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Carcass and Internal Organs Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Soybean Diet
No full textSoybean (Glycine max) is a principal vegetable protein source in the animal feed industry in Nigeria, including the poultry feed industry, but because of the fact that it contains various anti-nutritional factors, the raw full-fat cannot be used in poultry nutrition. The present study was carried out to examine the carcass, and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens fed a soybean diet. A total of eight hundred and four unsexed one-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acre) with an average weight of 45 ± 1.1 g were used in 56 days feeding trial to observe the effect of different processing methods of soybean on broiler chicken carcass and organs characteristics including; liver, spleen, lungs, crop, bile, pancreas, heart, intestine and empty gizzard. There were four dietary treatments (T1-T4), each containing soybean meal as the control diet, dried-boiled soybean, roasted soybean and dried-fermented soybean. Each treatment was replicated three times with 67 broiler chickens per replicate, giving 201 broiler chickens per treatment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. The starter diet was fed for 4 weeks and the finisher diet for 4 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, 15 broiler chickens were randomly selected for sampling and collecting the data. The weight of the internal organs and carcass characteristics showed no significant difference in the treatment groups, but the fermented method showed the highest value in the live weight (2075.00 g), eviscerated weight (1532.46 g), and breast weight (483.72 g) compared to other carcass parameters in other treatments including the control diet. It is, therefore, concluded that for optimal broiler growth, the fermented processing method of soybean is recommended. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved
Investigating the Preventive Effect of Herbal Medicine (Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, and Quercus infectoria) against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens
No full textCoccidiosis is a critical disease in the poultry industry worldwide. Producers apply different strategies to control and prevent this disease. Herbal drugs are suitable remedies for reducing losses associated with coccidiosis in poultry. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an herbal mixture in preventing coccidiosis. A total of 160 broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups, with five replicates for each. Experimental infection of all groups, except group D, was carried out with mixed Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, and E. maxima) on day 14. Broiler chickens in group A were given an herbal mixture (75 Quercus infectoria, 16 Artemisia annua, and 9 Allium sativum) as feed additives during the rearing period, and group B was treated with Monensin. No treatment was applied to group C after the chickens were experimentally infected with mixed Eimeria spp. Group D was used as the negative control since chickens in this group were not infected or sick during the experiment. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality rate, intestinal lesion scoring, and oocyst count per gram (OPG) were evaluated in this study. The results of the present study revealed that the highest mean body weight was gained in group D, followed by chickens in group A. The best FCR results were attributed to chickens in group D, followed by group B. In this study, both drugs decreased mortality rate, intestinal lesion scores, and OPG in the treated chickens. In conclusion, this herbal mixture can reduce coccidial lesions. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved
The Effects of Grounded Herbs on the Intestinal Villus Height and Shedding of F18-positive Escherichia coli in Weaned Pigs
No full textAntibiotics have been widely used to control and treat infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) in weaned pigs. The bacteria resistance to antibiotics can occur naturally; however, the misuse of antibiotics can accelerate this resistance. New antibiotics are developed very slowly, and only two new classes of antibiotics have been developed in the past 40 years. This makes herbal medicine a promising method for fighting against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the current study, 25 male crossbred (Duroc x Landrace x Large white) weaned piglets with an average weight of 6-8 kg were examined for 24 days. The pigs were randomly assigned to five groups in a completely randomized design with five replicates (1 pig/pen). All treatments included 20 crude protein corn-soybean as the basal diet. The negative control group received no supplementation, while pigs in the second experimental group received a basal diet supplemented with 150 ppm colistin sulfate. Basal diet and herbal mixture (Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber cassumunar, and Garcinia mangostana) were fed to three other experimental groups at 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm. The F18-positive, colistin-resistant E. coli were orally inoculated to all pigs for 9 days. The antibacterial and anti-diarrheal effects of this diet and its effect on the inoculated pigs� intestinal villi were evaluated. The results indicated that supplementation of this herbal mixture at levels of 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm had antibacterial effects, with no significant difference between doses. However, the positive effects of this herbal mixture on intestinal villi height and diarrhea were found only in pigs that received 1000 and 2000 ppm of the herbal mixture. From a practical point of view, supplementation of this herbal mixture at 500 and 1000 ppm could be applied for prophylaxis during the weaning period, whereas 2000 ppm of the herbal mixture could be used for the treatment of postweaning E. coli diarrhea © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
The Relationship between Warm Weather and Milk Yield in Holstein Cows
