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A Study on the Inequality of Social Welfare Expenditures in Local Governments
��� ��������� ������������ ��������������� ������ ������������ ������������ ������������ ������ ������ ������������ ������ ��������������� ��������� ��� ������ ��������� ������������ ������ ������������ ���������. ������ ������ ��� ��������� 2008��������� 2016������ ������������������ ��������������������� ������������ ��������������������� ������������ ���·���·��� ��� ��������� ���������������, Beta ��������� Sigma ��������� ������������ ��������� ��������� ������ ������������������ ������������ ��������� ���������������. ������, ������������������ ��������� ������ ������������ ���, ���, ������ ��������� ��������������������� ��������� ������, ���·������ ������ ��������� 2013��� ������ ��������������� ������������ ��������� ������ ������������. ������, Beta ������ ��������������� ��������������������� ������������������ 2008������ ������������������ ������ ��������� ��������������� ��������� ���(-)��� ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� Beta ��������� ��������������� ������ ������������. ������, Theil ��������� ������������, ������ ��� ������������ ������ ��������� ��������������� ������������ ��������� ��������������� ������������ ������ ��������� ������������. ��������������� ��������� ��������� ��������������� ��������� Sigma ��������� ��������������� ������, ������, ������ ���, ������ ��� ������ ������������ ������������, Gini ������, Theil ��������� ������������ ��������������������� ������������ ������������������ ������ ������������. ��������� ��� ��������� ��������� ���·������ ������ ������ ��������� ������ ������������ ������������ ��������� ������������, ������������������ ��� ������������ ������������ ������ ������������������ ������������������ ��������� ������������ ������ ��������������� ������ ������������.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the regional inequality of social welfare and to produce the information that can be used for mitigating or solving the regional inequality. For this purpose, this study analyzes the difference in the social welfare expenditures from 2008 to 2016 among Si, Gun, Gu by ANOVA, and examines changes in social welfare expenditure inequality over time using Beta and Sigma convergence. First, the results of ANOVA show that the level of social welfare expenditure is high in the order of Gun, Si, Gu in every year, and that the mean difference is statistically significant. Second, the results of Beta convergence analysis show a statistically significant negative relationship between the average growth rate of social welfare expenditure and the social welfare expenditure of 2008, verifying that Beta convergence occurred during the analysis period. Third, the results of the Sigma convergence analysis using the time series chart and regression analysis show the decrease in all national, provincial, within provincial, and between provincial inequality measures. This means that the inequality in social welfare expenditures is alleviated and thus, Sigma convergence occurred
A Proposal for Reform of Reelection and By-election in Local Election
��� ��������� ��������������������� ������������ ������������ ��������������� ������������ ������ ������������, ������������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������, ������������ ��������� ��������� ������������, ��������������� ���������, ������������ ������������, ������������������������ ��������� ��������� ���, ��������������� ��������������������� ������������ ��������������� ������������ ��������������� ��� ������ ������������ ������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ������. ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ������.
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This study suggests ways to minimize the social costs of re-by-elections and to improve the electoral system to reduce the number of re-election and by-elections, after examining the constitutional meaning of the re-by-election system and reviewing the relationship between re-by-elections and representative democracy, voting rights of voters, candidates' election rights, local government system, in order to suggest ways to improve the re-by-election system in local elections. The results of the study are summarized as follows.
First, in the case of approaching the question of how to improve the re-by-election system in local elections from a constitutional point of view, it will come to the question of whether to consider comprehensively the constitutional demands of representative democracy, voting rights of voters, candidates' election rights, local government system.
Second, the first thing to consider as a way to minimize the social costs of re-by-elections and to improve the electoral system to reduce the incidence of re-election and by-elections is to reduce the reasons for the re-by-election.
Third, if it is not appropriate to reduce the reasons for the re-by-election, it may be considered to abolish the re-election and by-election. If it is not appropriate to abolish re-by-elections in national elections, such as in parliamentary elections, it may be possible to consider abolishing re-by-elections only in local elections.
Fourth, as the costs in the local elections are spent entirely by local governments in the region, the cost of the re-by-election campaigns exacerbates poor local finance. Therefore, there is a need to consider ways to impose election cost on cause providers and political parties for re-by-election.
Fifth, in order to resolve the phenomenon of local politics being subordinated to central politics and to maintain the trust of the local people to the local governor or local councilor elected in the local elections, at least it is also necessary to consider prohibiting a candidate from running for a parliamentary election in the office of a local governor or a member of a local council. In addition, the prohibition of running for a parliamentary election in the office of a local governor or a member of a local council is considered to be able to obtain constitutional legitimacy.��� ��������� 2017��� ������������ ������������ ��������������������� ��������� ������ ��������� ��������� (NRF-2017S1A5A2A01024235)
Complete Cluster Predictability of the Cucker–Smale Flocking Model on the Real Line
We present the complete predictability of clustering for the Cucker–Smale (C–S) model on the line. Emergence of multi-cluster flocking is often observed in numerical simulations for the C–S model with short-range interactions. However, the explicit computation of the number of emergent multi-clusters a priori is a challenging problem for the Cucker–Smale flocking model. In this paper, we present an explicit criterion and algorithm to calculate the number of clusters and their bulk velocities in terms of initial configuration, coupling strength and communication weight function in a one-dimensional setting. We present a finite increasing sequence of coupling strengths in which the number of asymptotic clusters has a jump. We also provide several numerical examples and compare them with analytical results.The work of S.-Y. HA is partially supported by the Samsung Science and Technology Foundation under Project (Number SSTF-BA1401-03) and the work of J. KIM was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under project number IRTG 2235 and the work of J. PARK was supported by the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-2018). The work of X. ZHANG is supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
A comparison of detergency and dimensional stability between wet cleaning and dry cleaning
The washability, redeposition, fill power, and fabric damage of wet cleaning and dry cleaning solvents were measured to identify the optimal type of washing that would increase washability while maintaining dimensional stability. The soiled fabric is a polyester cotton blend and the types of soil were wine, blood, make-up and sebum with carbon black. Petroleum and silicone solvents were used in dry cleaning. Results from this study are as follows. First, detergency is significantly influenced by the type of washing and type of soil. Wet cleaning is superior to dry cleaning. Wet cleaning shows a strong washing performance against hydrophilic soils, whereas, dry cleaning is stronger against hydrophobic soils. Second, redeposition is significantly affected by the type of washing, fabrics, and soils. Redeposition occurred little on cotton during wet cleaning, but showed a high rate for nylon. However, when the two types of fabric were dry cleaned, redeposition occurred on both types. Third, the fill power of duck-down is very affected by the type of washing. Resilience is the best in wet cleaning; and in dry cleaning, petroleum solvents showed a higher resilience when as compared to silicone solvents. Last, the level of fabric damage to cotton fabrics is highly influenced by the type of washing. Wet cleaning damages cotton fabrics significantly more than dry cleaning. For dry cleaning, petroleum solvents damage these fabrics slightly more than silicone solvents. In conclusion, the type of soil must initially be identified to determine the optimal type of washing. Special caution is required when textiles with particulate soil and nylon are washed. When considering the resilience of duck-down clothing, wet cleaning is more appropriate than dry cleaning. Dry cleaning, especially when using silicone-based solvents, is more suitable than wet cleaning for maintaining the shape of clothing
Design and Fabrication of Long-Term Stable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Effect of Water Contents in Electrolytes on the Performance
The effects of water-containing I-/I-3(-) liquid electrolytes on the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of ruthenium based complex Z907 dye was examined in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Despite of high water content up to 60 vol% in organic solvent-based liquid electrolyte, the photovoltaic properties and long-term stability measured under the standard global (G) air-mass (AM) 1.5 solar irradiation were not significantly affected. The underlying correlation between the effects of water and the photovoltaic performances were identified by UV-visible spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We investigated the long-term stability of performance for DSSCs in conjunction with I-/I-3(-) redox electrolytes in different water compositions. The findings revealed that the competitive photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of water-containing DSSCs mainly depends on the hydrophobicity of dye as well as the transport phenomena of I-3(-) throughout the electrolytes. The water-based DSSCs proposed herein are free from water permeation issues and these results will provide great insight into the development of less expensive and more environmental friendly DSSCs.Authors acknowledge the funding support by development program "Development of high drapability of textile type dye-sensitized solar cell materials and outdoor applications. (project NO. 10052064)" funded by MOTIE and the Technology Development Program to Solve Climate Changes (2015M1A2A2056824) funded by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of Science an ICT, Korea
