Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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Proces pokojowy w Irlandii Północnej w latach 90-tych i perspektywy uregulowania konfliktu
Get PDFAt the beginning the paper presents a brief historic outline of the conflict. It describes the strife of the two communities of Northern Ireland that date back to the division of the island in 1921. It also reminds the sources of the conflict that originated with the English conquest of the Celtic Ireland of 13th century. Next, the author analyzes the stages of the peace process in the ‘90s of 20th century, including the elections to the local Assembly of November 2003. In conclusions the author observes that the biggest problem is the popularity of extremist political platforms in the society. This conclusion is not entirely pessimistic, though. The author hopes that the community of Ulster and its political representatives have become so fatigued with the decades of strife that they may finally choose peace this time.At the beginning the paper presents a brief historic outline of the conflict. It describes the strife of the two communities of Northern Ireland that date back to the division of the island in 1921. It also reminds the sources of the conflict that originated with the English conquest of the Celtic Ireland of 13th century. Next, the author analyzes the stages of the peace process in the ‘90s of 20th century, including the elections to the local Assembly of November 2003. In conclusions the author observes that the biggest problem is the popularity of extremist political platforms in the society. This conclusion is not entirely pessimistic, though. The author hopes that the community of Ulster and its political representatives have become so fatigued with the decades of strife that they may finally choose peace this time
Kodeks honorowy w Wojsku Polskim III RP
Get PDFThe political transformation in Poland at the turn of the eighties also affected the military. One of the aspects of this transformation was an attempt at creating a code of honor for the soldiers of a „renewed” Polish Army, undertaken at the beginning of the nineties. Unfortunately, the work on the Code of Honor for the Polish Army of the 3rd Republic has not been finalized. Although a few drafts of varied merit have been drawn up, there has been no sufficient political will to eventually effect this interesting and noteworthy project. Maybe some have also feared that the professional soldiers equipped with the Code of Honor will become too independent and courts of honor will practically depreciate the significance of military courts. Also, nearly all the documents devoted to this matter at that time reflect the intention to develop the code, yet they lack assuredness of what its character should be. Therefore, the main points of focus were general rules referring to morality and conduct, while definitely too little attention was paid to practical suggestions and solutions.The political transformation in Poland at the turn of the eighties also affected the military. One of the aspects of this transformation was an attempt at creating a code of honor for the soldiers of a „renewed” Polish Army, undertaken at the beginning of the nineties. Unfortunately, the work on the Code of Honor for the Polish Army of the 3rd Republic has not been finalized. Although a few drafts of varied merit have been drawn up, there has been no sufficient political will to eventually effect this interesting and noteworthy project. Maybe some have also feared that the professional soldiers equipped with the Code of Honor will become too independent and courts of honor will practically depreciate the significance of military courts. Also, nearly all the documents devoted to this matter at that time reflect the intention to develop the code, yet they lack assuredness of what its character should be. Therefore, the main points of focus were general rules referring to morality and conduct, while definitely too little attention was paid to practical suggestions and solutions
Realizacja programu reprywatyzacji w Polscew latach 1989–2001 (aspekt polityczny i ideologiczny)
Get PDFReprivatization is one of the problems Polish politicians have failed to solve for 15 years. They developed nearly a score of drafts of reprivatization acts, none of which has been implemented. Election campaigns and government changes most frequently obstructed them. This happened to the draft developed by Hanna Suchocka’s government, later withheld by the next government of Waldemar Pawlak and the coalition of SLD-PSL (Democratic Left Alliance – Polish People’s Party). The coalition AWS-UW (Solidarity Election Action – Freedom Union) was very likely to launch reprivatization. Although it had the required majority in the Parliament, the political disputes inside the Solidarity Election Action prevented reprivatization. For the Solidarity Election Action with Marian Krzaklewski, general endowment was to ensure the victory to the party and himself in the next parliamentary and presidential elections respectively. As a result of the internal disputes, the reprivatization act was vetoed by President Kwaśniewski and the elections marked the AWS’s collapse. After Poland’s accession to the European Union former property owners have increasingly been demanding to restore the seized property, yet the issue does not seem likely to be solved soon and the very idea of reprivatization dissolves in political and ideological controversies.Reprivatization is one of the problems Polish politicians have failed to solve for 15 years. They developed nearly a score of drafts of reprivatization acts, none of which has been implemented. Election campaigns and government changes most frequently obstructed them. This happened to the draft developed by Hanna Suchocka’s government, later withheld by the next government of Waldemar Pawlak and the coalition of SLD-PSL (Democratic Left Alliance – Polish People’s Party). The coalition AWS-UW (Solidarity Election Action – Freedom Union) was very likely to launch reprivatization. Although it had the required majority in the Parliament, the political disputes inside the Solidarity Election Action prevented reprivatization. For the Solidarity Election Action with Marian Krzaklewski, general endowment was to ensure the victory to the party and himself in the next parliamentary and presidential elections respectively. As a result of the internal disputes, the reprivatization act was vetoed by President Kwaśniewski and the elections marked the AWS’s collapse. After Poland’s accession to the European Union former property owners have increasingly been demanding to restore the seized property, yet the issue does not seem likely to be solved soon and the very idea of reprivatization dissolves in political and ideological controversies
