University of Hradec Králové Journals
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Human soul in Dostoevsky\u27s conception
No full textČlánok analyzuje antropologicko-existencialistickú a etickú koncepciu človeka v diele F. M. Dostojevského a jej aktuálnosť v súčasnosti. Chce ukázať, že Dostojevského človek je zložitou, vnútorne protirečivou bytosťou, v ktorej sú nerozlučne spojené dobro a zlo, sebaobetavosť s egoizmom, čistota so zlomyseľnosťou. Je tiež pokusom o vymedzenie princípu etickej zodpovednosti a zmyslu života ako kľúčových princípov etiky Dostojevského.This article analyzes the anthropological - existential and ethical concept of man in the work of F. M. Dostoyevsky and its currentness. It aims to show that Dostoyevsky’s man is a complicated and internally ambivalent being, in which good and evil, selfishness and self-sacrifice, purity and mischievousness are inextricably connected. It also attempts to define the principle of ethical responsibility and meaning of life as key elements of Dostoyevsky\u27s ethics. This article analyzes the anthropological - existential and ethical concept of man in the work of F. M. Dostoyevsky and its currentness. It aims to show that Dostoyevsky’s man is a complicated and internally ambivalent being, in which good and evil, selfishness and self-sacrifice, purity and mischievousness are inextricably connected. It also attempts to define the principle of ethical responsibility and meaning of life as key elements of Dostoyevsky\u27s ethics
Fictive as an opposite of factual?
Get PDFPředkládaný příspěvek reflektuje problematiku spojenou s koncepty fikčního a faktuálního, a to především z hlediska literárně vědného. Jelikož se však jedná o problém interdisciplinární povahy, nechybí ani filosoficko-logické motivy. Text postupuje od analýzy vztahu mezi fikčními a non-fikčními entitami, k problematice vztahu mezi fikčním a non-fikčním vyprávěním. Zabývá se otázkou možné segregace či sjednocováním jednotlivých typů diskurzu, a to jak na rovině příběhové, kde se jako interpretační prostředek upřednostňují formální nástroje, tak na rovině zkoumající jednotlivé entity. Jeho cílem je zjistit, zda lze za pomoci některého ze zmíněných interpretační nástrojů stanovit, nebo naopak smazat hranice mezi fikcí a non-fikcí, případně zda lze, jak se snažily některé postmoderní přístupy, nahlížet na fikci jako kategorii velmi podobnou historii a naopak.The article reflects issues concerning the concepts of fictional and factual chiefly from the perspective of literary science. However, the discussion incorporates also philosophical and logical motifs, as the topic is interdisciplinary in nature. The text begins with the analysis of relation between fictional and non-fictional entities and then addresses the issue of relation between fictional and non-fictional narrative. In particular, it deals with the question of possible segregation or unification of particular discourse types on the narrative level where formal tools are used as interpretative devices, as well as on the level where particular entities are examined. The aim is to find out if it is possible to define or rather erase the boundaries between fiction and non-fiction using above mentioned devices; eventually, if it is acceptable to perceive fiction as a category which is very close to history and vice versa (certain postmodern approaches allow that).The article reflects issues concerning the concepts of fictional and factual chiefly from the perspective of literary science. However, the discussion incorporates also philosophical and logical motifs, as the topic is interdisciplinary in nature. The text begins with the analysis of relation between fictional and non-fictional entities and then addresses the issue of relation between fictional and non-fictional narrative. In particular, it deals with the question of possible segregation or unification of particular discourse types on the narrative level where formal tools are used as interpretative devices, as well as on the level where particular entities are examined. The aim is to find out if it is possible to define or rather erase the boundaries between fiction and non-fiction using above mentioned devices; eventually, if it is acceptable to perceive fiction as a category which is very close to history and vice versa (certain postmodern approaches allow that)
Pascal\u27s wager
No full textČlánek analyzuje argument Pascalovy sázky a některé klíčové námitky proti ní – kritiku Antonyho Duffa, Alana Hájka a tradiční námitku mnoha Bohů. Pascalův argument je reformulován tak, aby těmto námitkám co nejlépe odolal. Analýza ukazuje, že revidovaná podoba sázky zůstává otevřeným problémem teorie rozhodování.The article analyzes some important reasons pro and contra Pascal`s wager argument. Many gods objection and objections by Antony Duff and Alan Hájek are discussed. A reformulation of Pascal`s wager is offered in order to make the case for Pascal`s conclusion stronger. It is shown that some form of wager could still represent a serious problem for rational decision theory. The article analyzes some important reasons pro and contra Pascal`s wager argument. Many gods objection and objections by Antony Duff and Alan Hájek are discussed. A reformulation of Pascal`s wager is offered in order to make the case for Pascal`s conclusion stronger. It is shown that some form of wager could still represent a serious problem for rational decision theory
Cognitive contrarevolution?
