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The Effect of Shrimp Shell (Litopenaeus vannamei) Extract on Testicular Parameters of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
No full textDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that has become a major health problem worldwide. Reproductive dysfunction is one of the main complications of DM, particularly in men. However, as is known, shrimp shell extract contains nutrients, such as astaxanthin, that affect reproductive traits. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of shrimp shell extract on the volume, weight, and histological features of the testes of a DM rat model. Fifteen adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (n = 5) was a healthy control group, group B (n = 5) was a DM control group, and group C (n = 5) was a DM group treated with shrimp shell extract. Rats in groups B and C were treated with streptozotocin to induce DM. Rats in group C were given shrimp shell extract at 25 mg/kg body weight for 30 consecutive days after DM induction. Testicles were collected and submitted to dimension, weight, and histological examinations. The testicle volume and weight of rats in group C were significantly higher and heavier, respectively, than rats in group B and did not differ from rats in group A. The seminiferous tubule diameter of rats in group C was significantly larger than rats in group B and did not differ from rats in group A. Rats in group B had a lower testicle volume and lighter testicle weight as well as a shorter seminiferous tubule diameter than rats in groups A and C. In conclusion, shrimp shell extract could improve male fertility parameters in a DM rat model. However, the mechanism of action needs to be studied further © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
Efficacy of Hemagglutinin Gene of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Vaccine Candidate in Poultry: A Review
No full textThe most prevalent fatal disease in poultry that can result in high morbidity and mortality is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), subtype H5N1. A vaccination program is the most frequent way to prevent HPAI cases in poultry, especially against the H5 subtype of HPAI. There are currently a number of avian influenza vaccines available, including recombinant and inactivated whole virus vaccines. The foundation of a recombinant vaccine is possible by the expression of an avian influenza gene of interest following insertion into a carrier vector (no pathogenic virus). A recombinant HPAI vaccine is required to further challenge avian influenza cases in poultry. As a recombinant vaccine inserted into a carrier vector, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene has proven effective. The recombinant Herpes Virus Turkey (rHVT) vector vaccine for avian influenza has been discovered and is commercially available. The rHVT vaccine was developed using a hemagglutinin insert from the HPAI virus clade 2.2. Overall, studies in this review aimed to determine the efficacy of any developed recombinant avian influenza vaccine that uses the HA gene from different clades challenged with any avian influenza virus (AIV) isolate. It was found that the efficacy of hemagglutinin as a recombinant vaccine could be promising for future HPAI vaccine development. In addition, it is possible to design a recombinant vaccine using local isolates to protect poultry farms, particularly in endemic regions © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
VARIABILITY IN PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF YOLK AND ALBUMEN IN EGGS KEPT UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS
No full textThis investigation evaluated the effects of storage length and temperature on the proximate and mineral compositions of yolk and albumen (white) of chicken eggs. A total of 720 eggs were used in a 4 X 2 factorial experiment consisting of four (0, 7, 14 and 21) storage days and two (room and cold) storage temperatures. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA. The results showed no significant effect of storage length on crude protein and ash contents of the egg parts whereas carbohydrate increased significantly with increasing storage length. Also, protein and fat contents of the yolk were largely influenced (p<0.05) by storage temperature but nutrients in the albumen did not differ significantly between the two storage temperatures. On the other hand, mineral compositions of the egg components did not vary noticeably by storage temperature but storage length influenced some minerals considerably. It was noted that variations in proximate and mineral contents of egg yolk and albumen under different storage conditions exist; so, storage conditions (length and temperature) must be given much attention when keeping eggs prior to consumption in order to ensure nutrient quality. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
EXTRACTING PHYTOCOMPOUNDS FROM Mucuna pruriens LEAVES AS POTENTIAL RUMINANT FEED ADDITIVES USING DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
No full textSome secondary metabolites of plants could serve as ruminant feed additives. They primarily preserve protein from rumen breakdown, reduce rumen protozoa population, and decrease methane gas production. The current study aimed to identify the phytocompounds content of extracted Mucuna pruriens leaves using the Microwave-assisted extraction method using three different solvents of methanol 70 (EM), aquadest (EA), and combinations of EM and EA (EK). The phytocompounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Some phytocompounds identified in the Mucuna pruriens substances from GC-MS curve proportion area of EM were 10.35 inositol, 3.1 quinazoline, 4.72 anthraquinone, 3.76 Coptisine, 2.06 isoquinoline, 2.18 D-gluconic acid, 2.83 D-Fructose, 3.91 D-glucose, and 4.59 butanedioic acid. The phytocompounds for EK were 17.22 inositol, 6.36 Niclosamide, 1.4 Acetamide, 1.32 Aniline, 55.97 4-Amino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro2,3-b quinoline-3-carbonitrile, 17.22% inositol. Furthermore, 22.73% inositol, 6.55%, ribonoic acid, 5.58%, silanol, 21.27% butanodioic acid, 2.88% Fluoroquinoxaline, 5,31%, glycerol, 1,64%, D-gluconic acid were found in the EA. The EA had high inositol content, the EK had high quinoline content, and the EM showed moderate results for all phytobiotics. The total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins content significantly differed among the three solvents. The EA yielded the highest concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, but the lowest concentration of total saponins. In contrast, the EM yielded the lowest total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins content, but the highest total saponins content. Meanwhile, the EK yielded modest results for all phytocompounds, with values between EA and EM. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens substance had the highest phytocompounds and bioactive potential as ruminant feed additives. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
Assessment of Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon as Adsorbent in Domestic Wastewater Treatment
No full textIndiscriminate discharge of wastewater into the environment is of utmost concern, especially in developing countries. This study evaluated the efficiency of rice husk based activated carbon in wastewater samples harvested from a students’ hostel and a restaurant within the Federal University of Technology, Akure. The adsorbent used was produced from rice husk using hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H2SO4) as the activating agent. The aim of this study was to assess rice husk-activated carbon for the reduction of physicochemical parameters such as hardness, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), and heavy metals which include chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). The wastewater samples were treated using activated rice hush ash of particle size (180 µm) at four different doses (30, 35, 40, 45 grams/400 ml). The results showed that the different doses of activated carbon had different removal efficiency. It was observed that the optimum dosage was 40g for DO, COD, BOD, and TDS while 30g was optimum for Hardness. It was also observed that an increase in the concentration of rice husk adsorbent led to an increase in the removal efficiency for the heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Pb, and Fe). The maximum percentage removal of DO, COD, BOD, TDS, and TSS, with rice husk was 21%, 58%, 72%, 21%, and 57% respectively. After the treatment of the domestic wastewater and comparing with the WHO standard, the treated wastewater quality was found to be safe for direct discharge into surface water bodies and irrigation purposes
ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF THE invA GENE OF Salmonella spp. IN DROMEDARY CAMELS
No full textThis study was done to determine the percentage of Salmonella spp. in camels from three provinces (Karbala, Al-Najaf and AL-Muthana) in Iraq with different age and both sexes. Total of 250 fecal samples from 250 camels were collected. Diagnostic study depended upon the morphological and cultural properties of the isolates on some selective media like Xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and Salmonella Shigella (SS) agars which were used in addition to different biochemical tests and molecular assay by PCR for detection of virulence gene invasion A (invA) with Phylogenetic study. The clinical signs appearing on animals infected with Salmonella were greenish diarrhea, loss of appetite with mild systemic reaction. Bacteriological and molecular tests revealed isolation of five Salmonella isolates with invA gene. Two of these isolates were sequenced. The results showed that the first strain S. enterica subspecies typhimurium (LC730846) converged with a group of global strains with one node, as it converged with the global strain that held the clade (MK017934.1 and MT460418.1). While the second local strain S. enterica serovar enteritidis (LC730849) appeared with a new node and it is not affiliated with any association with the world S. enterica strains. It is concluded that the presence of Salmonella spp. in camel needs monitoring in order to minimize the risks of infection exposed the human beings. © The Author(s) 202
Effects of Supplementation of Eurca Seeds as Nutraceutical Feed Additive on Productivity, Antioxidant Activity, and Yolk Cholesterol Level of Laying Hens
No full textEruca sativa (ES) seeds are annual herbs belonging to the Brassicaceae family, widely grown in Mediterranean countries, such as Egypt, Italy, and Greece. The ES is rich in macronutrient components and phytochemical content, exhibiting potent antioxidant properties and functional properties for vital processes such as digestion and absorption of nutrients. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary ES supplementation on laying performance, some blood parameters, and egg yolk cholesterol. A total of 300 Silver Sabahia strain hens, aged 26 weeks, were randomly distributed among four groups of five replicates, each replicate consisting of 15 hens. Chickens in group 1 served as a control and were fed the basal diet. Those in groups 2, 3, and 4 were fed basal diet supplemented with 1, 2, and 3 ESs, respectively. Productive performance traits, egg quality traits, hematological parameters, blood parameters, and yolk cholesterol profiles were performed throughout the study. The study lasted for 13 weeks (until week 39 of chickens' age). Results indicated that 3 ES supplementation had higher results on egg mass (35.68), egg production (21.13), and improved feed conversion ratio by 30.37, compared to all groups. Furthermore, ESs supplementation positively affects the shell thickness and yolk color score compared to the control. Compared to the control, the highest significant blood hemoglobin and lymphocytes were recorded in the groups supplemented with 2 and 3 of ESs. The ES inclusion at a higher level (3) in the diet of laying hens led to significantly enhanced serum high-density lipoprotein and total antioxidant capacity, while reducing cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde levels, compared to the control diet. Serum calcium, tri-iodothyronine, and alkaline phosphatase levels increased significantly in response to 3 ES treatment, while liver enzymes decreased significantly compared to the control diet. Notably, the addition of 2 and 3 ESs to the hens� ration resulted in reduced egg cholesterol content, which is desirable for consumers seeking healthier dietary choices. Finally, adding 3 ESs to hens� diet improves productive performance, egg quality traits, hematological parameters, blood parameters, and yolk cholesterol profile. © (2023), (Scienceline Publication). All Rights Reserved