No full textThe increasing variability of weather conditions associated with global climate change is becoming a major problem for dairy farming. The present article provided the results of studies on the relationship between the milk production of Holstein cows and environmental parameters during the warm season. The study investigated whether the relationship between weather conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind strength, and insolation) and daily milk yield, as well as its components (milk fat yield and milk protein), depended on the conditions comfortable for the cows. The temperature-humidity index was calculated based on air temperature and relative humidity data, which were recorded by the nearest weather station to the farm, which is subordinate to the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center. It was found that the relationship between environmental parameters and milk yield was weak concerning the increase in proportion to the growth of heat load. However, the factorial analysis indicated that the total influence of weather factors on milk yield, milk fat, and protein yield was 42-46. Moreover, weather conditions could significantly impact dairy productivity when cows are kept in naturally ventilated barns. This suggests further investigation of issues related to the microclimate improvement in cowsheds in hot seasons using sprinkler systems for cooling dairy cows © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF FIBROUS FEEDSTUFFS IN HIGH-CONCENTRATE DIET WITH SODIUM-BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) ADDITION IN RUMEN-FISTULATED BRAHMAN BULL
No full textRuminants are given substantial quantities of concentrate diets full of quickly fermentable carbohydrates to increase output performance; however, it can also lead to digestive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding NaCHO3 to a high-concentrate diet on the nutrient digestibility of locally available fibrous feedstuffs in the Philippines. The experiment utilized a rumen-fistulated Brahman bull. The treatment diets were the following: Treatment 1 (T1): Untreated rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw; T2: Urea-treated rice straw; T3: Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach); T4: Napier silage; T5: Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) tops; and T6: Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.). The nylon bags containing the treatment diets were incubated in the rumen at two periods: first at a high-concentrate (70 level), and second at a high concentrate added with NaCHO3). The results showed that the nutrient digestibility of locally-available feedstuffs varies significantly (p<0.05) both with and without NaHCO3. The addition of NaHCO3 in a high-fiber diet improves the digestibility of locally available fibrous feedstuffs in terms of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Therefore, the addition of NaHCO3 to a high-concentrate diet has the potential to positively stabilize rumen pH and enhance the nutrient digestibility of locally available fibrous feedstuffs. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND DIGESTIBILITY OF AMMONIATED BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranea) SHELL FOR RUMINANTS
No full textThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the physical properties, chemical quality, and digestibility of the ammoniated Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) shell as ruminant feed. Bambara groundnut shell (BGS) were collected, ground with a grinder machine, afterward added 0, 3 and 5 ( DM) urea levels into 500 g of sample. Samples were mixed until homogeneous, then put into plastic bottles, after that stored for 7 and 14 days. Opened, dried in the oven at 650C for 48 hours and ground. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with 5 treatments of BGS ammoniation (T0= control, T1= BGS + 3 urea and 7 days storage, T2= BGS +5 urea and 7 days storage, T3= BGS + 3 urea and 14 days storage, and T4= BGS + 5 urea and 14 days storage time), 4 replications each. The result of this study showed that the increase of urea level and days storage time, can decrease crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose contents of all samples (P<0.05) and increase the value of bulk density, tapped density, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility in comparison to untreated samples (P<0.05). It was concluded that the T4 was the best treatment. The BGS ammoniated with 5 urea for a period 14 days of storage causes the lowest value of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose, and also causes the highest value of bulk density, tapped density, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
Genomic Profiling of Multidrug Efflux Pumps and Heavy Metal Proteins in Multidrug-resistant Campylobacter fetus Isolated from Sheath Wash Samples of Bulls in South Africa
No full textA substantial evolution of resistance mechanisms among zoonotic bacteria has resulted from anthropogenic factors related to the application of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, particularly in contemporary agriculture. This issue associated with the presence of heavy metal-laced protein in zoonotic bacteria should be taken seriously with regard to the health of animals and the general people. To address this issue, the present study employed whole genome sequencing to identify the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) and Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv), resistance and virulence genes, as well as heavy metal protein. Based on culture method biochemical testing and PCR amplification using particular primer pairs (MG3F-MG4R and VenSF-VenSR), bacteria were isolated and identified as C. fetus subsp. fetus and C.fetus subsp. venerealis. Subsequently, antimicrobial disc diffusion tests and whole genome sequencing were performed. Isolated bacteria were resistant to tetracycline at 65, amoxicillin, and doxycycline at 60. The resistance was also observed against neomycin at (55), streptomycin (60), and gentamycin (55). Through comprehensive genome sequencing analysis and PCR, multiple efflux pumps linked to multidrug resistance were identified, including the broad-specificity multidrug efflux pump (YkkD), along with CmeA, CmeB, CmeC, and gryA.The genome sequence also revealed genes associated with the production of Cytotoxin (Cdt A, B, and C), adhesion and colonization (VirB10 and VirB9), and invasion (CiaB). In addition, different genomic features in heavy metal resistance included Cobaltzinc-cadmium resistance protein (CzcD), Tellurite resistance protein (TehA), and arsenic efflux pump protein. The findings of the current study revealed that the emergence of bacterial multidrug resistance is increasingly associated with the substantial and growing contribution of Multidrug resistance efflux pumps, as evident in Cff and Cfv. Therefore, it is crucial to tighten the control of Cff and Cfv in livestock production to prevent the transfer of genes resistant to humans through the food chain. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