Get PDFVe standardních výkladech moderních dějin studia mysli ve dvacátém století se dočteme, že zatímco kolem poloviny tohoto století ovládl studium mysli zpozdilý behaviorismus, v šedesátých letech nastoupila „kognitivní revoluce“, která nadvládu behaviorismu smetla a otevřela cestu ke skutečně nepředpojatému a adekvátnímu studiu mysli. V tomto textu se chci nad tímto standardním výkladem zamyslet a zpochybnit ho: konkrétně chci poukázat na to, že behaviorismus nebyl ve všech ohledech tak zpozdilý, jak by se z tohoto pohledu mohl jevit; a že „kognitivní revoluce“ neznamenala jenom vymanění se z nepřiměřenýchmetodologických okovů, ale i otevření prostoru pro to, čemu budu říkat „magická teorie mysli“ a co podle mého názoru nepatří ani do vědy, ani do rozumné filosofie.Standard accounts of the modern history of the study of mind in the twentieth century tell us that while around the half of the century the study came to be dominated by inept behaviorism, the sixties witnessed the onslaught of the "cognitive revolution", which wiped out the dominance of behaviorism and opened the way for the truly unprejudiced and adequate study of mind. In this text I want to reconsider this account and challenge it: in particular, I want to point out that behaviorism was not in all respects so inept as it may suggest; and that the "cognitive revolution" did not mean merely breaking out of inadequate methodological fetters, but rather also an opening of space for what I will call the "magical theory of mind" and what I think belongs neither to science, nor to reasonable philosophy. Standard accounts of the modern history of the study of mind in the twentieth century tell us that while around the half of the century the study came to be dominated by inept behaviorism, the sixties witnessed the onslaught of the "cognitive revolution", which wiped out the dominance of behaviorism and opened the way for the truly unprejudiced and adequate study of mind. In this text I want to reconsider this account and challenge it: in particular, I want to point out that behaviorism was not in all respects so inept as it may suggest; and that the "cognitive revolution" did not mean merely breaking out of inadequate methodological fetters, but rather also an opening of space for what I will call the "magical theory of mind" and what I think belongs neither to science, nor to reasonable philosophy
Some remarks on the phenomenology of addiction
Get PDFČlánek se zabývá různými možnými úhly pohledu na problém závislosti, nakolik je relevantní pro filosofii. Nejprve diskutuje vztah mezi závislostí a akrasií; poté navrhuje další směry analýzy závislosti jakožto komplexního problému aktérova postoje k možnostem vlastní existence a pravidlům her a kontextů, v nichž se pohybuje.The paper deals with various possible points of view on the problem of addiction, as far as it is a relevant philosophical topic. It discusses first the relationship between addiction and akrasia; then it suggests other directions for the analysis of addiction as a complex problem of the agent’s stance to the possibilities of her/his own existence and to the rules of the games and contexts within which she/he acts.The paper deals with various possible points of view on the problem of addiction, as far as it is a relevant philosophical topic. It discusses first the relationship between addiction and akrasia; then it suggests other directions for the analysis of addiction as a complex problem of the agent’s standpoint and stance to the possibilities of her/his own existence and to the rules of the games and contexts within which she/he acts
Evolution as a way to God in the work of Teilhard de Chardin
Get PDFZáměrem textu je představit pojetí základních zákonů evoluce podle Teilharda de Chardin. Konkrétně popisuje tzv. zákony rekurence pro tři vlastnosti, které v evoluci narůstají, což jsou vědomí, personalita a spontaneita (svoboda). U každé z těchto vlastností je provedena extrapolace do budoucnosti, ukazující možnost jejího cílového stavu. Tento postup se kryje s obsahem Teilhardovy tzv. integrální vědy o úloze člověka v evolučním procesu, protože právě člověk je tím, kdo by měl evoluci dovést k završení. Text také krátce nastiňuje hlavní problém Teilhardova díla: Jak může být evoluce založená na procesu samouspořádávání různých systémů včetně člověka chápána zároveň jako směřující ke sjednocení s Bohem a jako jím usměrňovaná. Hlavním cílem textu je ukázat, jakým způsobem se teilhardovské bádání v současnosti rozvíjí, a upozornit na v českém prostředí neznámou literaturu autorů American Teilhard Association.The paper presents conception of main laws of evolution according to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Especially explains the laws of the recurrence related to three properties, which increase in evolution, i.e consciousness, personality and spontaneity (freedom). Each this property is extrapolated towards the future, showing its possible final state. This method is in accord with contents of Teilhard´s integral science of human task in evolutionary process, because just human is the one, whose duty is to lead evolution to consummation. This paper further briefly mentions the central problem of Teilhard´s work: How can evolution resting upon the process of self-organisation be understood at the same time as leading to unification with God and managed by him. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate the current research of Teilhards work and to point out the in Czech Republic unknown bibliografy of authors in The American Teilhard Association. The paper presents conception of main laws of evolution according to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Especially explains the laws of the recurrence related to three properties, which increase in evolution, i.e consciousness, personality and spontaneity (freedom). Each this property is extrapolated towards the future, showing its possible final state. This method is in accord with contents of Teilhard´s integral science of human task in evolutionary process, because just human is the one, whose duty is to lead evolution to consummation. This paper further briefly mentions the central problem of Teilhard´s work: How can evolution resting upon the process of self-organisation be understood at the same time as leading to unification with God and managed by him. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate the current research of Teilhards work and to point out the in Czech Republic unknown bibliografy of authors in The American Teilhard Association
