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ADAPTIVE TRIMMED MEAN AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR REDUCTION OF POISSON NOISE IN SCINTIGRAPHIC IMAGES
Get PDFA 2-D Adaptive Trimmed Mean Autoregressive (ATMAR) model has been proposed for denoising of medical images corrupted with poisson noise. Unfiltered images are divided into smaller chunks and ATMAR model is applied on each chunk separately. In this paper, two 5x5 windows with 40% overlapping are used to predict the center pixel value of the central row. The AR coefficients are updated by sliding both windows forward with 60% shift. The same process is repeated to scan the entire image for prediction of a new denoised image. The Adaptive Trimmed Mean Filter (ATMF) eradicates the lowest and highest variations in pixel values of the ATMAR model denoised image and also average out the remaining neighborhood pixel values. Finally, power-law transformation is applied on the resultant image of the ATMAR model for contrast stretching. Image quality is judged in terms of correlation, Mean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the image with latest denoising techniques. The proposed technique showed an efficient way to scale down poisson noise in scintigraphic images on a pixel-by-pixel basis
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT WITH CASCADED MULTILEVEL CONVERTER BASED STATCOM
Get PDFStatic synchronous compensators (STATCOM) are increasingly implemented in power systems. Moreover, cascaded multilevel converters (CMC) are more frequently taken in consideration because of their strong capabilities. In this paper, the design and simulation of a multilevel STATCOM for voltage regulation of load is presented. Design of the passive components, active and reactive power controller, and balancer of capacitor voltage are parts of proposed system design. The pole placement method was used for the design of the controller. Simulation results with MATLAB/SIMULINK show good performance of voltage regulation in full load and dynamic load conditions. ABSTRAK: Penyelaras pengimbang statik (STATCOM) semakin dilaksanakan dalam sistem kuasa. Selain itu, penukar pelbagai aras tingkatan (CMC) lebih diutamakan kerana mempunyai banyak kelebihan. Dalam kajian ini, reka bentuk dan simulasi bertingkat STATCOM bagi pelbagai voltan beban dibentangkan. Reka bentuk komponen pasif, penyelenggara kuasa aktif dan reaktif dan pengimbang voltan kapasitor adalah sebahagian daripada sistem yang dicadangkan. Bagi reka bentuk penyelenggara, kaedah penempatan titik telah digunakan. Hasil simulasi melalui MATLAB/SIMULINK menunjukkan keputusan yang baik pada regulasi voltan pada beban penuh dan pada keadaan beban dinamik
A SINGLE LC TANK BASED ACTIVE VOLTAGE BALANCING CIRCUIT FOR BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Get PDFA single series resonant converter has been designed to balance the voltage level of nowadays, battery operated vehicles and machine power tools are becoming popular due to their simple and compact structure, low operating and maintenance costs, moreover renewable energy utilization facility etc. In order to obtain the necessary operating voltage and current of these devices, many electric cells are combined together in series and parallel combination. A series battery balancing circuit can be used to improve the efficiency of each cell charging and discharging process and consequently increase the lifespan of it. A battery management system (BMS) needs an efficient balancing circuit. This paper presents a high-speed single LC-tank DC to DC converter based electric cell balancing schemes. Since the supercapacitors are equivalent of rechargeable battery; in this research two supercapacitors have been used instead of rechargeable batteries. The voltage balance has been maintained by charging and discharging the supercapacitors through a single LC-tank circuit. As a result, the overall voltage balancing time has been reduced and improved the circuit performance. Experimental result shows that the proposed balancing circuit can reduce the voltage difference between the two supercapacitors from 350 mV to 0 V in 284 seconds, which is less time than the existing system
STUDY OF MESH QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR CFD ANALYSIS OF AN AIRFOIL
Get PDFABSTRACT: Airfoils generate lift in engineering applications such as for airplanes, wind turbines, automotive spoilers, etc. For accurate CFD analysis of airfoils, the quality of the mesh is of paramount importance, especially when dealing with turbulent flows commonly encountered in real life applications. Currently there are different tools that are available to improve the quality of the mesh required for CFD studies. This paper describes a study to assess the significant of the quality of the mesh on CFD analyses of NACA 23012 airfoil by using selected open source tools. The turbulence is modeled using the well-known k-ω Shear Stress Transport model. For validation, results have been compared with experimental datasets which were obtained from “TAG Stuttgart #1†tunnel.
