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Association Between Genetic Polymorphisms of Growth Hormone Gene and Egg Production Traits in Chickens: A Systematic Review
Get PDFChicken performance traits are affected by the chicken growth hormone (cGH) gene due to its essential part in metabolism and growth, and genetic polymorphisms may be useful as a genetic marker for growth traits. However, no comprehensive review provides information on the cGH polymorphisms and their correlation with egg production traits. The study systematically reviewed the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the growth hormone gene and their association with the chicken’s egg production traits. Four databases, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science, were used to search the literature where the keywords ‘growth hormone, single nucleotide polymorphisms, genetic variations, genetic effects, egg production traits, and chickens were the keywords during the literature search. The outcomes revealed that four articles published in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2018 were included. The results indicated that four SNPs (T185G, G662A, T3094C, and C3199T) were identified, with allelic frequencies ranging from 0.020 to 0.964 and genotypic frequencies ranging from 0.007 to 0.930. The findings indicated that some of the articles used more than one breed. The present reveiw revealed that egg number was found to be significantly associated with discovered genotypes six times, while body weight at first egg and egg weight at first egg were found to be significantly related to discovered genotypes four times. However, additional research is required to validate the identified SNPs. Furthermore, identified SNPs could serve as possible molecular markers to genetically improve egg production in chickens
Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Economic Aspects of Pekin Duck Growing in Dhamrai Area of Bangladesh
Get PDFWhite Pekin ducks are a valuable addition to the poultry industry in Bangladesh with their adaptability, rapid growth rate, and excellent meat quality. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance, meat quality, and socio-economic aspects of White Pekin ducks in the Dhamrai area of Bangladesh. The study was carried out between January and April 2024 by distributing a total of 250 one-day-old Pekin ducklings among 25 selected farmers. Farmers were chosen based on their willingness, capacity, and adequate housing facilities to observe the growth characteristics, carcass traits, and economic values of Pekin ducks. The farmers were mainly middle-aged (46 years) with an average family size of 4.16 and had farming experience of 9 years. Livestock and poultry rearing were the primary occupation for 72% of farmers, and Pekin duck farming was pursued for both household consumption and extra income. The ducks showed consistent growth, increasing from 53.17 g at day-old to 1812.82 g at 9 weeks, with an average daily gain of 82.97 g. At the marketing age (10 weeks), the average dressing percentage was 74. The carcasses of male and female ducks differed slightly in terms of organ and fat distribution, with males generally had heavier internal organs and giblets, while females had slightly higher fat (2.10%). The nutrient content of breast and thigh muscles showed differences in water and fat content, with males generally having a higher dry matter of 29.13%. The Benefit-Cost ratio of Pekin duck farming was 1.59; however, the majority of farmers faced constraints due to higher feed prices and a lack of quality ducklings for Pekin duck production. Therefore, improving management practices, biosecurity measures, and access to better inputs could enhance the profitability and sustainability of Pekin duck farming
Integrating Halal Management Systems and Control Points in Poultry Processing: A Transnational Compliance Case from Thailand to Malaysia
Get PDFHalal poultry production in Thailand is vital for strengthening its position in the global halal poultry market. The present study aimed to explore the strategic significance of halal management systems (HMS) and halal control points (HCPs) for the global halal poultry industry by investigating their application in Thailand and assessing compliance with Malaysian standards. The present study focused on certified Thai poultry slaughter and processing facilities located in Thailand and approved for export to Malaysia. Additionally, the present study explored the religious, technical, and institutional requirements compatible with poultry processing to fulfill the requirements of the Department of Veterinary Services and the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia. Employing a qualitative case study methodology that encompassed document analysis, in-depth interviews, and field observations, the present study identified eight critical HCPs immersed within a large 59-step operational process, focusing on key issues concerning animal welfare, ritual slaughter, hygiene, and prevention measures contamination. The integration of HMS and HCPs into the operational flow of poultry processing facilities required a structured approach, incorporating halal food-general requirements, the Malaysian protocol for halal meat and poultry production, and the Malaysian halal management. The present findings provided significant contributions to cross-border halal governance, supporting the development of a framework that enhances halal assurance in the international poultry processing industry and comprehensively addresses the halal poultry standards market
Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Domestic Pigeons: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Vaccination Strategies with Emphasis on Chitosan Nanoparticles
