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Evaluation of surface lipids of sheep wool following dietary inclusion of emulsified fatty acid complex
No full textFatty acids, particularly ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9 play vital roles in sheep nutrition, but their influence on the protective properties of wool grease remained unclear. This study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation with an emulsified fatty acid complex on both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of wool surface lipids in adult Prekos ewes and their lambs. The experimental group received a water soluble emulsion containing linoleic, oleic, palmitic, arachidonic, stearic, and α linolenic acids incorporated into the basal diet. Wax content was determined via Soxhlet extraction, and sweat salts were measured by aqueous extraction. Lipid classes were separated by thin layer chromatography, and fatty acid profiles were quantified using gas liquid chromatography. Results indicate a significant increase in wax secretion in ewes (P < 0.01) and lambs (P < 0.05), along with a decrease in sweat pH among lambs (P < 0.05). In ewe wax, levels of lanosterol (P < 0.01) and esterified cholesterol (P < 0.05) were elevated; lamb wax exhibited increases in lanosterol (P < 0.05) and dehydrocholesterol (P < 0.05). Both ewes and lambs showed a reduction in polar lipid content (P < 0.05), suggesting diminished accumulation of oxidative products. Analysis of fatty acid composition in the ewe group revealed significant increases in cerotic (C26:0; P < 0.001), lauric (C12:0; P < 0.01), and oleic (C18:1; P < 0.01) acids. Therefore, dietary inclusion of an emulsified fatty acid complex enhances the protective properties of wool grease by modulating wax and fatty acid composition, with potential benefits for fiber integrity and resilience
Types and applications of innovative artificial intelligence in poultry farms
No full textThe poultry farming world-wide face many challenges that adversely affects the production proficiency. Finding the optimal balance humans and the automation efficiency is crucial to obtain a maximum profit. Besides, improving of poultry welfare and production efficiencies necessitate some advanced modern technologies. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and data-driven systems is regarded as an innovative solution to address many farm management problems. By the integration of AI, the industry has the opportunity to grow in terms of production quantity and poultry care quality with minimal added expense. Types of AI technology in poultry farms include machine learning techniques and robots. The machine learning technique decreases the need for big labeled data for training and helps in the transfer of knowledge, fast training, and better generalization on new tasks to enhance the performance parameters. This technique has different approaches such as Support Vector Machine, Single Shot MultiBox Detector, and Convolutional Neural Network that have a potential to reduce the labor and time and offer promising solutions for the rapid warning and accurate identification and differentiation of problems associated with poultry health. Moreover, innovative robots have been applied in poultry farms for monitoring, management, and environmental control as well as exploring of social dynamics. They are used in poultry farms for collections of eggs carcasses and eggs and transportation and slaughtering. Collectively, AI programs could be applied in poultry production for controlling environmental conditions, monitoring some behavioral conditions such as feeding, preventing some diseases, and correction of the hazardous usage of antibiotics with combating the increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance, and finally aiding in the rapid treatment. Therefore, this review highlights the types of AI models and their potential applications in poultry production
Surgical Correction of Anal Atresia in a 4-Day-Old Brown Swiss Calf
Get PDFA 4-day-old Brown Swiss calf was presented to a veterinary clinic in Huancayo, Peru, with congenital anal atresia. The condition was characterized by an absence of defecation, progressive abdominal distension, and a blind rectal pouch confirmed radiographically. Clinical examination revealed no anal opening, moderate tympany, and normal neurological function. Surgical correction was conducted under pre-anesthetic sedation using xylazine (0.2 mg/kg IM) and sacrococcygeal epidural anesthesia with lidocaine (0.5 mL/kg). A 12-cm vertical incision in the intertubercular ischiatic region exposed the distended rectal pouch, allowing for an end-to-cutaneous anastomosis with polyglactin 910 (Vicryl® 2–0). Subsequently, a 2–3 cm distal rectal incision was created to form a neoanus. The mucosal edges were sutured to the skin margins with interrupted simple stitches (Vicryl® 3–0), a technique aimed at preventing stenosis and maintaining a neoanal diameter of approximately 1.5–2 cm. Postoperative management included prophylactic penicillin. Within three hours of surgery, the calf passed impacted meconium, indicating the functional patency of the neoanus. Although the prognosis was favorable, the patient was closely monitored for five days to detect any signs of stricture or infection. This case illustrated the effectiveness of early surgical intervention in reestablishing gastrointestinal continuity in congenital anal atresia. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 202
Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Cats: A Comparative Review on Injection-Site and Non-Injection-Site Sarcomas
Get PDFMalignant tumors originating in connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin are considered soft tissue sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas represent between 7%-9% of malignant tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in cats. Among the sarcomas affecting cats, there is a specific group known as inoculation site-associated sarcomas. Sarcomas that do not occur at sites typically used for the injection of substances will be classified in this review as non-inoculation site-associated sarcomas. Fibrosarcoma is the most common histological type and accounts for 80–92% of soft tissue sarcomas in cats. The prevalence of non-inoculation site sarcomas in cats is 17 in 100,000, while the prevalence of inoculation site sarcomas is estimated to be between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 10,000 vaccinated cats. The present study aimed to compare the information present in the available literature in relation to the morphological characteristics, biological behavior, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of both inoculation site-associated and non-associated sarcomas in cats. A more complete understanding of these neoplasms and their differences is essential to deepen the understanding of their genesis and progression. A better understanding could lead to the development of more effective intervention strategies that improve the quality of life and survival of cats affected by these sarcomas
Physicochemical Properties of Cottage Cheese Produced Using Bromelain Enzyme Powder Derived from Ananas comosus
Get PDFLampung Province is a producer of canned pineapple in Indonesia. Waste from the pineapple canning process, in the form of cobs and skins, is used as a powdered bromelain enzyme. Bromelain enzyme is thought to have the same function as rennet in the cheese-making process. This study aimed to determine the effect of using bromelain enzyme from Ananas comosus on the physical quality (curd yield, hardness, and adhesiveness) and chemical quality (protein, fat, and moisture content) of cottage cheese. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment groups (0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, and 0.8% bromelain enzyme concentrations), each replicated five times. Results indicated that a bromelain concentration of 0.6% yielded the highest curd and cheese hardness, while a concentration of 0.7% produced the highest fat content and strongest adhesiveness. Additionally, a concentration of 0.8% resulted in the highest protein content, reducing the water content in the cheese. These findings suggest that bromelain enzyme concentrations between 0.6% and 0.8% are suitable for cheese production
Effect of Crescentia cujete (L.) Fruit Extract as a Thread-Coating Material for Suture Implant in Rat Skin
Get PDFThread coatings on suture implants are designed to enhance biocompatibility and biodegradability, supporting wound healing by reducing inflammation and accelerating collagen density. Ascorbic acid, an antioxidant found in specific coatings, can help to increase collagen density. One specific antioxidant is derived from the calabash fruit (Crescentia cujete-Linnaeus). Using a rat model, this study evaluated the effectiveness of calabash fruit extract (CFE) as a suture material for skin implants. The experiment was conducted with 16 female rats, each 12 months old and weighing 300 grams. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, including P1 (control), P2 (cannula), P3 (implanted with polydioxanone), and P4 (implanted with polydioxanone coated with 100% calabash fruit extract). The sutures were implanted on both the left and right sides of the rats' back skin. Skin samples were collected on days 3 and 7 and analyzed for histopathology, collagenization, and the immunoreactivity of interleukin-6 and fibroblast growth factor. Group P4 showed better histopathological score, collagenization, and the percentage of IL-6's immunoreactivity and FGF than the other groups. Histopathological analysis indicated reduced inflammation, smaller intradermal wound diameters, and increased fibroblasts and collagen density in P4 compared to P3 (the group with PDO without CFE coating). Additionally, P4 displayed better IL-6 and FGF immunoreactivity than the other groups. This study demonstrated that CFE can enhance skin quality following suture implantation. The significant benefits of CFE on skin histopathology, collagenization, IL-6, and FGF immunoreactivity offer promise for its potential applications in wound healing
