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Serological Assays of Brucellosis in Unvaccinated Sheep and Goat in Indonesia
Get PDFBrucellosis is recognized as one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases and is often overlooked, impacting livestock populations worldwide. Annual routine screenings utilize serological assays, such as the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and the complement fixation test (CFT), to identify the presence of brucellosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and discriminative performance of the CFT, the locally produced RBT antigen from Indonesia, the commercial RBT antigen (Pourquier), and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from Indonesian goats and sheep. A total of 184 serum samples were collected, including 92 from goats and 92 from sheep. The samples were obtained through jugular venipuncture from animals on small-scale goat and sheep farms in Java Island, Indonesia. The results were analyzed to determine true prevalence (TP), accuracy, and cross-tabulation with parallel interpretation to assess the sensitivity and specificity of each test analysis. The TP of brucellosis in small ruminant serum samples using local RBT, Pourquier RBT, CFT, and indirect ELISA was 6.99%, 9.74%, 0%, and 14.78% in goats, and 6.92%, 20.34%, 0%, and 7.81% in sheep, respectively. Moderate Kappa interrater reliability was observed between the local and Pourquier RBTs for both goats (0.537) and sheep (0.440). The combined RBT sensitivity in goats and sheep was 27% and 20%, respectively, while the combined RBT specificity was 92% in goats and 80.5% in sheep. Using more than one diagnostic method is essential for screening and investigating brucellosis in goat and sheep populations. A combination of RBT and indirect ELISA tests is recommended to identify Brucella reactors among small ruminants in Indonesia
Effects of Vibration Sensor on Mitigation Risk of Halal Chicken Slaughtering System
Get PDFEnsuring compliance with halal standards in poultry slaughtering involves both following religious principles and implementing strict scientific and technological measures. Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides opportunities to enhance the reliability and objectivity of halal verification processes, particularly in identifying critical control points, such as animal death, specifically the death of chickens during the slaughter process, before entering the scalding stage. The present study aimed to design a halal risk mitigation system based on IoT, focusing on the critical point of complete chicken death, defined as the total absence of movement in the chicken after slaughter, through critical analysis. It is known that the stage between post-slaughter and pre-burning is the most crucial phase, where the highest risk is that the chicken has not entirely died due to ineffective slaughter. This system was developed using a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller connected to a vibration sensor or passive infrared sensor and was equipped with real-time notifications via the Thingspeak cloud dashboard, indicating the waiting time for complete death and the number of vibrations. Testing on 30 chickens demonstrated a detection accuracy of 92.5% compared to manual observations by halal auditors, with consistent performance across different environmental conditions. This system can detect the movement of chicken remains after slaughter in an average of 15 to 20 seconds, providing an early warning of potential halal violations rules. The current results demonstrated that the vibration sensor effectively facilitated the execution of halal slaughtering principles through an early-warning mechanism designed to prevent chickens from entering the scalding phase while still alive. This ensures the humane death of chickens and the regulation of halal critical control points in line with the Indonesian national standard for halal poultry slaughter
Effect of egg storage duration on hatchability and egg quality of Co Lung ducks
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of different egg storage durations on hatchability and internal egg quality of Co Lung duck eggs. A total of 10,000 eggs were incubated across five treatments representing different storage periods (T1: 1 day, T2: 3 days, T3: 5 days, T4: 7 days, T5: 10 days). Environmental data recorded at the storage site showed daily temperature variations from 26.4°C to 32.4°C and humidity ranging from 76.3% to 82.1%. Storage time significantly affected embryonic mortality, which increased from 4.8% (T1) to 11.5% (T5), and dead-in-shell rate, which rose from 2.1% to 5.4% (P < 0.01). Hatchability significantly declined from 78.5% (T1) to 68.7% (T5). Internal egg quality also deteriorated with prolonged storage (more than 5 days). The yolk index decreased from 0.41 to 0.34, albumen index from 0.05 to 0.02, and Haugh Unit from 83.5 to 69.2, indicating significant loss of freshness. Meanwhile, yolk ratio increased while albumen ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.05), suggesting moisture redistribution. No significant changes were observed in egg weight, shell thickness, or shell ratio. Overall, storage beyond 5 days led to reduced hatchability and poorer internal egg quality. Therefore, the optimal storage duration for Co Lung duck eggs is 3 to 5 days. Farmers and hatchery managers can incubate eggs within this period to maximize hatchability and freshness