Prasa lokalna – między misją a rynkiem
Get PDFThe paper deals with the relation between the mission of local press and the market where this press operates and functions. This relation sometimes results in social tensions, or even conflicts. It should be borne in mind that the expectations of the market may have influence on the notion of mission and vice versa. It is important to answer the following question in this context: What is the influence these factors exert on local press? The mission and market are two categories that have a very different influence on the responsibilities of local press. The mission calls for general social objectives to be fulfilled. The market on the other hand encourages commercial and individual tasks.The paper deals with the relation between the mission of local press and the market where this press operates and functions. This relation sometimes results in social tensions, or even conflicts. It should be borne in mind that the expectations of the market may have influence on the notion of mission and vice versa. It is important to answer the following question in this context: What is the influence these factors exert on local press? The mission and market are two categories that have a very different influence on the responsibilities of local press. The mission calls for general social objectives to be fulfilled. The market on the other hand encourages commercial and individual tasks
Rynek jako narzędzie wolności i jako pole walki o panowanie
Get PDFThe paper outlines the fundamental division among the theorists who professionally deal with market economy, over the issue whether market economy promotes an individual’s freedom. The discrepancy starts with the very notion of freedom, next there is no consent whether there is a relation between freedom and economic liberty, etc. Since these philosophical issues cannot be solved by the most prominent minds in this field, the author of the paper is not to be expected to offer the ultimate answer, either. However, it can be agreed that the beginning of capitalism was accompanied by progress towards freedom, towards individuals rejecting the influence of the Church, the guild and secular authority. Although the new economy, which was coordinated by market forces, marked a significant progress towards liberty, the words of a philosopher who saw its birth remain valid: „Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)
W co wierzą młodzi? Badania socjologiczne nad religijnością młodzieży studiującej w Warszawie
No full textThe paper attempts to address a number of queries on religiousness of the Polish students, who are likely to constitute the new middle class soon. The author tries to present how their faith is related to other attitudes, beliefs, politics and morality. Is it still predominated by a traditional Catholic ritual, automatically inherited after older generations without any reflection, as it was before 1989? Is this Catholic faith still identified with being Polish and approached as a „political faith”? Or maybe some turbulent changes have taken place, enforced by new economic, political and social freedom or mass culture? The findings and conclusions presented in the paper are based on a survey conducted by the author in January 2001 among the students of theWarsaw University and the Warsaw School of Information Technology. They prove that mentality of the youth, who live in a large city and study, has already undergone a series of various transformations, some highly interesting, yet it is rather difficult to identify some radical changes or a religious and moral „revolution”. A common attempt at a compromise is also symptomatic here, the desire to harmonize the tradition, which is still lively and significant, with new experience provided by liberal democracy, mass culture or the spiritualism of New Age.The paper attempts to address a number of queries on religiousness of the Polish students, who are likely to constitute the new middle class soon. The author tries to present how their faith is related to other attitudes, beliefs, politics and morality. Is it still predominated by a traditional Catholic ritual, automatically inherited after older generations without any reflection, as it was before 1989? Is this Catholic faith still identified with being Polish and approached as a „political faith”? Or maybe some turbulent changes have taken place, enforced by new economic, political and social freedom or mass culture? The findings and conclusions presented in the paper are based on a survey conducted by the author in January 2001 among the students of theWarsaw University and the Warsaw School of Information Technology. They prove that mentality of the youth, who live in a large city and study, has already undergone a series of various transformations, some highly interesting, yet it is rather difficult to identify some radical changes or a religious and moral „revolution”. A common attempt at a compromise is also symptomatic here, the desire to harmonize the tradition, which is still lively and significant, with new experience provided by liberal democracy, mass culture or the spiritualism of New Age