Application of Plant-Based Dyes for Acrosomal Cap Visualization in Cauda Epididymal Spermatozoa of Bali Cattle
Get PDFThe cauda epididymis contains mature spermatozoa capable of fertilization, with acrosomal integrity being a crucial factor in their function. Damage to the acrosome impairs the viability and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. Conventional staining methods, such as Giemsa or fluorescence microscopy, are effective but less practical in low-resource settings. The present study aimed to evaluate damage to the acrosomal cap of cauda epididymal spermatozoa in Bali cattle and to assess the integrity of the acrosomal cap using Giemsa and natural dyes such as turmeric, beetroot, and areca nut extract. The present study utilized cauda epididymal spermatozoa from Bali cattle aged 3-4 years and weighing 316-412 kg. The study employed a completely randomized design with four treatments, each replicated 20 times. The treatments were Giemsa stain 100% (Control, P0), 10% Giemsa + 90% turmeric extract (P1), 10% Giemsa + 90% beetroot extract (P2), and 10% Giemsa + 90% areca nut extract (P3). Using Giemsa and natural dyes resulted in different colors of spermatozoa acrosomes. The P0 preparations exhibited a dark purple coloration, P1 appeared yellowish, corresponding to the turmeric pigment, and P3 appeared bluish, while P2 demonstrated no detectable staining on the slides. The acrosomal caps of spermatozoa in P0 were dark purple, those in P1 were yellowish, and those in P2 and P3 were unstained (Transparent or faint). The average acrosomal cap integrity was the highest in P0, followed in order by P1, P2, and P3. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that P1, P2, and P3 signified acrosomal cap integrity in cauda epididymal spermatozoa of Bali cattle. However, P1 produced the best results, showing a distinguishable color and the highest acrosomal cap integrity score (86.9 ± 2.0%). Beetroot and areca nut extracts produced weaker staining and lower acrosomal integrity values. Therefore, turmeric extract may serve as a practical, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative for acrosome evaluation in veterinary reproductive laboratories, particularly in resource-limited settings
Assessment of Active LaSota and Inactivated Vaccines and Their Nucleotide Sequence Homology on the Virulence of Wild-type Newcastle Disease Genotype VIIi Virus
Get PDFMany vaccines are commercially available to prevent Newcastle Disease (ND) in chickens, but the disease is still endemic in many countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ND vaccines in vivo and to analyze the nucleotide sequence similarity between the vaccines and the wild-type virus encountered in the field, as well as the underlying reasons for vaccination failures against ND in chickens. One hundred laying Isabrown hens, aged 22 weeks with an average weight of 1.75 kg, from two farms (Farm A and B) in Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia, served as experimental animals. All laying hens had previously been vaccinated four times orally with LaSota vaccines (Farm A) and alternately with LaSota and inactive ND vaccines (Farm B). They were then given a booster vaccination orally with live LaSota (Farm A) and intramuscularly with an inactive vaccine (Farm B). Sera samples were collected every week for four weeks in Farm A and for five weeks in Farm B, and the antibody titers were examined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The genotypes of the field isolates were determined through sequencing and bioinformatics analysis using MEGA 7. The mean log2 antibody titers for hens vaccinated with the LaSota vaccine were 7.2 HI units before vaccination, 7.3 HI units at one week post-vaccination, 8.1 HI units at two weeks post-vaccination, and 7.9 HI units at three weeks post-vaccination. In contrast, the mean log2 antibody titers for those vaccinated with the inactive NDV vaccine were 6.4 HI units at pre-vaccination, 7.3 HI units at one week, 5.5 HI units at two weeks, 5.0 HI units at three weeks, and 5.8 HI units at four weeks post-vaccination. The NDV-LaSota vaccine illustrated 80-81% similarity to a recent ND virus isolate from chickens in Bali (ND/chicken/GAYK01/Penebel Bali/2023), while inactive vaccines exhibited 96-98% similarity. Thus, vaccines were closely related to the Bali virus, whereas the active vaccine was less similar. Based on antibody responses and homology levels, the inactive NDV vaccine induced stronger protective immunity against NDV field isolates than the Active LaSota vaccine
