different phenotypes of the two MDMs. The results of the present study revealed compromising effects of T. evansi antigens on camel macrophages differentiated in vitro from blood monocytes. Whether these effects contribute to the in vivo pathogenesis of T. evansi in camels remains to be determined in future studies. © The Author(s) 202
Architecture and the politics of nationalism in the era of globalization
No full textArchitecture is a physical force and a communication medium that speaks to power of value and ideals of a society through effective communication of socio-political messages embedded in its physical configurations. It helps to create the physical as well as the political institutions of establishments in the society that embodies the civilization codes of “law and order.” However, the power of architecture as a political propaganda tool is reminiscent of nationalism in many facets and circumstances. In the past imperial establishments, the ruler used architecture as a control tool to influence the people’s perception of the state and the achievements of the civilization. Whereas, the later civilization of globalization in the 21st century helps to create the institutional establishments of democratic architecture with a renewed strategy to wield power to entertain and gain political and socio-economic supports for the governments and corporate organizations. This review therefore demonstrates the role of architecture in the politics of power and influence vividly evident in the emergent democracies and some current establishments of globalization, a case reference of Dubai