ABSTRAK: Sayap pesawat dapat menghasilkan daya angkat dalam aplikasi kejuruteraan seperti kapal terbang, turbin angin, spoiler automotif, dan sebagainya. Kualiti pada jaringan adalah amat penting bagi mendapatkan analisa CFD yang tepat pada sayap pesawat, terutamanya apabila berhadapan situasi aliran turbulen sebenar. Pada masa ini terdapat pelbagai perisian bagi meningkatkan mutu jaringan dalam kajian CFD. Kertas kerja ini membentangkan satu kajian bagi menilai kepentingan kualiti jaringan pada analisis CFD bagi sayap pesawat NACA 23012 dengan menggunakan sumber terpilih perisian terbuka. Model turbulen dibangunkan mengguna pakai model k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) yang terkenal. Bagi pengesahan, keputusan uji kaji telah dibandingkan dengan set data yang diperoleh dari terowong "TAG Stuttgart #1â€.
SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL FABRICS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES
Get PDFABSTRACT: Recently, there is a strengthening requirement for antimicrobial fabrics that are resistant to pathogens, offer greater hygiene, and are protective in an active lifestyle. Synthetic compounds have been applied to impart antimicrobial properties to the fabrics. In this paper, synthetic antimicrobial agents, namely quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), triclosan, and N-halamine are discussed along with their mechanisms of action. Research has been done on synthetic antimicrobial treatment of fabrics; the tested microorganisms used to determine their efficiency and durability are summarized. It is also found that although synthetic antimicrobial agents have excellent strength to kill the microorganisms, some of these antimicrobial agents are harmful and have adverse effects on the environment, safety, and health. Identification of these problems will provide future challenges to overcome and improve the techniques used for antimicrobial treatment of the fabrics. Based on the infromation presented herein, it is recommended that subsequent studies should consider the use of antimicrobial agents that are either obtained from plant sources or from microorganisms. On the other hand, nanotechnlogy should be explored for production of antimicrobial agents in further studies based on its potential to facilitate the production of environmentally benign antimicrobial agents.
ABSTRAK: Kebelakangan ini, permintaan terhadap fabrik antimikrobial bagi mencegah jangkitan patogen, penjagaan kebersihan dan perlindungan bagi gaya hidup yang aktif semakin meningkat. Sebatian sintetik telah diguna pakai bagi menambah sifat antimikrobial pada fabrik. Di dalam artikel ini, agen antimikrob sintetik yang dinamakan sebagai sebatian ammonium kuater (QAC), polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), triclosan dan N-halamine serta mekanisma tindak balasnya telah dibincangkan. Penyelidikan telah dijalankan terhadap fabrik yang dirawat menggunakan agen antimikrob sintetik. Mikroorganisma yang digunakan bagi menentukan kecekapan dan daya tahan turut diringkaskan. Keputusan menunjukkan agen antimikrobial sintetik mempunyai tindak balas yang sangat baik untuk membunuh mikroorganisma, namun sebahagian agen antimikrobial ini berbahaya dan mempunyai kesan buruk terhadap alam sekitar, keselamatan dan kesihatan. Melalui kaedah kenal pasti masalah, ia dapat memberi solusi dan membaiki teknik rawatan antimikrobial pada fabrik pada masa hadapan. Hasil keputusan dan perbincangan menunjukkan kajian seterusnya harus menimbang penggunaan agen antimikrobial yang diperoleh dari sumber tumbuhan. Selain itu, nanoteknologi harus diterokai bagi pengeluaran agen antimikrobial berdasarkan potensinya yang mesra alam
Editorial
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IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL
CHIEF EDITOR
Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia
LANGUAGE EDITOR
Lynn Mason, Malaysia
COPY EDITOR
Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia
Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia
Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia
Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohamed B. Trabia, United States
Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, IIUM, Malaysia
Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nor Farahidah Binti Za'bah, IIUM, Malaysia
Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia
Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia
AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL
The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (no page charge). Book reviews, reports of and/or call for papers of conferences, symposia and meetings, and advances in research equipment could also be published in IIUM Engineering Journal with minimum charges.