Prevalence, Gross Pathology, and Histopathology of Marek’s Disease in Backyard Chickens in Northeastern Tunisia
No full textMarek’s disease (MD) is a common worldwide lymphomatous and neuropathic disease of chickens. Infection can cause significant losses in chicken production due to high mortality and morbidity. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of MD in backyard flocks in the Grand-Tunis region of northeastern Tunisia and to analyze clinical cases over an eight-year and three-month period, from September 2012 to December 2020. A total of 798 cases were received for necropsy examination in the avian clinic of the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. Among these, chicks suspected of having MD underwent clinical observation, postmortem examination, and histopathological analysis. The results showed that 61 chickens (7.64) were suspected to have MD. Clinical and postmortem examinations revealed different forms of MD including visceral (31 cases), mixed (20 cases), and nervous forms (10 cases). Postmortem examinations showed two types of lesions including hypertrophy and lymphomatous tumors. The highest frequencies of lesions were noted in the liver (74), spleen (62), sciatic nerves (48), lungs (36), and kidneys (31). Hypertrophy predominated in the spleen (49), sciatic nerves (48), liver (28), kidneys (25), lungs (21), proventriculus (18), and gonads (17). Conversely, lymphomatous tumors were more frequently observed in the liver (46), heart (23), lungs (15), and spleen (13). Histopathological investigations revealed pleomorphic infiltrations with lymphocytes and plasmocytes in visceral organs, sciatic nerves, and the skin. High histological scores were recorded in the liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and heart. The current study confirmed endemic MD in backyard chicken populations in Grand-Tunis région and confirmed that it can be a serious threat to poultry health in the study area. © The Author(s) 202
Antibody Responses in Pigs Induced by Inactivated Vaccine Against Streptococcus suis Formulated with Montanide ISA 201 and Montanide Gel 01 Adjuvants
No full textStreptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for streptococcosis, causing substantial economic losses in swine production worldwide. The present study evaluated the humoral immune response in 8-week-old Landrace pigs immunized with an inactivated autogenous S. suis vaccine formulated with either Montanide™ ISA 201 VG or Gel 01 adjuvants. A completely randomized experimental design assigned 12 male, 8-week-old Landrace male pigs to three groups. The control group received Montanide™ ISA 201 VG adjuvant without antigen (P1), the second group received antigen and Montanide™ ISA 201 VG (P2), and the third group received antigen and Montanide™ Gel 01 (P3). Vaccination was performed by intramuscular injection into the neck muscle using 4 mL of vaccine suspension. Serum samples from all groups were collected weekly for nine weeks post-vaccination, and antibody titers were quantified using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical parameters, including body temperature, behavioral changes, and weight gain, were monitored weekly for nine weeks. Both adjuvanted vaccine groups (P2 and P3) demonstrated significantly higher antibody titers compared to the control group, with no significant difference between adjuvant types. A progressive increase in antibody levels was observed from week one to week nine in Groups 2 and 3. No vaccine-associated adverse effects were noted. The S.suis vaccine formulated with either Montanide™ ISA 201 VG or Montanide™ Gel 01 adjuvants demonstrated a proper safety profile, with no adverse effects on health or growth performance, and was effective in stimulating strong antibody responses in Landrace pigs. The average antibody titer produced by the vaccine using Montanide™ ISA 201 VG was 0.404 ± 0.201, whereas the vaccine with Montanide™ Gel 01 achieved a titer of 0.404 ± 0.199. The adjuvants elicited comparable immune responses in pigs with no statistically significant difference in antibody titers. The present findings indicated that Montanide™ ISA 201 VG and Montanide™ Gel 01 adjuvants effectively enhanced the immunogenicity of inactivated S. suis vaccines in Landrace pigs. © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Morphological and Functional Characteristics of the Heart under Chronic Ischemic Injury Conditions Following the Use of Allogeneic Biomaterial in Rats