Get PDFNewcastle disease virus (NDV), also known as avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), is a highly contagious pathogen that affects most avian species, including domestic pigeons (Columba livia), leading to Newcastle disease (ND). The ND in pigeons is attributed to pigeon-specific strains of NDV, predominantly characterized by the emergence of pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1). This viral strain is specifically adapted to affect avian species, particularly within the pigeon population, resulting in distinct pathological features associated with the disease. The ND was correlated with severe respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal manifestations, resulting in elevated morbidity and mortality rates, which may reach up to 80%. The present study provided an updated overview of the pathogenesis, clinical and pathological features, and diagnostic approaches related to NDV infection in domestic pigeons worldwide. Conventional and modern vaccination strategies were discussed in the present study, with a focus on mucosal immunization. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (CS-NPs) have emerged as a promising vaccine delivery platform due to their compatibility with biological systems, strong adhesion to mucosal surfaces, and ability to enhance antigen stability and stimulate the immune response. The CS-NPs improved antigen uptake at mucosal surfaces in poultry and stimulated both humoral and cellular immune responses, which included activating cytotoxic T cells, producing cytokines, and secreting immunoglobulins at mucosal sites. The present review may contribute to the advancement of more effective and targeted vaccine strategies against NDV in pigeons and other avian species
Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistance Escherichia coli in Broiler Chicken Meat in Jember, Indonesia
Get PDFAntibiotic resistance has become one of the global health problems nowadays. Chicken meat is one of the largest food commodities in the world. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the bacteria that is often found in chicken meat. These bacteria are capable of being pathogenic in both animals and humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolated from broiler chicken meat in the study location. The E. coli utilized in this study were derived from 25 grams of chicken meat obtained from 30 samples procured from six markets within the Jember district. The resistance test method used was Kirby-Bauer with Mueller-Hinton media. The results of the study showed that 100 of chicken meat was contaminated with E. coli. All isolated E. coli from samples in the study were multidrug-resistant. E. coli was 100 resistant to cotrimoxazole and cefixime, 96.67 resistant to chloramphenicol and amoxicillin-clavulanic, 93.3 resistant to tetracycline, 90 resistant to ceftriaxone, and 80 resistant to azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. The minimum resistance profile to 5 types of antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was between 0.625�1. Thus, the study revealed a high risk of infection associated with the consumption of uncontrolled chicken meat. © (2025), (Scienceline Publication). All rights reserved
Measuring Symbolic Sophistication in Geometric Ornament: The Symmetry Complexity Index (SCI) and its Art Historical Validation in Islamic Geometric Patterns
No full textThis study introduces the Symmetry Complexity Index (SCI), a computational metric to quantify the symbolic sophistication of Islamic geometric patterns (IGPs). Grounded in group theory, the SCI assesses symmetry complexity through weighted operations, hypothesizing that higher scores reflect greater symbolic depth. We analyzed 41 IGPs from key Islamic dynasties (Umayyad to Mughal, 660–1737 CE) and validated the SCI through expert consultation (n = 5, r = 0.87, p < 0.001). The results revealed a clear evolutionary trend, with SCI scores rising from basic 6-point patterns (SCI = 40–50) in the Abbasid era to complex 16-point patterns (SCI = 70–85) during the Mamluk period, alongside notable regional variations, such as Mughal simplicity and Mamluk intricacy. The findings of this study highlight the SCI’s effectiveness in capturing historical developments in symbolic sophistication. This study recommends the broader application of the SCI for analyzing geometric ornamentation and exploring the relationship between decorative complexity and urban identity in Islamic architecture
Dietary leucaena leaves improve growth performance and carcass quality of Vietnamese goats
No full textThe experiment was conducted at a research farm for sixteen male goats, with an average body weight of 12.32 ± 0.14 kg. They were randomly allocated into 4 groups corresponding to 4 diets and fed individually. The diets were formulated to consist of 90% of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and 10% of concentrated feed as basal (in DM). Leucaena leaves were substituted at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of Guinea grass in four respective diets. A 2-week adaptation period was provided for the goats to the diets and feeding system before data collection. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass traits of goats differed significantly among the four diets (P < 0.05). The inclusion of leucaena leaves in the diets increased feed intake. As the levels of leucaena leaves in diets increased up to 30%, there were corresponding improvements in weight gain. Daily weight gain increased from 45 to 61 g/day and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased from 8.43 to 6.62 kg feed/kg gain. Higher leucaena inclusion improved carcass traits but did not affect loin meat quality. Economic analysis also indicated that including up to 30% leucaena leaves in the goats’ diet provides a profitable outcome for farmers. The economic impact increased with the rising levels of leucaena leaves in the goats' diet. It is recommended that leucaena leaves be utilized for goat raising in smallholder farming systems in Vietnam
Genetic factors related to the regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in industrial poultry farms