REFEREES’ NETWORK
All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments.
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<![if !vml]><![endif]>A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website: http://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal. Further correspondence on the status of the paper could be done through the journal website and the e-mail addresses of the Executive Editor: [email protected] Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: (603) 6196 4529, Fax:(603) 6196 4488.
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
A. Anwar, United States
Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia
Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia
Hany Ammar, United States
Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria
K.B. Ramachandran, India Kunzu Abdella, Canada
Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France M Mujtaba, United Kingdom
Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland Mohamed B Trabia, United States
Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Nazmul Karim
Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Published by: IIUM Press,
International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6196-5014, Fax: (+603) 6196-6298
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Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement.
IIUM Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860
Volume 19, Issue 1, June 2018
https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i1
Table of Content
CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING
ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS AND RESIDUAL OIL FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT USING A NOVEL ADSORBENT OF ALGINATE AND MANGROVE COMPOSITE BEADS COATED WITH CHITOSAN IN A PACKED BED COLUMN... 1
Rana Jaafar Jawad, Mohd Halim Shah Ismail, Shamsul Izhar Siajam
INVESTIGATION OF BIOFLOCCULANT AS DEWATERING AID IN SLUDGE TREATMENT........................................ 15
Mohammed Saedi Jami, Maizirwan Mel, Aysha Ralliya Mohd Ariff, Qabas Marwan Abdulazeez HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM ETHANOL DRY REFORMING OVER LANTHANIA-PROMOTED CO/AL2O3 CATALYST............................. 24
Fahim Fayaz, Nguyen Thi Anh Nga, Thong Le Minh Pham, Huong Thi Danh, Bawadi Abdullah, Herma Dina Setiabudi, Dai-Viet Nguyen Vo
OPTIMIZATION OF RED PIGMENT PRODUCTION BY MONASCUS PURPUREUS FTC 5356 USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY......................................................... 34
Nor Farhana Hamid And Farhan Mohd Said
PRODUCTION AND STABILITY OF MYCO-FLOCCULANTS FROM LENTINUS SQUARROSULUS RWF5 AND SIMPLICILLIUM OBCLAVATUM RWF6 FOR REDUCTION OF WATER TURBIDITY.............................................................................. 48
Nessa Jebun, Md. Zahangir Alam, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Raha Ahmad Raus
ROLE OF SUBSTRATE BINDING ON THE PROTEIN DYNAMICS OF AN ENDOGLUCANASE FROM FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES .............................................................307
Abdul Aziz Ahmad, Ibrahim Ali Noorbatcha, Hamzah Mohd. Salleh
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
DIMINISHING SEISMIC EFFECT ON BUILDINGS USING BEARING ISOLATION....................................................... 59
A. B. M. Saiful Islam
ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
A DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS.................................................................................. 72
Seyed Mohammad Bagher Musavi Shirazi, Maryam Sabet, Mohammad Reza Pajoohan
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT WITH CASCADED MULTILEVEL CONVERTER BASED STATCOM................. 91
Mahdi Heidari, Abdonnabi Kovsarian, S. Ghodratollah Seifossadat
THE EFFECTS OF CABLE CHARACTERISTICS ON MAXIMUM OVERVOLTAGE IN COMBINED
OVERHEAD/CABLE LINES PROTECTED BY SURGE ARRESTERS.............................................................................. 104