Prevalence and Role of Anemia in Mortalities of Dogs with Babesiosis
No full textAnemia is a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and hemoglobin in the blood due to hemolysis, hemorrhage, or decreased production of RBC. This research determined the prevalence, characteristics, and role of anemia in association with babesiosis in dogs for one year. A total of 103 dogs positive for babesiosis presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, were screened for anemia. Among these, 80 dogs displaying anemia were selected. A thin blood smear was used to identify Babesia spp. The PCV and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) were determined using an automatic hemoglobinometer (Acon Laboratories, Inc., San Diego, USA). Temperature, pulse, PCV, Hb, and RBC assessed were correlated with mortalities. The findings indicated that 32 anemic babesiosis were male. The percentage of severe anemia was higher, compared to mild or moderate anemia. The age-specific prevalence of anemia was highest among dogs above 3 years but lowest in the age range of 1-3 years. Small breeds of dogs had a higher prevalence of anemia compared with larger breeds. The mortality rate was 18 (22.5), with severe or microcytic hypochromic anemia being the highest. The temperature and pulse rates of the dogs that died were higher than those of survivors, while the PCV, Hb, and total RBC counts were significantly lower than those of survivors. In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia in dogs with babesiosis in this study was very high. Most of the mortalities recorded in the present study can be attributed to severe anemia and microcytic hypochromic anemia, with mortality rates of 61. and 38.9, respectively. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
Macromorphological Changes after Spontaneous Co-invasion of Eimeriosis, Histomonosis, and Trichomoniasis in Domestic Chickens
No full textThe study of macro morphological changes is important for recognizing pathological processes and diagnosing diseases, especially co-invasions. The current study aimed to reveal macro morphological changes during spontaneous co-invasion of Eimeria spp., Histomonas meleagridis, and Trichomonas gallinae in adult chickens. The methods of evisceration and parasitological studies of the carcasses of adult domestic chickens (n = 31) aged 1.5-2.3 years, and (n = 8) are the control group, died of a natural death from farms in the Kharkiv region of Ukraine revealed the peculiarities of manifestations of macro morphological changes in organs, which were characterized by manifestations of pathologies in 100 of cases in dead chickens by changes in the intestines and liver, in 48.39 in the spleen, in 16.13 in the bursa of Fabricius, in 16.13 in the peritoneum and 9.68 in skin. In particular, a mucosal-hemorrhagic inflammatory process was observed in the intestines of chickens with damage to both thin and thick parts (duodeno-jejuno-ileo-typho-cloacitis). This inflammatory process was observed in combination with necrotic-granulomatous lesions on the intestinal wall. A combined lesion of the liver was detected - hepatomegaly on the background of steatosis, multifocal necrosis, and granulomas (shiny, vitreous, with a white center) in the presence of Histomonas meleagridis and Trichomonas gallinae. A granulomatous splenitis was diagnosed in the spleen of chickens. Necrotic-granulomatous lesions leading to cyst formation were identified in the bursa of Fabricius. Additionally, granulomatous lesions originating from trichomoniasis were observed on the peritoneum and skin. These findings highlight the systemic nature of pathological-anatomical changes resulting from the co-infection of eimeriosis, histomoniasis, and trichomoniasis in domestic chickens. This systemic manifestation signifies the occurrence of multi-organ failure and holds valuable diagnostic implications. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Virulence Determinants in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Egypt
No full textBesides its zoonotic importance, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes substantial financial losses in the poultry industry globally. The progress of antimicrobial resistance in APEC is mainly associated with excessive antimicrobial use and improper sanitation. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the VITEK system has developed into the VITEK 2 system, which has used an automated system to perform all the steps required for microbial identification and antibiotic susceptibility rapidly and accurately. The present study aimed to update the available circulating data about APEC isolates by phenotypic identification, sero-grouping of APEC from broilers chickens and breeders in five governates of Egypt, investigation of their antibiotic resistance pattern by VITEK 2 system, and molecular identification of their virulence determinants. The prevalence of APEC isolated from the different internal organs (liver, lung, heart, heart blood, and spleen) was 67.5. The most prevalent serotypes were O125, 0114, O44, O127, O142, and O78. Virulence-associated genes (iutA, fimC, and papC) were detected at rates of 84.4, 74, and 54.8, respectively. The highest resistance was found against ampicillin (100), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (80), and ampicillin-sulbactam (78.5), which indicates that the poultry farms need a surveillance and intervention system with proper accuracy and rapidity to prevent the misuse of antibiotics and APEC outbreaks © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved