University of Hradec Králové Journals
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Elusive subject
Get PDFOd poloviny dvacátého století se nejrůznější společenskovědní disciplíny obzvláště důkladně zabývají otázkou subjektu, jeho povahy a vymezitelnosti. Koncept subjektu se ukazuje jako obtížně uchopitelný a celkově problematický. Na pozadí krátkých rozborů textů zvolených ze škály oborů od historie filozofie přes psychoanalýzu a sociologii až po teorii jazyka a filozofii vědy se v našem pojednání snažíme konstruovat mozaiku několika víceméně aktuálních pohledů na subjekt, na jejímž základě pak poukazujeme na vnitřní rozporuplnost samotného procesu, jímž je subjekt konstituován.Since the middle of the twentieth century, the notion of the subject and the possibilities of delineating its nature have been the focus of particular attention within a number of humanities disciplines. The concept of the subject has proved difficult to tackle, and wholly problematic in general. Briefly analysing selected texts by authors involved in various fields of study, ranging from history of philosophy by psychoanalysis and sociology to theory of language and philosophy of science, we endeavour to construct a mosaic of several more or less contemporary views of the subject, on the basis of which we then point to the instability of the process itself by means of which the subject is constituted.Since the middle of the twentieth century, the notion of the subject and the possibilities of delineating its nature have been the focus of particular attention within a number of humanities disciplines. The concept of the subject has proved difficult to tackle, and wholly problematic in general. Briefly analysing selected texts by authors involved in various fields of study, ranging from history of philosophy by psychoanalysis and sociology to theory of language and philosophy of science, we endeavour to construct a mosaic of several more or less contemporary views of the subject, on the basis of which we then point to the instability of the process itself by means of which the subject is constituted
Murder and normativity
Get PDFVýsledkem rozboru lexikálního pole vražda a jemu příbuzných pojmů je zjištění, že tento pojem už ve svém významu obsahuje negativní hodnocení, na rozdíl od okolních pojmů. Avšak současná etika lokalizuje hodnotovost tohoto pojmu do slova špatný a soustředí se na jeho opak, slovo dobrý, jehož čistě etický význam se snaží izolovat. Plodnější však je chápat slovo vražda analogicky k jeho užití v justičním procesu soudem, kde z něj, ve formě rozsudku, dokonce plynou performativní a právní důsledky.An analysis of the lexical field murder and its neighbouring concepts shows that this concept itself contains a negative value, as opposed to the other notions. But contemporary ethics tries to localize this negativity into the predicate wrong and concentrates on its opposite, good, whose purely ethical meaning it purports to isolate. But perhaps it is more useful to view the word murder analogically to its use in the judicial process, where performative and legal consequences follow. An analysis of the lexical field murder and its neighbouring concepts shows that this concept itself contains a negative value, as opposed to the other notions. But contemporary ethics tries to localize this negativity into the predicate wrong and concentrates on its opposite, good, whose purely ethical meaning it purports to isolate. But perhaps it is more useful to view the word murder analogically to its use in the judicial process, where performative and legal consequences follow
Crusade against the author
Get PDFAbstrakt/Abstract: Ve dvacátém století se nejrůznější společenské vědy musely obecně vyrovnávat s relativizací těch nejzákladnějších konceptů, jako je komunikace, text, význam, bytí nebo realita. Současně se pak začalo nevyhnutelně otřásat i heuristické, intuitivní pojetí autora jako „toho, kdo píše“. Naše pojednání představuje stručný exkurz do moderního teoretického myšlení, které se z tohoto hlediska otázkou autora zabývalo. Zmiňujeme se o Nové kritice, která odmítala pátrání po autorově záměru a usilovala o interpretaci literárního díla jako soběstačné entity. Dále pojednáváme o Rolandu Barthesovi, který prosazoval pojetí díla jakožto součásti textového pole, přičemž