Reza Alizadeh, Mohammad Mirzaie
SMART PORTABLE CRYOTHERAPY SYSTEM REPHRASED I.E. WITH CONTROLLED THERMOELECTRIC
COOLING MODULES FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS................................................................................................ 117
Abbas Rahmani, Reza Hassanzadeh Pack Rezaee, Naser Kordani
STATIC PIPELINE NETWORK PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION USING DUAL INTERLEAVE ROUTING ALGORITHM 129
Siva Kumar Subramaniam1, Shariq Mahmood Khan, Anhar Titik, Rajagopal Nilavalan
A MODIFIED MODEL BASED ON FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM AND K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR FOR DIAGNOSING DISEASES........................................................................ 144
Mehdi Zekriyapanah Gashti
A SINGLE LC TANK BASED ACTIVE VOLTAGE BALANCING CIRCUIT FOR BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .158
A K M Ahasan Habib, S. M. A. Motakabber, Muhammad Ibn. Ibrahimy, A. H. M. Zahirul Alam
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED SCIENCE
ON THE CONTROL OF HEAT CONDUCTION.......................................... 168
Fayziev Yusuf Ergashevich
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING SAGO (METROXYLON SAGU) VIA AUTOCLAVING METHOD......178
Aliyah Jamaludin, Che Ku Mohammad Faizal
EFFECT OF ALKALINE TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF RATTAN WASTE AND FABRICATED BINDERLESS PARTICLEBOARD....185
Zuraida Ahmad, Maisarah Tajuddin, Nurul Farhana Fatin Salim, Zahurin Halim
AMORPHOUS STRUCTURE IN CU-ZN-V-AL OXIDE COMPOSITE CATALYST FOR METHANOL REFORMING..... 197
Mohd Sabri Mahmud, Zahira Yaakob, Abu Bakar Mohamad, Wan Ramli Wan Daud, Vo Nguyen Dai Viet
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM) WITH NICKEL ADDED DIELECTRIC FLUID....215
Ahsan Ali Khan, Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, A K M Mohiuddin, Nurfatihah Abdul Fattah, Mohd Radzi Che Daud
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF DURIAN SKIN NANOFIBRE BIOCOMPOSITE.......................................... 233
Siti Nur E’zzati Mohd Apandi, Hazleen Anuar, Siti Munirah Salimah Abdul Rashid
MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
A REVIEW ON RHEOLOGY OF NON-NEWTONIAN PROPERTIES OF BLOOD....................................................... 237
Esmaeel Fatahian, Naser Kordani, Hossein Fatahian
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL OIL-ALUMINA AND WATER-.......................... 250
Hossein Fatahian, Hesamoddin Salarian, Majid Eshagh Nimvari, Esmaeel Fatahian
A PARAMETRIC STUDY ON CONTROL OF FLOW SEPARATION OVER AN AIRFOIL IN INCOMPRESSIBLE REGIME....270
Lakshmanan Prabhu, Jonnalagadda Srinivas
OPTIMIZATION OF BOX TYPE GIRDER WITH AND WITHOUT INDUSTRIAL CONSTRAINTS................................ 289
Muhammad Abid, Shahbaz Mahmood Khan, Hafiz Abdul Waji
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM) WITH NICKEL ADDED DIELECTRIC FLUID
Get PDFIn this study, the effect of nickel powder mixed dielectric fluid on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) performance of mild steel has been carried out. Peak current, tool/electrode diameter and concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (SR). The experiment has been designed using a Full Factorial in Design of Experiment (DOE) software. The research outcome is to identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR and minimize TWR and SR. The experiment has been carried out using 2 levels of current (3.5 A and 6.5 A), tool diameters (14 mm and 20 mm) and Nickel powder concentrations (0 g/l and 6 g/l). The weight of the mild steel work piece and copper electrode are measured before and after each run. Based on the results, current is the most significant parameter affecting MRR, TWR, and SR. It was also found that with added nickel powder in the dielectric fluid, the tool life is longer and surface roughness of the work piece is improved. Furthermore, it was shown that both MRR and TWR increased with the increase in tool diameter. However, SR was improved as tool diameter increased but its effect was not very significant. ABSTRAK: Dalam kajian ini, mutu keberhasilan campuran serbuk nikel cecair dielektrik pada Sisa Mesin Elektrik (EDM) ke atas besi ringan telah dijalankan. Arus tertinggi, alat/diameter elektrod dan ketumpatan serbuk adalah parameter kawalan. Pencapaian proses diukur dari segi kadar penyingkiran bahan (MRR), kadar penggunaan alat (TWR) dan kekasaran permukaan (SR). Eksperimen ini direka bentuk dengan menggunakan perisian Faktorial Penuh dalam Rekaan Eksperimen (DOE). Hasil kajian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kepentingan parameter kawalan yang mengoptimumkan MRR, meminimumkan TWR dan SR. Eksperimen ini dijalankan pada 2 peringkat arus elektrik (3.5 A dan 6.5 A), diameter alat (14 mm dan 20 mm) dan ketumpatan serbuk nikel (0 g/l and 6 g/l). Berat bahan uji seperti besi ringan dan elektrod tembaga diukur pada sebelum dan selepas setiap ujian. Berdasarkan keputusan, arus elektrik adalah faktor paling ketara yang mempengaruhi MRR, TWR, dan kekasaran permukaan. Turut didapati pada setiap pertambahan serbuk Nikel ke dalam cecair dielektrik, jangka hayat alat turut bertambah dan kekasaran permukaan pada bahan uji turut bertambah baik. Selain itu, kedua-dua MRR dan TWR bertambah dengan setiap pertambahan diameter alat. Sebaliknya, kekasaran permukaan bertambah baik dengan pertambahan diameter alat tetapi kesannya tidak ketara
EVALUATION OF THE ROUTING METIRC W-METRIC USED WITH RPL PRTOCOL IN LLNS
No full textABSTRACT: The current de-facto routing protocol over Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN) developed by the IETF Working Group (6LOWPAN), is named as Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks (RPL). RPL in the network layer faces throughput challenges due to the potential large networks, number of nodes, and that multiple coexisting applications will be running in the same physical layer. In this study, a node metric for RPL protocol based on the node’s Queue Backlogs is introduced, which leads to a better throughput performance while maintaining the delay and the ability to use with different network applications. This metric depends on the length of Packet Queue of the nodes with the consideration of other link and node metrics, like ETX or energy usage, leading to better load balancing in the network. To implement and evaluate the proposed metric compared to other RPL metrics, ContikiOS and COOJA simulator are used. Extensive simulations have been carried out in a systematic way resulting in a detailed analysis of the introduced metric namely W-metric, expected transmission count (ETX) and objective function zero (OF0) that uses hop-count as a routing metric. The analysis and comparison are based on five performance parameters, which are throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), latency, average queue length, and power consumption. Simulation results show that the introduced W-metric has a good performance compared to other RPL metrics with regards to performance parameters mentioned above. At the same time, the results show that its latency performance is comparable with other RPL routing metrics. In a sample simulation of 500 seconds with 25 nodes and with nodes sending packets periodically to the network root at a rate of 1 packet per 4 seconds, W-metric showed a very efficient throughput of 5.16 kbps, an increase of 8.2% compared to ETX. Results showed that it has a packet delivery ratio of 93.3%, which is higher compared to 83.3% for ETX and 74.2% for OF0. Average queue length of 0.48 packet shows improvement of 15.8% better than ETX. In addition, it exhibits an energy consumption of 5.16 mW which is 2.1% less than ETX. Overall, W-metric appears to be a promising alternative to ETX and OF0 as it selects routes that are more efficient by working on load balancing of the network and by considering the link characteristics.