No full textThe purpose of the study was to examine the genetic mechanisms and regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated at industrial poultry farms. The methodology included the collection of 340 samples from industrial poultry production facilities in Kazakhstan, Latvia, and Turkey between 2022 and 2025. The isolated strains were serotyped, genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted, and the presence of the csgD, bcsA, adrA, rpoS, and fimA genes was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The level of gene expression was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the phenotypic ability to form biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet staining. The results showed the isolation of 238 Salmonella strains, including 124 S. enteritidis and 114 S. typhimurium. The highest contamination was recorded in slaughter lines, accounting for 43.3% of the total positive samples. The analysis showed varying Salmonella serotype prevalence across countries, with S. enteritidis dominant in Kazakhstan (45.9%), S. typhimurium in Latvia (64.7%), and a balanced distribution in Turkey. The analysis revealed a high prevalence of biofilm formation genes, particularly fimA (94.1%), while rpoS ranged from 66.7% to 85.5%. According to quantitative polymerase chain reaction data, the expression of csgD (P = 0.003), bcsA (P = 0.005), and adrA (P = 0.007) was significantly higher in S. typhimurium, indicating its greater potential for biofilm formation. The phenotypic assessment confirmed this: 65% of S. typhimurium were strong or very strong biofilm producers, compared with 45% in S. enteritidis (OD570: 1.42±0.15 and 0.97±0.12, respectively). The results can be practically applied in the development of sanitary control programmes, including the implementation of protocols for periodic assessment of biofilm-forming strains using qPCR screening. Based on the expression profile of key genes, criteria can be developed for selecting effective disinfectants (e.g., peroxide compounds or quaternary ammonium compounds) and for creating regulations targeting critical areas, such as poultry slaughterhouses and evisceration equipment
Evaluation of Zootechnical Performance of Muscovy Ducks in South Benin
No full textStudies on the zootechnical performance of Muscovy ducks are scarce in Benin. The current study aimed to evaluate the performance of these ducks in a controlled environment for a better valorization of potentialities. Data were collected from 193 ducks for growth performance, 30 ducks for egg-laying performance, and 71 eggs for egg characteristics of Muscovy ducks in South Benin. The ducks were raised in controlled conditions. At hatching, male and female ducks had similar weights and body measurements. From week 2 to week 68, males had significantly higher weight than females. Males had higher initial specific growth than females (0.52 vs 0.63 per week), while females were older than males regarding age inflection point (33.10 vs 25.98 weeks). In addition, males had longer bodies, wider thoraces, and longer tarsus than females. Regarding the wingspan, the difference between males and females was observed from week 8, with higher values in males. Individual feed intake and feed conversion ratio increased as the ducks grew older. In the first week, the individual feed intake was 20.08 g per day, and the feed conversion ratio was 1.51. After 20 weeks of age, Muscovy ducks consumed 136 g daily with a high feed conversion ratio of 26. The age of the first egg of Muscovy duck was 6.17 months, and the average number of eggs laid per brooding was 15.37 eggs. The brooding duration was 35.63 days, with a hatching rate of 73.06. The duckling’s survival rate at hatching was 95.28, of which 97.47 were weaned. The average weight of a duck egg was 63.56 g, and that of the shell was 8 g, while albumen and yolk amounted to 30.01 g and 23.86 g, respectively. Duck eggshell dominant color was white (60.5), followed by dirty white (26.31), and finally brown (13.64). These results on the zootechnical performance of the Muscovy duck can be considered a reliable basis for this species’ potential improvement in South Benin. © (2025), (Scienceline Publication). All rights reserved
Effects of Olive Leaf Extract on Growth Performance and Immunobiochemical Parameters in Turkey Poults
Get PDFOlive leaf extract (OLE) is known to have numerous bioactivities attributed to its high phenolic compound content. This study aimed to investigate the impact of OLE and Ceftriaxone on Escherichia coli (E. coli) in turkey poults. A total of 150 cloacal swabs were taken from turkey poults for isolation and identification of E. coli. Fifty-one-day-old turkey poults were divided into five equal groups. The first group served as the control, and the second group orally received 400 mg/kg body weight OLE daily for 35 days. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were infected with a culture suspension of E. coli O78 (0.3 ml, 3×107 organism/ml) via the nasal route. The third group was infected untreated. The fourth group was treated with 50 mg/Kg body weight of Ceftriaxone for 5 consecutive days. The fifth group received 400 mg/kg body weight of OLE from day to day 35 of age. Bacteriological examination revealed positive swabs in 18.18, 46.67, and 53.33 of healthy, diseased, and recently deceased poults, respectively. Serological identification of E. coli isolates included O157 (2), O78 (2), and O11 (1). Poults of the third group showed typical clinical signs, gross pathological changes such as congestion in various organs, and a 30 mortality rate. Additionally, significant reductions in body weight, weight gain, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed, alongside anemia, hypoproteinemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Conversely, significant increases were noted in the phagocytic index, killing percentage, total globulin, immunoglobulins, and the albumin/globulin ratio. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in FCR, leukocytic counts, lysosome, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-10, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Poults in the fourth and fifth groups showed fewer clinical signs, lower lesion scores, and reduced mortality rates. Additionally, there was a decrease in E. coli re-isolation, modulation of altered parameters, and improvement in pathological lesions compared to the infected, untreated poults. Both OLE and Ceftriaxone were found to modulate the haematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters, as well as mitigate performance changes and pathological lesions induced by E. coli infection in turkey poults. © (2025), (Scienceline Publication). All rights reserved