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تجارب دول فضاء الأورومتوسطي في التنمية السياحية: بين التنظير والتطبيق الناجح: Euro-Mediterranean Countries’ Experiences in Tourism Development: Between Theorization and Successful Implementation
No full textThis research paper aims to analyze the experiences of Euro-Mediterranean countries in the field of tourism development, with a focus on the gap between strategic theorization and practical implementation, while drawing on the dynamics of contemporary developmental frameworks.
The study adopts a mixed-method research approach that combines a systematic literature review with case study analysis of selected countries (Spain, Greece, Morocco, Turkey, Italy, and Tunisia).
The findings reveal that countries which successfully integrated strategic planning with practical execution—while leveraging key variables such as digitalization and environmental sustainability—achieved sustainable tourism growth ranging between 8% and 20% of their gross domestic product (GDP).The study provides practical and actionable recommendations to promote sustainable tourism in Algeria and across the region, emphasizing regional partnerships, digital transformation, and economic diversificatio
مفهوم مبدأ الشفافية وخصوصية تطبيقه في قانون الأعمال
No full text يحتل مبدأ الشفافية مكانة هامة ضمن مبادئ الحكم الراشد، حيث أضحى للمبدأ تطبيقا واسعا في مجالات متعددة، حيث طرح توظيفه ضمن المجال القانوني إشكالات متعددة على رأسها إيجاد مفهوم جامع ومانع له، كما عرف المبدأ تطبيقا على مستوى بعض الفروع من القانون التي كان يبدو بعيدا عنها كقانون الأعمال، من هنا تطرح إشكالات تتعلق بمفهوم المبدأ وخصوصية تطبيقه ضمن قانون الأعمال؟ ولقد وقفنا من خلال هذه الدراسة على التطور في توظيف مبدأ الشفافية ضمن القانون بصفة عامة وقانون الأعمال على وجه التحديد، كما أن هذا التوظيف يبدو أحيانا واضحا من خلال استعمال المصطلح وأحيانا يظهر المبدأ من خلال مجموعة من الأحكام القانونية الموضوعة لأجل تحقيقه، ولقد توصلنا إلى نتائج من أهمها أن المبدأ لا بد أن يعرف استقلالية عن مكافحة الفساد من حيث مفهومه كما أن تطبيق مبدأ الشفافية ضمن قانون الأعمال يفرض صياغة دقيقة للنصوص القانونية وجانبا كبيرا من الموازنة بين متطلبات الأعمال ومقتضيات المبدأ وكذا ضرورة المعرفة الدقيقة والشاملة من قبل الهيئات القضائية لحدود المبدأ فضلا عن ضرورة تفعيل عمل الهيئات المعنية بتطبيقه بما فيها سلطات الضبط الاقتصاد
نظرية الظروف الطارئة في القانون المدني الجزائري والفرنسي
Full text linkيقضي مبدأ سلطان الارادة أن للأشخاص تلبية لحاجاتهم وتحقيقا لمصالحهم، حرية إبرام العقود إلا ما تفرضه قواعد النظام العام والآداب العامة، وبالمقابل مسؤولون عن تنفيذ ما ورد فيها من التزامات تطبيقا لمبدأ القوة الملزمة للعقد.
ولكن قد يحدث ظرف طارئ، يؤدي إلى خلل في التوازن العقدي، مما استدعى التشريعات التدخل لمواجهته تحقيقا للعدالة العقدية، فكان للمشرع الجزائري السبق في إقرار نظام خاص بنظرية الظروف الطارئة مبرزا الحلول القانونية الملائمة، ثم تبنى المشرع الفرنسي ذلك لاحقا.