ABSTRAK: Protokol penghalaan de-facto semasa ke atas Rangkaian Kekuatan Rendah dan Lossy yang dibangunkan oleh Kumpulan Kerja IETF (6LOWPAN), dinamakan Protokol Penghalaan untuk Kekuatan Rendah dan Rugi (RPL). RPL dalam lapisan rangkaian menghadapi cabaran throughput berikutan jangkaan rangkaian besar, bilangan nod dan aplikasi berganda bersama akan diproses dalam lapisan fizikal yang sama. Dalam kajian ini, satu metrik nod untuk protokol RPL berdasarkan pada Backend Queue node diperkenalkan, yang membawa kepada prestasi yang lebih baik sambil mengekalkan kelewatan dan keupayaan untuk digunakan dengan aplikasi rangkaian yang berbeza. Metrik ini bergantung pada panjang Packet Queue dari node dengan pertimbangan metrik lain dan nodus lain, seperti ETX atau penggunaan tenaga, yang mengarah kepada keseimbangan beban yang lebih baik dalam rangkaian. Untuk melaksanakan dan menilai metrik yang dicadangkan berbanding metrik RPL lain, ContikiOS dan COOJA simulator telah digunakan. Simulasi meluas telah dijalankan dengan cara yang sistematik yang menghasilkan analisis terperinci mengenai metrik yang diperkenalkan iaitu W-metrik, kiraan penghantaran dijangkakan (ETX) dan fungsi objektif sifar (OF0) yang menggunakan kiraan hop sebagai metrik penghalaan. Analisis dan perbandingan adalah berdasarkan lima parameter prestasi, iaitu throughput, nisbah penghantaran paket (PDR), latency, panjang panjang antrian, dan penggunaan kuasa. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahawa W-metrik yang diperkenalkan mempunyai prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding dengan metrik RPL lain berkaitan dengan parameter prestasi yang dinyatakan di atas. Pada masa yang sama, hasil menunjukkan bahawa prestasi latency W-metrik adalah setanding dengan metrik penghalaan RPL yang lain. Dalam simulasi sampel 500 saat dengan 25 nod dan dengan nod yang menghantar paket secara berkala ke akar rangkaian pada kadar 1 paket setiap 4 saat, W-metrik menunjukkan keluaran yang sangat efisien iaitu 5.16 kbps, peningkatan sebanyak 8.2% berbanding ETX. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ia mempunyai nisbah penghantaran paket 93.3%, yang lebih tinggi berbanding 83.3% untuk ETX dan 74.2% untuk OF0. Purata panjang giliran 0.48 packet menunjukkan peningkatan 15.8% lebih baik daripada ETX. Di samping itu, ia mempamerkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 5.16 mW iaitu 2.1% kurang daripada ETX. Secara keseluruhan, W-metrik nampaknya menjadi alternatif yang berpotensi menggantikan ETX dan OF0 kerana ia memilih laluan yang lebih cekap dengan bekerja pada keseimbangan beban rangkaian dan dengan mempertimbangkan ciri-ciri pautan
ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS AND RESIDUAL OIL FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT USING NOVEL ADSORBENT OF ALGINATE AND MANGROVE COMPOSITE BEADS COATED BY CHITOSAN IN A PACKED BED COLUMN
Get PDFIn this study, a novel adsorbent was prepared, namely alginate and mangrove composite beads coated with chitosan (AMCBCC), and performed well to remove heavy metals and residual oil from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using continuous adsorption studies in a fixed bed column under different bed heights. Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models were applied to predict the breakthrough curve and to compute the characteristic parameters such as maximum capacity and the time required for 50% of adsorbate breakthrough. It was found that the total removal percentage of iron ions, zinc ions, and residual oil were 26.75%, 76.74%, and 83% respectively at pH 3, and a bed height 27 cm. Both models can well describe the breakthrough curve of heavy metals and residual oil. These results indicated that AMCBCC can be used to remove heavy metals and residual oil from industrial wastewater. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini menyediakan tentang penjerap baharu iaitu alginat dan manik komposit bakau bersalut kitosan (AMCBCC), berfungsi menyingkirkan logam berat dan sisa minyak daripada efluen kilang minyak sawit (POME) dengan sempurna, menggunakan kajian penjerapan berterusan dalam lapisan lajur tetap pada ketinggian berbeza. Model Thomas dan Yoon-Nelson telah digunakan bagi meramal lengkungan terbaik dan mengira parameter cirian seperti keupayaan maksimum dan tempoh diperlukan bagi 50% lengkungan terbaik penjerap. Jumlah peratusan penyingkiran ion besi, ion zink, dan sisa minyak masing-masing sebanyak 26.75%, 76.74%, dan 83% pada pH 3, dan pada ketinggian lapisan 27 cm. Kedua-dua model mampu menggambarkan lengkungan terbaik bagi logam berat dan sisa minyak dengan sempurna. Dapatan ini menunjukkan AMCBCC sesuai digunakan bagi menyingkirkan logam berat dan sisa minyak daripada air sisa industri
INVESTIGATION OF BIOFLOCCULANT AS RENEWABLE DEWATERING AID IN SLUDGE TREATMENT
No full textSludge treatment is one of the most important and expensive steps in water and wastewater treatment plants. Chemical conditioners such as polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, Fenton’s reagent, gypsum, and polyacrylamide can produce byproducts that cause health and environmental problems. Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds can be used as a natural alternative to chemical conditioners. The bioactive materials have to be extracted from MO seeds for better performance. In this study, the treatment methods of MO seeds were the bioactive extraction by NaCl (1 M) and oil extraction by hexane solvent, as well as the untreated (crude) seeds powder. Synthetic sludge samples were prepared using kaolin suspension (5% w/v). The most effective coagulant-form was determined based on the values of settling velocity (Vs) and sludge volume index (SVI). Results showed that extraction by NaCl gave the best results of 0.41 cm/min of settling velocity and 63.39 ml/g of SVI. A SVI value greater than 150 ml/g indicates poor settling qualities whereas the control sludge of the current study was 100 ml/g. The most effective coagulant-form was optimized with respect to three process conditions: MO seeds dosage, mixing speed, and contact time. The experiments were designed using 2 Level Factorial-Design by Design-Expert software. The optimum process conditions were seeds dosage of 3246 mg/l, mixing speed of 102 rpm, and mixing time of 29 min. MO seeds can be considered as a natural coagulant that can be used as main sludge conditioner. ABSTRAK: Rawatan kotoran mendapan adalah salah satu rawatan penting dan termahal dalam merawat air dan sisa kumbahan loji. Perapi kimia seperti poli-aluminium klorida, aluminium sulfida, reagen Fenton, gipsum, dan poli-akrilamida menghasilkan sisa, di mana memberi kesan kepada kesihatan dan alam sekitar. Benih Moringa oleifera (MO) boleh digunakan sebagai bahan ganti semula jadi kepada perapi kimia. Bahan bio-aktif perlu diekstrak daripada benih MO bagi memberi kesan terbaik. Dalam kajian ini, kaedah rawatan menggunakan benih MO adalah dari ekstrak bio-aktif NaCl (1 M) dan ekstrak minyak dari bahan larut hexane, serta serbuk benih tidak dirawat (mentah). Sampel sintetik kotoran mendapan disediakan dengan menggunakan ampaian kaolin (5% w/v). Bentuk kogulan yang paling efektif didapati berdasarkan nilai halaju malar (Vs) dan indeks ketumpatan kotoran mendapan (SVI). Keputusan menunjukkan ekstrak NaCl memberi keputusan terbaik pada halaju malar 0.41 cm/min dan bacaan pada SVI 63.39 ml/g. Nilai SVI lebih besar daripada 150 ml/g menunjukkan kualiti kadaran malar kurang baik berbanding 100 ml/g kajian kawalan semasa kotoran mendapan. Bentuk kogulan yang paling efektif telah dioptimumkan pada tiga keadaan proses: dos benih MO, halaju campuran dan tempoh campuran. Eksperimen dibentuk menggunakan 2 Level Factorial-Design daripada perisian Design-Expert. Keadaan optimum proses adalah pada 3246 mg/l dos benih, 102 rpm halaju campuran, dan tempoh campuran selama 29 min. Benih MO boleh di kategori sebagai kogulan semula jadi dan boleh digunakan sebagai perapi utama bagi kotoran mendapan