Improvement of PMa-SynRM Output Characteristics by Optimizing the Rib Structure
In this paper, we have studied the optimization of the rib thickness in the design of a Permanent Magnet assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor (PMa-SynRM). In the case of PMa;-SynRM, mechanical stress is concentrated on the rib structure supporting the segment at high rotation speeds, and the stiffness analysis results in the largest mechanical stress on the rib of the q-axis. On the other hand, it was confirmed that relatively low mechanical stresses were distributed in the case of the d-axis rib. Therefore, it is confirmed that the thickness of the whole rib should be equal to the thickness that can support the maximum stress. In addition, we find that it increases the magnetic flux leakage and is an inappropriate design method for reducing the output power. To prevent this phenomenon, concentrations of mechanical stress on each of the ribs were investigated, and a method was developed for designing the ribs with the optimized rib thickness. In addition, the thickness of the ribs that satisfies both the electromagnetic output and the mechanical safety factor was derived using the response surface method. Finally, we confirmed the improvement of the output using FEM analysis.This work was supported by the Human Resources Program in Energy Technology of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea. (No. 20174030201750). This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20162010104100)
An empirical study on resort employees’ psychological ownership and community attachment
��� ��������� ��������� ������������ ������������ ������������������ ��������� ��������������� ������ ��� ������ ��������� ������ ���������������. ������ ������ ������, ��� 200������ ������������ ������������������ ������������ ��������� 13������ ������������ ��� 187������ ������������ SPSS Statistics 21.0 ��������������� ������ ��������������������� ���������������. ������ ��� ��������� ������ ��������� ������������ ��������� ������������ ��������� ������ ��� ��������� ��������������� ��������� ��������� ������ ������ ��������� ���������(���������������, ��������� ������, ���������������, ��������� ���������, ������ ���������, ���������)��� ������ ������������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ������ ���������������. ������������, ���������������, ��������� ������, ������������ ��������� ��������������� ��������� ������������ ������ 1, ������ 2, ������ 6 ��� ���������������. ������ ��������� ��������������� ������ ������������ ��������� ������������ ������ 7��� ���������������. ��������� ���������������, ��������� ���������, ��������������� ��������� ��������������� ��������� ������������ ������ 3, ������4, ������ 5��� ���������������. ������ ������ ���������, ��������� ������, ��������� ��������������� ��������� ��������������� ������ ������������ ������������ ��������� ��������� ������ 7a, ������ 7b, ������ 7c��� ��������������� ������������ ��������������� ������ ���������������. ��� ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ��������� ������ ��������� ������ ������������ ������ ������������ ��������� ������������ ��� ������ ������ ������ ������������ ��������� ������������ ��������������� ������.
The purpose of this research to study the leading and lagging variables of psychological ownership of resort employees. As a result of the survey, a total of 200 questionnaires were collected. After excluding thirteen unreliable responses, a total of 187 questionnaires were subjected to multiple regression analysis through the SPSS Statistics 21.0 program. In addition, based on previous research, this study theoretically analyzed how the six factors (organizational fit, perceived benefit, organizational socialization, relative deprivation, work overload, gender discrimination) affect psychological ownership and community attachment. As a result, hypotheses 1, 2, 6, that hypothesized organizational fit, perceived benefit, and gender discrimination influence psychological ownership were adopted. Also, hypothesis 7 that hypothesized psychological ownership affects community attachment was adopted. However, hypothesis 3, 4, 5, which suggested that organizational socialization, relative deprivation, and work overload affect psychological ownership, were dismissed. Hypothesis 7a, 7b, 7c suggesting that the self-efficacy, political skill, and social interaction play a moderating role on the relationship between psychological ownership and community attachment were all dismissed because they were not statistically significant. The purpose of this study from a practical point of view is to provide implications for personnel management programs that aim to improve the internal communication between the company and the organization members in terms of business management of resort enterprises