Get PDFOne of the scientific approaches to correcting fibrotic myocardium is the development of regenerative medicine methods, which involve tissue therapy. The present study aimed to identify morphological and functional changes in the fibrous myocardium of rats after cryoinjury and the use of allogeneic biomaterial. The study included 80 Wistar rats divided into two groups, the control and the experimental group. All rats underwent a thoracotomy under general anesthesia with Xylazine and Zolazepam, and a section of the left ventricle was frozen with a cooled metal stylet. In the experimental group, a repeated thoracotomy was performed 45 days after cryodestruction. An allogeneic biomaterial suspension, dispersed from an acellular extracellular matrix with a particle size of 50 to 80 μm, was then injected intracardially into the area of cryogenic myocardial necrosis at a dose of 3 mg per animal. Forty-five days after the allogenic biomaterial injection, the tolerance of rats to physical activity was assessed using the modified Porsolt test. After the tolerance test, the weight of the heart, the thickness of the left ventricular wall, the thickness of the scar, and the diameter of the damaged area were measured. Three myocardium samples were taken from each animal and processed for examination using a light microscope. Histological examination of the myocardium samples revealed an avascular scar. In the experimental group, the thickness of the muscular part was significantly higher than in the control group. Meanwhile, heart weight didn’t differ much between the control and experimental group. The exercise tolerance of rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group and did not differ significantly from the intact values. The presented results supported the allogeneic biomaterial’s positive influence on the rats’ myocardium structure that had undergone cryogenic destruction. © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Identification and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Camel Milk in Kenya
Get PDFSomali camel milk is a vital dietary component for pastoral communities in Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) such as Baringo, Marsabit, Isiolo, Madera, Wajir, and Garissa, due to its high nutritional value. Camel milk provides approximately 50 kcal per 100 mL and contains nearly 2-3 protein, 3-4 fat, and 4-5 carbohydrates. It is also a source of essential minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron) and vitamins (C, B, and A). Traditional fermenting of camel milk is practiced by pastoral communities to enhance its nutritional content, digestibility, and shelf life. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the antimicrobial potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the Somali breed of camel milk sourced from Mombasa, Isiolo, and Kajiado counties in Kenya. LAB from the milk samples was cultured on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, twenty-three cocci-shaped LAB isolates were selected for further analysis. All of the LAB isolates were positive for Gram staining and Triple Sugar Iron tests but negative for the catalase test. The LAB isolates showed no hemolytic activity and inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. One isolate also inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. Molecular analysis targeting 16S rRNA identified Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and leuconostoc pseudomesentroides among the isolates. The findings revealed fermenting and antimicrobial properties of LAB isolated from fermented milk derived from the Somali breed of camel. These LAB isolates were found to be potentially useful for the development of starter cultures in the production of probiotics. © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Transient Paralysis Associated with Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) in a Poultry Flock
Get PDFTransient paralysis (TP) is a non-neoplastic neurological disorder in poultry caused by Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV). It is characterized by temporary ataxia and paresis, primarily due to inflammatory damage in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than neoplastic transformation. The present study reported an outbreak of MDV-induced TP in a commercial 80,000 Lohmann LSL-Lite layer flock aged 95 days in Alborz Province, Iran, where affected hens exhibited sudden-onset paralysis and ataxia, with those that survived recovering spontaneously within three to five days without intervention. Although the flock had been vaccinated against MDV at hatch, neurological signs appeared at 95 days of age. Cerebellar samples were collected from ten clinically affected hens, including five collected postmortem from deceased chickens and five from live chickens that were humanely euthanized. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed infection with MDV field strains through strong amplification of pp38-Vir (1) and pp38-Vir (3) probes. In contrast, the CVI988 vaccine strain was not detected in samples collected at 95 days post-vaccination, which raised concerns regarding the quality of the vaccine and the proper administration of vaccination protocols. Histopathological examination of cerebellar tissues from three hens revealed vasogenic edema, perivascular cuffing, vasculitis, and widespread inflammatory cell infiltration. No evidence of tumor formation, mitotic activity, or neoplastic lymphoid proliferation was observed. These findings helped to distinguish TP from classical neoplastic Marek’s Disease. The present study highlighted the need for early and accurate differentiation of TP from other neurological disorders, such as ionophore toxicity, botulism, and vitamin deficiencies, given its transient condition. The occurrence of TP in a vaccinated flock emphasizes the complexity of MDV pathogenesis, possible shortcomings in vaccine efficacy or its application practices, and the need for improved immunization strategies and biosecurity measures. Early molecular diagnostics and histopathological evaluation are essential for managing MDV-induced TP and mitigating its impact on poultry farms
Efficacy of Azadirachta indica Extract against Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus in Broiler Chickens: Study on Oxidative Stress, Hematological and Immunological Parameters
Get PDFChicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is a significant immunosuppressive pathogen that compromises both cellular and humoral immune functions in poultry. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunosuppressive effects of neem liquid extract, acyclovir, and haemocare on CIAV infection by assessing hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, phagocytic activities, DNA damage, and bone marrow analysis. One hundred and five one-day-old broiler chickens of both sexes were divided into seven equal groups. Group 1 was the control; uninfected and untreated, Group 2 was infected intramuscularly (IM) with 1 mL (104.5 TCID50 /0.1 mL) of CIAV-infected cell culture supernatant per chicken at 12 days of age, Group 3 was pre-treated with acyclovir (10 mg/kg IM daily for three days) starting at 9 days of age, infected with 1 mL of CIAV-infected cells at 12 days of age, Group 4 was pre-treated with neem (50 mL/Liter) in drinking water from day one until the end of the experiment, infected with 1 mL of CIAV-infected cells at 12 days of age, and subsequently treated with acyclovir (10 mg/kg IM daily) for two weeks starting at 15 days of age after the appearance of clinical signs, Group 5 was pre-treated with neem (50 mL/Liter), infected with 1 mL of CIAV-infected cells, and then post-treated with neem and hemocare (5 mL per 100 chickens in drinking water) for two weeks, commencing from day 15, Group 6 was pre-treated with neem (50 mL/Liter), infected with CIAV, and post-treated with a combination of neem, acyclovir, and hemocare (5 mL per 100 chickens), and Group 7 was infected with CIAV and post-treated with acyclovir at 10 mg/kg IM daily for two weeks. The results indicated normocytic normochromic anemia, with decreased antioxidant and phagocytic activities, and increased DNA damage in thymus tissue in CIAV-infected chickens. In conclusion, pre- and post-treatment with neem liquid extract, either alone or combined with acyclovir and haemocare, improved hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, and phagocytic activities, while reducing DNA damage caused by CIAV infection in broiler chickens
Molecular Characterization of the Forficula tomis based on the Cytochrome C Oxidase I Gene
Get PDFThe ovine Earwigs of the genus Forficula play a significant role in agriculture and beekeeping, acting as pests and vectors of honey bee pathogens. Despite the ecological and agricultural significance, nucleotide sequences of the species Forficula tomis (F. tomis) are absent in genetic databases, which complicates its molecular identification. The present study aimed to perform the molecular characterization of the earwig F. tomis using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene fragment as a molecular marker. A total of 18 earwig specimens were hand-collected from Apis mellifera hives in the Tyumen region, Russia. During the cultivation, 9 adults were obtained, which were used in the present study. Morphological analysis confirmed that F. tomis is the predominant species of bee hives in the Tyumen region. Sequencing of the COI gene fragment made it possible to obtain a reference sequence of F. tomis, which, in phylogenetic analysis, formed a separate clade and demonstrated a significant genetic distance (up to 22.9%) with other representatives of the genus Forficula. The optimal species differentiation threshold for the group was 11.7%, which significantly exceeds the standard barcode gap (3%) and may indicate long-term evolutionary isolation or the presence of cryptic diversity. The obtained results expand the present understanding of the genetic structure of the genus Forficula and have practical significance for monitoring apiary pests, developing methods for molecular identification of bee pests, and understanding their role in the spread of pathogens