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Commercial Chickens of Bangladesh: Species Identification with Age and Seasonal Associations
Get PDFCoccidiosis is one of the most economically significant diseases in the poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses through treatment costs, reduced growth rates, and decreased body weight gain. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of different Eimeria (E.) species in commercial chickens and to assess age-specific and seasonal patterns of coccidiosis. A total of 595 chicken fecal samples were randomly collected from three different chicken types, namely broiler breeds (n = 227), layer breeds (n = 205), and Sonali (a dual-purpose crossbred, n = 163) chickens between April 2022 and March 2023, across 27 different farms in the Pirojpur district of Bangladesh. The farms were selected for sampling based on the presence of chickens having clinical signs such as diarrhea, decreased feed consumption, impaired weight gain, lameness, and increased mortality. After sacrificing the suspected chickens, the intestine was carefully inspected and examined for gross pathological lesions. Mucosal scrapings from different intestinal segments and fecal samples were analyzed microscopically for the presence of oocysts using standard parasitological methods. The identification of different Eimeria species was conducted based on the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the oocysts. The result revealed that the overall prevalence of coccidiosis was 13.78%. Among the chicken types, Sonali demonstrated the significantly highest prevalence (21.47%), followed by layers (13.66%) and broilers (8.37%). Five different Eimeria species were identified, with E. tenella (45.12%) being the most prevalent, followed by E. acervulina (18.29%), E. maxima (15.85%), E. brunetti (10.98%), and E. necatrix (9.76%). No significant influence of age or season on coccidiosis prevalence was observed in broiler and layer chickens. In Sonali chickens, the prevalence of coccidiosis increased significantly with age, while no significant effects of season were observed. It has been concluded that the total prevalence of coccidiosis was 13.78%, with Sonali chickens exhibiting the highest prevalence. Five distinct species of Eimeria were identified, with E. tenella being the most common species. Furthermore, no effects of season and age on prevalence of Eimeria species were observed, except for Sonali chickens, where the prevalence increased with age
Obtaining High Yields of Bacillus species During Solid-State Fermentation of Plant Raw Materials for Use as a Feed Additive
Get PDFBacillus spp. are a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy and are most suitable for use as probiotic feed additives to improve the growth and productivity of farm animals. The present study aimed to establish culture conditions suitable for the maximal production of probiotic bacteria spores and enzymes of Bacillus subtilis IMB-73 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IMB-79 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) of wheat bran, soybean flour, and cilantro. The tested lignocellulosic materials ensured rapid and abundant growth of bacilli; however, wheat bran proved to be the most suitable growth substrate, yielding the highest spore counts of 5.1 × 1011/g and 5.5 × 1011/g in the cultivation of B. amyloliquefaciens IMB-79 and B. subtilis IMB-73, respectively. Supplementation of an additional nitrogen source to the wheat bran medium resulted in a significant increase in spore productivity. In particular, peptone at a concentration of 67 mg/g substrate provided the maximum spore yield in the fermented product. Both strains secreted high endoglucanase and xylanase activities in the SSF of wheat bran. Additional nitrogen sources slightly suppressed the secretion of enzymes during the SSF of wheat bran by B. subtilis IMB-73 but increased cellulase activity in cilantro SSF by approximately 2-5 times. The ease of production and the high spore yield achieved by scaling up production in polypropylene bags demonstrated the feasibility of using the developed technology for commercialization on local agricultural farms