Optimization of nonisothermal selective plugging with a thermally active biopolymer
A novel concept of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) under nonisothermal conditions was developed based on temperature-dependent biokinetics. The model specified the use of temperature-triggered Dextran (a biopolymer) produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides (a microbe). The effects of environmental temperature on microbial growth and biopolymer production were validated and calibrated using the cardinal temperature model and experimental results. Various biokinetic parameters and a permeability reduction factor were also obtained to within approximately 2% error of those previously reported sandpack experiment. Based on the developed nonisothermal biokinetic model and the permeability reduction factor, thermally active MEOR was analyzed for a high-temperature reservoir. The results suggested the influences of injection parameters, such as injected nutrient concentration, rate, and temperature, on oil recovery factor. Higher nutrient concentrations resulted in increased Dextran production, thereby increasing oil recovery by selective plugging. On the other hand, injection rate and temperature were related to Dextran distributions. Higher injection rates led to lower Dextran concentrations with wider distributions. The injection temperature controlled the location of trapped Dextran in porous media, thereby influencing oil recovery. Through the optimization process, the injection design was determined with a rate of 30 m(3).day(-1), temperature of 5 degrees C, and nutrient mole fraction of 0.009. The suggested optimal injection design resulted in the largest oil recovery (39%) for a highly heterogeneous layered reservoir.This work was supported by Energy Efficiency & Resources of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No. 20152520100760)
Nano/Microstructured Silicon–Graphite Composite Anode for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Battery
With the ever-increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density, tremendous attention has been paid to design various silicon-active materials as alternative electrodes due to their high theoretical capacity (ca. 3579 mAh g(-1)). However, totally replacing the commercially utilized graphite with silicon is still insurmountable owing to bottlenecks such as low electrode loading and insufficient areal capacity. Thus, in this study, we turn back to enhanced graphite electrode through the cooperation of modified silicon via a facile and scalable blending process. The modified nano/microstructured silicon with boron doping and carbon nanotube wedging (B-Si/CNT) can provide improved stability (88.2% retention after 200 cycles at 2000 mA g(-1)) and high reversible capacity (similar to 2426 mAh g(-1)), whereas the graphite can act as a tough framework for high loading. Owing to the synergistic effect, the resultant B-Si/CNT-graphite composite (B-Si/CNT@G) shows a high areal capacity of 5.2 mAh cm(-2) and excellent cycle retention of 83.4% over 100 cycles, even with ultrahigh active mass loading of 11.2 mg cm(-2),which could significantly surpass the commercially used graphite electrode. Notably, the composite also exhibits impressive application in Li-ion full battery using 2 mol % Al-doped full-concentration-gradient Li[Ni0.76Co0.09Mn0.15]O-2 (Al2-FCG76) as the cathode with excellent capacity retention of 82.5% even after 300 cycles and an outstanding energy density (8.0 mWh cm(-2)) based on the large mass loading of the cathode (12.0 mg cm(-2)).This work was mainly supported by the Global Frontier R&D Program (2013M3A6B1078875) of the Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM) funded by the Ministry of Science, Information & Communication Technology (ICT) and by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Education and Science Technology (MEST) (NRF-2018R1A2B3008794). P.L. also acknowledges the support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC)
Toward the limit of nuclear binding on the N = Z line: Spectroscopy of Cd-96
A gamma -decaying isomeric state (tau(1/2) = 197(-17)(+19) ns) has been identified in Cd-96, which is one alpha particle away from the last known bound N = Z nucleus, Sn-100. Comparison of the results with shell-model calculations has allowed a tentative experimental level scheme to be deduced and the isomer to be interpreted as a medium-spin negative-parity spin trap based on the coupling of isoscalar (T = 0) and isovector (T = 1) neutron-proton pairs. The data also suggest evidence for the population of a 9(+) T = 1 state, which is predicted by shell-model calculations to be yrast. Such a low-lying T = 1 state, which is unknown in lighter mass even-even self-conjugate nuclei, can also be interpreted in terms of the coupling of T = 0 and T = 1 neutron-proton pairs.This work was partially supported by the German BMBF Grants No. 05P12PKFNE and No. 05P15RDFN1, the UK STFC under Grants No. ST/J000124/1 and No. ST/L005727/1, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the U.S. DOE Grant No. DE-FG02-91ER40609, KAKENHI under Grant No. 25247045, and the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2014-57196-C5-4-P