وقد واجه المشرع الجزائري والفرنسي الظروف الطارئة عن طريق تعريفها في المادة 107 ق م ج والمادة 1195 ق م ف على التوالي مع إبراز خصائصها وشروط تطبيقها. وقد خول المشرع الجزائري القاضي سلطة واسعة لمراجعة شروط العقد مستبعدا أي دور لأطراف العقد، بينما اشترط المشرع الفرنسي تفاوض أطراف العقد لمواجهة الظرف الطارئ، وفي حالة فشله يتدخل القاضي بسلطته الواسعة التي قد تتجاوز مراجعة العقد إلى إنهائه
The Transit Passage System in light of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Full text linkThe subject of ships and airplanes traveling across the oceans is one of the matters _covered by international law of_ the sea, by_ discussing_in_detail the concepts of_innocent_passage, _freedom_of_passage, _and_transit_passage. _International_law regulates these processes by emphasizing the need to adhere to a set of strict procedural rules based on rights and obligations. Part of this regulation concerns the transit passage system, which is closely linked to international straits in specific maritime areas, compared to other forms of maritime transit. The nature of transit can range from full freedom, Similar to the high seas, passage via a coastal state\u27s territorial sea is subject to limited freedom and must be innocent and not interfere with the state\u27s system or security, as required by international law\u27s norms and standards
Beyond Words: The Impact of Pragmatic Instruction on Arabic-English Translation Skills
No full textThis study explores the significance of pragmatic competence in translation education among first-year Algerian students majoring in Arabic–English translation. It highlights the difficulties these learners encounter when relying heavily on literal translation strategies that overlook culturally embedded meanings and contextual nuances. Such strategies often result in pragmatic failure, particularly when students transfer communicative norms directly from Arabic into English or vice versa without considering differences in politeness, directness, and social expectations. The research procedure involved a two-phase assessment. Initially, students were asked to translate a set of carefully selected expressions and short situational utterances before receiving any formal instruction in pragmatics. Their translations revealed frequent breakdowns in meaning, especially in rendering speech acts such as requests, refusals, and compliments. The instructional phase then introduced explicit pragmatic principles grounded in Speech Act Theory and Grice\u27s Cooperative Principle. These frameworks were used to explain how meaning extends beyond literal wording and how implicature, politeness strategies, and conversational maxims shape interpretation across cultures. Following explicit instruction, students’ translations were reevaluated. The findings demonstrate statistically significant improvement in their pragmatic performance. Learners showed greater awareness of differences between Arabic politeness conventions and English communicative directness, improved identification of culture-bound speech acts, and enhanced sensitivity to register and levels of formality. They also became more capable of selecting contextually appropriate equivalents rather than mechanically transferring lexical items. The study recommends integrating pragmatic competence into first-year translation curricula through contextualized translation tasks, cross-cultural awareness activities, corpus-based analysis of authentic discourse, and collaborative learning projects that explore pragmatic variation. In Algeria’s multilingual context (Arabic–Berber–French), strengthening pragmatic awareness is essential for improving translation accuracy, intercultural communication, and overall professional competence in language mediation
Post-editing Machine Translation as a Vital Skill in the 21st Century: A Critical Analysis of the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in University-Level Translation Education
No full textThis study aims to critically examine the integration of post-editing of machine translation (PEMT) in university-level translator training within the context of the growing influence of artificial intelligence. The central research problem concerns the extent to which PEMT is formally incorporated into academic curricula and whether current training programs adequately prepare future translators for professional environments increasingly shaped by AI-driven translation technologies. The study adopts a comparative perspective focusing on three higher education contexts: Algeria, France, and Canada. The research is based on a qualitative and comparative design. The primary methodology consists of a systematic analysis of official curricula, course syllabi, and pedagogical materials related to translator training. This analysis is complemented by a case study approach encompassing both face-to-face and digital learning environments, allowing for an examination of pedagogical practices and technological integration. Analytical criteria derived from translation studies and educational sciences are used to assess the structure and coherence of PEMT instruction. The results reveal significant disparities across the examined contexts. French and Canadian programs demonstrate a relatively structured integration of PEMT, including exposure to professional workflows and translation technologies. In contrast, the Algerian context shows a notable lack of formal pedagogical frameworks and limited institutional recognition of post-editing competences. Moreover, the findings highlight the limited use of standardized machine translation quality assessment metrics, such as Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) and BLEU, within current training programs. The study concludes that translator training curricula require substantial pedagogical updating and recommends the adoption of structured, technology-oriented pedagogical models to better align academic programs with evolving professional demands