otázka autora je pro něho zcela irelevantní. Posléze věnujeme pozornost způsobu, jímž se k autorovi staví Michel Foucault. Ten rozebírá jeho diskurzivní fixaci a táže se, jakou funkci plní koncept, s nímž člověk ve skutečnosti pracuje, když o autorovi hovoří. Závěrem se zaměřujeme na určité prvky kultu osobnosti, které lze na konci dvacátého století i v současnosti v pojetí autora vysledovat. Referenčním rámcem celého pojednání je vztah konceptu autora k představě esenciálního významu literárního textu. The twentieth century saw a whole range of disciplines within the field of social sciences struggle to come to terms with a relativisation of some of the fundamental concepts of traditional thinking, such as communication, text, meaning, existence, and reality. Inevitably, the heuristic, intuitive notion of the author as "the one who writes" also started to fray around the edges. Our article presents a short overview of some modern theoretical thinking that has tackled the que+stion of the author in this new context. We mention the New Critics, who refused to seek the author\u27s intention and endeavoured to interpret literary works as autonomous entities. We then discuss Roland Barthes and his conception of literary work as part of an indefinite textual field; in this conception Barthes considers the question of an author as entirely irrelevant. Then we focus our attention on how the problem of the author is addressed by Michel Foucault. He treats the author as a concept, explores its discursive implications, and examines the modalities of its functioning. In the final part of the article we focus on certain marks of cult of personality that can be observed in authors at the end of the twentieth century as well as today. As a referential framework for our analysis, we employ the relation between the concept of the author and the essentialist notion of a determinate meaning of a literary text.The twentieth century saw a whole range of disciplines within the field of social sciences struggle to come to terms with a relativisation of some of the fundamental concepts of traditional thinking, such as communication, text, meaning, existence, and reality. Inevitably, the heuristic, intuitive notion of the author as "the one who writes" also started to fray around the edges. Our article presents a short overview of some modern theoretical thinking that has tackled the que+stion of the author in this new context. We mention the New Critics, who refused to seek the author\u27s intention and endeavoured to interpret literary works as autonomous entities. We then discuss Roland Barthes and his conception of literary work as part of an indefinite textual field; in this conception Barthes considers the question of an author as entirely irrelevant. Then we focus our attention on how the problem of the author is addressed by Michel Foucault. He treats the author as a concept, explores its discursive implications, and examines the modalities of its functioning. In the final part of the article we focus on certain marks of cult of personality that can be observed in authors at the end of the twentieth century as well as today. As a referential framework for our analysis, we employ the relation between the concept of the author and the essentialist notion of a determinate meaning of a literary text
Buddhism and Aristotelian logic
Get PDFAbstrakt/Abstract Článek pojednává o buddhistické logice a jejím vztahu k logice aristotelské, zejména k principu sporu a principu vyloučeného třetího. Dotkne se také dialetheismu a parakonzistentních logik, které se v souvislosti s interpretacemi buddhismu objevují. The article deals with the Buddhist logic and its relation to Aristotle’s logic, in particular, to the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of exluded middle. It also tackles the topic of dialetheism and paraconsistent logics, which are sometimes mentioned in connection with the interpretations of Buddhism.The article deals with the Buddhist logic and its relation to Aristotle’s logic, in particular, to the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of exluded middle. It also tackles the topic of dialetheism and paraconsistent logics, which are sometimes mentioned in connection with the interpretations of Buddhism
What is the social turn in epistemology good for?