Microfeed Incorporated with Probiotic for Aquaculture: A Review
No full textEnsuring the availability of high-quality larvae in sufficient quantities remains a significant bottleneck for the grow-out phase of aquaculture. Over the past century, various alternative dietary solutions for larval stages have been explored, encompassing bacteria, microalgal pastes, yeasts, and various inert microparticles, though with inconsistent outcomes. This review aimed to discuss the innovative integration of probiotics into microfeeds, highlighting encapsulation, coating, and fermentation techniques to propel aquaculture productivity. Microfeeds, which are often nutrient-rich and easily assimilated in powdered or liquid form, play a crucial role in larval fish nutrition. These can be classified into microencapsulated, dry, liquid, and live feeds. The choice of microfeed is pivotal, ensuring appeal, digestibility, and water stability tailored to each larval stage. As probiotics gain popularity in aquaculture for their potential to enhance growth, bolster disease resistance, and improve water quality, their administration methods have diversified. The probiotics can be administered through direct immersion and bath treatments to biofloc systems and feed additives. The results indicated that microfeed incorporated with probiotics showed a positive result impact on the aquaculture industry. © The Author(s) 2023. All Rights Reserved
Standardization of the Simple Methodology for Experimentally Induced Ischemic Stroke in Rat Models
No full textStroke is a globally significant and devastating disease that requires prompt treatment. Animal models are commonly used to investigate stroke therapy, often through experimentally induced ischemic stroke (EIIS). However, challenges arise in implementing EIIS in animal models. The current study aimed to present a simple EIIS methodology for animal models. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, namely Group 1 (sham-operated), Groups 2 to 5 (EIIS groups) with different duration of common carotid artery (CCA) ligation, including 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours, respectively. The ligation was performed on the CCA and its branches. Before the experiment, the rats were anesthetized, and the incision area was shaved and disinfected. The sagittal ventral midline was incised, with neck muscles retracted to expose the right CCA. The occlusion was performed on three sides of a carotid artery (common, external, and internal) using a simple interrupted suture. The occlusion of blood flow using ligation was performed at different times depending on the groups. After that, the CCA ligations were re-perfused by cutting the suture knot. The brain and blood were collected on days 1 and 7 after reperfusion. The results indicated that 4 and 8 hours of CCA ligation significantly impacted the general condition and neuro-deficit score. Moreover, 4 and 8 hours of CCA ligation could induce ischemic stroke by its capacity to cause infarction within the brain parenchyma and increase the platelet-to-white blood cell ratio, C-reactive protein, and De Ritis ratio. In contrast, 1 and 2 hours of CCA ligation did not significantly affect the observed parameters. It can be concluded that the EIIS using 4 and 8 hours of CCA ligation can be applied to induce ischemic stroke in rat models with consistent impacts on general conditions, neuro-deficit, hematology, and serology. © The Author(s) 2023. All Rights Reserved
Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease in Wild Western Gray Kangaroos
No full textMacropod progressive periodontal disease (MPPD), known as Lumpy Jaw, poses a persistent and potentially fatal threat in Western gray kangaroos when they are kept in captivity. Such a condition leads to the development of osteomyelitis and sepsis in Western gray kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus). This case study presented the inaugural examination of hematological and biochemical aspects of MPPD with a progression toward sepsis in a captive environment. The primary objective of this research was to pinpoint hematological and biochemical indicators associated with severe MPPD in a Western gray kangaroo held in captivity. The study employed various methods, including clinical, radiographical, hematological, and biochemical analyses, as well as microbiological study methods. The case was a 2.5-year-old male wild Western gray kangaroo with fever (39.7 °C), dehydration, dyspnea, tachycardia, and involuntary jaw clenching due to stress and agitation. The kangaroo had a history of lethargy, anorexia, swelling of the soft tissues of the lower jaw on the left side, and tenderness during palpation. A radiograph of the head revealed mandible proliferative lesions. The hematological and biochemical examinations indicated an increase in the total count of leucocytes, level of neutrophils, number of erythrocytes, hematocrit level, and lymphopenia. Increased activity of alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and creatinine elevated azotemia. There was a decrease in the content of albumin, glucose, and total bilirubin. The bacteria, consisting of Fusobacteriaceae spp., Porphyromonadaceae spp., and Bacteroidaceae spp., were found and identified in all samples. However, this comprehensive diagnosis of MPPD based on clinical signs, radiography, and especially hematological and biochemical parameters of the septic process can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment. © The Author(s) 2023. All Rights Reserved