The British Monarchy on the Small Screen: The Functions of the Crown in the TV Series Victoria and The Crown
No full textThe British royal family—and the British monarch in particular—have long fascinated filmmakers and television producers, serving as rich material for historical drama and political storytelling. Yet beneath the glittering ceremonies, palaces, and public pageantry lies a powerful discourse about authority, legitimacy, and national identity. In periods marked by debates over the relevance and sustainability of the monarchy, screen representations become more than entertainment; they function as cultural texts that shape public perception. Media productions can therefore be instrumentalized—intentionally or implicitly—to construct, reinforce, or rehabilitate a particular image of the Crown. This article explores how the British royal institution is portrayed and symbolically marketed in the television series Victoria and The Crown. Drawing on media studies and discourse analysis, the research examines a selection of key scenes that frame the monarchy through dramatized depictions of Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II. Although fictionalized, these representations contribute to contemporary understandings of royal authority and continuity. Through narrative structure, cinematography, dialogue, and character development, both series craft a coherent discourse that presents the Crown as indispensable to British political and cultural life. The study identifies three principal functions of the monarchy as constructed in the two series. First, the Crown is portrayed as a quasi-divine entity, invested with sacred symbolism and historical destiny. Ceremonial rituals, coronation scenes, and religious imagery elevate the monarch above ordinary political actors, reinforcing a sense of transcendence. Second, the monarch is framed as a loving and self-sacrificing mother figure, whose personal struggles humanize the institution while maintaining its moral authority. Finally, the Crown appears as the guardian of the constitution, depicted as politically neutral yet crucial in safeguarding democratic stability during times of crisis. Overall, the findings suggest that both series strongly favor the monarchy, foregrounding its spiritual, political, and social significance. By blending historical drama with emotional storytelling, the shows contribute to a largely positive and legitimizing portrayal of the British Crown in contemporary media culture
Fossilisation et frustration: étudier la décadence des connaissances grammaticales de KS3 à KS4 enAngleterre
No full textThis study examines grammatical fossilization among Anglophone students in England, from Key Stage 3 to Key Stage 4. Drawing on empirical data from four groups of students: Year 7 Spanish, Year 7 French, Year 8 French, and Year 11 French, the research demonstrates a progressive and significant decline in core grammatical skills. The analysis reveals not only a reduction in grammatical awareness but also a form of cognitive stagnation that resembles interlanguage fossilization as defined by Selinker (1972). This process of fixation is intensified by poorly structured grammar instruction, a lack of coherence across language subjects, and insufficient feedback on evidence-based recurrent errors. By mobilizing theories of interlanguage, common underlying proficiency, and the zone of proximal development, the study shows that fossilization is not inevitable. It proposes a set of pedagogical recommendations, including the integration of a shared grammatical metalanguage between English and modern foreign languages, the renewed emphasis on explicit grammar instruction, and the implementation of regular diagnostic assessments. Finally, directions for future research are suggested, including longitudinal studies, analyses of spoken corpora, and experimental contrastive pedagogies. This research aims to contribute to an urgent, evidence-based educational reform that restores grammar to its central role in students’ linguistic development.Cette étude examine la fossilisation grammaticale chez les élèves anglophones entre le Key Stage 3 (KS3) et le Key Stage 4 (KS4) en Angleterre. À partir de données empiriques issues de quatre groupes d’élèves (Year 7 espagnol, Year 7 français, Year 8 français et Year 11 français), la recherche met en évidence un déclin progressif et significatif des compétences grammaticales fondamentales. L’analyse révèle non seulement une baisse de la conscience grammaticale, mais aussi une stagnation cognitive qui s’apparente à une fossilisation interlinguistique, telle que définie par Selinker (1972). Ce processus de figement est aggravé par un enseignement grammatical peu structuré, un manque de cohérence entre les disciplines linguistiques, et une rétroaction insuffisante face aux erreurs récurrentes. En mobilisant les théories de l’interlangue, de la compétence sous-jacente commune (CUP) et de la zone de développement proximal (ZPD), l’étude démontre que la fossilisation n’est pas une fatalité. Elle propose une série de recommandations pédagogiques, dont l’intégration d’un vocabulaire grammatical commun entre l’anglais et les langues vivantes, la revalorisation de l’enseignement explicite de la grammaire, et la mise en place d’évaluations diagnostiques régulières. Enfin, des perspectives de recherche futures sont suggérées, incluant des études longitudinales, des analyses de corpus oraux, et des expérimentations de pédagogies contrastives. Cette recherche vise à contribuer à une réforme éducative urgente et fondée sur des preuves, afin de redonner à la grammaire sa place centrale dans le développement linguistique des élèves
Facteurs Influençant L’usage Du Français Chez Les Jeunes Nigérians