Get PDFAbstrakt/Abstract Článok argumentuje, že idea tzv. sociálneho obratu, ktorá pochádza z dielne normatívneho pragmatizmu a ktorú v jednom zo svojich textov propaguje aj Vojtech Kolman, neprináša žiadne ovocie, ak je prenesená do oblasti epistemológie. V závere článku je preto načrtnutá alternatívna interpretácia idey sociálneho obratu a jej dôsledky pre epistemológiu. The paper argues that the idea of the so-called social turn introduced by normative pragmatism, and promoted also by Vojtech Kolman in one of his papers, bears no fruit when transferred to the field of epistemology. Therefore, an alternative interpretation of the idea of social turn, as well as its consequences for epistemology, is outlined at the end of the paper.The paper argues that the idea of the so-called social turn introduced by normative pragmatism, and promoted also by Vojtech Kolman in one of his papers, bears no fruit when transferred to the field of epistemology. Therefore, an alternative interpretation of the idea of social turn, as well as its consequences for epistemology, is outlined at the end of the paper
The concept of incommensurability in social sciences. Cultural relativism and the idea of incommensurability
Get PDFNěkteré ze společenských věd spojuje myšlenka „tichého relativizmu“. Podíváme-li se totiž pozorně na práce kulturních antropologů a historiků, zjistíme, že ačkoli by váhali veřejně si to přiznat, prakticky sdílejí představu o odlišných, na sebe nepřevoditelných, pojmových schématech. To z nich činí podezřelé z relativizmu. Sdílejí také ideu, že pro toto přesvědčení – přes všechny námitky filozofů – nalézají dostatek empirických podkladů. Ve svém příspěvku vysvětlím pozadí tohoto přesvědčení. Vysvětlím, proč je pro něj klíčová myšlenka nesouměřitelnosti, a pokusím se zvážit, zda Davidsonova základní námitka o „přeložitelnosti“ je dostatečně pevná pro to, abychom mohli odmítnout myšlenku nesouměřitelnosti jednou pro vždy. Uvedu příklady podporující podezření, že tzv. empirická zjištění podporující kulturní relativizmus většinou obsahují metodologické či pojmové nepřesnosti či chyby. Some social scientists share the ideology of cultural relativism. This is not to say that they overly subscribe to it, the commitment to it is rather implicit to their attitudes. That is, if we take a closer look at the works of many sociologists, anthropologists and historians, we can clearly discern relativistic patterns. They also share the idea that their approach, involving the relativism, has strong empirical foundations – despite objections of many philosophers. In my article, I am going to explain the motivation for such a cultural relativism. I will claim that that the key underlying idea is that of a certain kind of incommensurability. That is mean that the idea of relativism stay and fall with the idea of incommensurability.I will discuss whether the Davidsonian approach to relativism via the problem of translability is viable. I will claim that without the possible existence of two distinct conceptual schemes or two distinct languages associated with them there is simply no issue of incommensurablity. I will also claim that most of the socalled empirical proofs of cultural relativism are based on conceptual or methodological confusions.Some social scientists share the ideology of cultural relativism. This is not to say that they overly subscribe to it, the commitment to it is rather implicit to their attitudes. That is, if we take a closer look at the works of many sociologists, anthropologists and historians, we can clearly discern relativistic patterns. They also share the idea that their approach, involving the relativism, has strong empirical foundations – despite objections of many philosophers. In my article, I am going to explain the motivation for such a cultural relativism. I will claim that that the key underlying idea is that of a certain kind of incommensurability. That is mean that the idea of relativism stay and fall with the idea of incommensurability. I will discuss whether the Davidsonian approach to relativism via the problem of translability is viable. I will claim that without the possible existence of two distinct conceptual schemes or two distinct languages associated with them there is simply no issue of incommensurablity. I will also claim that most of the socalled empirical proofs of cultural relativism are based on conceptual or methodological confusions
Between reason and sentiment: dual process of moral judgement
Get PDFAbstrakt/Abstract Pri uvažovaní o ľudskej schopnosti morálneho usudzovania môžeme vychádzať z dvoch základných pozícií – racionalizmu alebo emotivizmu. Súčasní morálni filozofi a špeciálni vedci sa týmto krajnostiam už skôr vyhýbajú. Extrémne predstavy striedajú modely, ktoré aj vďaka empirickému výskumu ponúkajú plauzibilné odpovede o fungovaní morálneho súdenia, a to vzájomné prelínanie sa kognitívnych a emočných funkcií. When thinking about human faculty of moral judgment we can start from two basic positions – rationalism or emotivism. Contemporary moral philosophers and special scientists do not go often to these extremes any more. Also thanks to the empirical research extreme images are replaced by models that offer plausible answers about functioning of moral judgment namely the mutual diffusion of cognitive and emotional functions.When thinking about human faculty of moral judgment we can start from two basic positions – rationalism or emotivism. Contemporary moral philosophers and special scientists do not go often to these extremes any more. Also thanks to the empirical research extreme images are replaced by models that offer plausible answers about functioning of moral judgment namely the mutual diffusion of cognitive and emotional functions