No full textThis study investigates factors influencing the use of French among young Nigerians, focusing on the key factors that influence language choice and perception among Nigerian students of Lagos State University of Education (LASUED). The primary objective is to deepen understanding of language preferences and attitudes, ultimately fostering greater interest in language acquisition. A total of 150 LASUED students participated in the study, responding to a well-structured questionnaire designed to provide valuable insights into the use of French among Nigerian youths. To assess respondents\u27 attitudes and opinions, a Likert rating scale was employed. Several core areas were analyzed, including the relationship between demographic variables - such as age, institution, and level of education - and the use of French. Findings indicate that 117 students, accounting for 78% of the participants, actively use French. Additionally, the study explored the influence of social factors, attitudes, and motivation on language adoption. The role of education and cultural exchange in promoting the use of French was examined, alongside a comparative analysis of French usage among youths versus adults. The research applied sociolinguistic theory to investigate the interaction between language and society, while language attitude theory was used to assess how individuals\u27 perceptions of a language shape their behaviour and communication. Key findings suggest that multiple factors-such as prestige, practicality, career prospects, technological advancements, societal recognition, motivation, instructional approaches, and economic development-significantly impact language choices and perceptions. Based on these insights, the study advocates for the integration of French into school curricula, the promotion of cultural exchange programmes to enhance exposure, and the encouragement of language clubs and extracurricular activities to reinforce learning.Cette étude examine les facteurs influençant l’usage du français chez les jeunes nigérians, en mettant l\u27accent sur les principaux facteurs contribuant aux choix et la perception linguistiques des étudiants Nigérians, en occurrence, les jeunes universitaires de l’Université d’Education d’Etat de Lagos (LASUED). L\u27objectif principal est d\u27approfondir la compréhension des préférences et attitudes linguistiques, favorisant ainsi un intérêt accru pour l\u27apprentissage des langues. Un total de 150 étudiants de LASUED a participé à l\u27étude en répondant à un questionnaire structuré visant à fournir des informations précieuses sur l\u27utilisation du français parmi les jeunes Nigérians. Pour évaluer les attitudes et opinions des répondants, une échelle de notation Likert a été utilisée. Plusieurs domaines fondamentaux ont été analysés, notamment la relation entre les variables démographiques telles que l\u27âge, l\u27institution et le niveau d\u27éducation et l\u27utilisation du français. Les résultats montrent que 117 étudiants, soit 78 % des participants, utilisent activement le français. En outre, l\u27étude a exploré l\u27influence des facteurs sociaux, des attitudes et de la motivation sur l\u27adoption de la langue. Le rôle de l\u27éducation et des échanges culturels dans la promotion de l\u27utilisation du français a été examiné, ainsi qu\u27une analyse comparative entre les jeunes et les adultes quant à leur usage du français. La recherche a appliqué la théorie sociolinguistique pour étudier l\u27interaction entre la langue et la société, tandis que la théorie de l\u27attitude linguistique a permis d\u27analyser comment la perception d\u27une langue façonne le comportement et la communication des individus. Les résultats clés indiquent que plusieurs facteurs tels que le prestige, l\u27utilité pratique, les perspectives de carrière, les avancées technologiques, la reconnaissance sociale, la motivation, les approches pédagogiques et le développement économique ont un impact significatif sur les choix et perceptions linguistiques. Sur la base de ces résultats, l\u27étude préconise intégration du français dans les programmes scolaires, la promotion des échanges culturels pour renforcer l\u27exposition à la langue, ainsi que l\u27encouragement des clubs linguistiques et des activités extrascolaires afin de faciliter l\u27apprentissage. 
Civil Society in Countries Transitioning Towards Democracy
Full text linkفي هذه الورقة البحثية ، سنحاول أن نركز دراستنا على دور المجتمع المدني، في الدول التي تشهد تحولا ديمقراطيا ، أو لنقل أنها وجدت نفسها أمام حتمية هذا الانتقال لأسباب مختلفة، المجتمع المدني الذي يجد نفسه أمام تحديات كبيرة من اجل إنجاح هذا التحول . ذلك أنه يشكّل ركيزة أساسية في تعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان، من حيث مساهمته في بناء مجتمع ديمقراطي يضمن العدالة والمساواة.
ومن ناحية أخرى سوف تنصب دراستنا على تسليط الضوء على واقع المجتمع المدني في الدول السائرة نحو الديمقراطية ذلك أنه قد يتعرض لخطر الانحراف عن مساره، مما يؤدي إلى تكريس سلطة الأمر الواقع بدلاً من تحقيق التغيير الإيجابي. لذا، كان من الضروري فهم كيفية تأسيس مجتمع مدني فعّال يؤدي دوره بشكل صحيح ويمنع الانزلاق نحو الذاتية الهدّامة.
وتبعا لذلك تأتي ورقتنا البحثية لتفكيك هذا الاشكال.This research paper examines the role of civil society in countries experiencing democratic transitions—or those compelled to undergo such a shift due to various factors. Civil society plays a crucial role in ensuring the success of this transformation, as it serves as a cornerstone in promoting and safeguarding human rights. By fostering a democratic society based on justice and equality, civil society contributes significantly to shaping a stable and inclusive political landscape. At the same time, our study sheds light on the challenges facing civil society in transitional democracies. Without proper direction, it risks veering off course, inadvertently reinforcing the status quo rather than driving meaningful change. This highlights the necessity of establishing a strong and effective civil society capable of fulfilling its role while preventing regression into counterproductive self-interest. that\u27s why
, our research aims to explore and analyze this critical issu