Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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Jan Paweł II a demokracja
Get PDFThe Author observes a certain paradox: on the one hand John Paul II sharply criticized modern liberal democracy, but on the other such words were uttered by the man who took credit for an immense, if not decisive, contribution to the collapse of Communism and the birth of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. This contradiction, however, is only apparent since John Paul II, and the Catholic Church, perceived and defined democracy in a particular way. Their way is in many aspects contradictory to the principles of a modern model of democracy, that is liberal democracy, prevailing in Europe and elsewhere.The Author observes a certain paradox: on the one hand John Paul II sharply criticized modern liberal democracy, but on the other such words were uttered by the man who took credit for an immense, if not decisive, contribution to the collapse of Communism and the birth of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. This contradiction, however, is only apparent since John Paul II, and the Catholic Church, perceived and defined democracy in a particular way. Their way is in many aspects contradictory to the principles of a modern model of democracy, that is liberal democracy, prevailing in Europe and elsewhere
Unia Europejska – Ukraina: Czy wszystko zmieszało się na zawsze...
Get PDFUkraine, which has been a sovereign state since 1991, is facing a dilemma whether it should direct its foreign policy towards Western Europe or intensify the collaboration within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since the Ukraine has perceived itself as a geographical, cultural and historical part of Europe almost from the first days of independence she has undertaken to become permanently rooted in the family of European states. It was a consequence of the policy directed towardsWestern Europe and the United States that Kiev declared its readiness to become a rightful member of the European Union and NATO. Ukraine has combined her efforts to integrate with both these bodies, which is illustrated in the activity of Kiev that treats both these directions as the complementary elements of a single strategy and orientation towards the West.Ukraine, which has been a sovereign state since 1991, is facing a dilemma whether it should direct its foreign policy towards Western Europe or intensify the collaboration within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since the Ukraine has perceived itself as a geographical, cultural and historical part of Europe almost from the first days of independence she has undertaken to become permanently rooted in the family of European states. It was a consequence of the policy directed towardsWestern Europe and the United States that Kiev declared its readiness to become a rightful member of the European Union and NATO. Ukraine has combined her efforts to integrate with both these bodies, which is illustrated in the activity of Kiev that treats both these directions as the complementary elements of a single strategy and orientation towards the West
Literatura kobiet w latach 1918-1939 z perspektywy feministycznej. Rekonesans
Get PDFThe author attempts to present the most significant results of the research on literary and para-literary activity of women in the nineteen-twenties and -thirties, from the gender perspective. The subject of the study is provided by dictionary entries discussing the biographies and works of Polish feminine writers in the first half of the twentieth century, as well as the reception of so-called „women’s literature”, primarily in terms of reviews published in the literary, social and cultural press of that period. The main point of interest is the method of constructing intimate and artistic biographies of women, the manner applied by literary critics to the discussion of feminine art, the issue as to whether women’s literature created in 1918–1939 was aware of its manifold conditioning and whether this literature diagnosed the social situation of women in the first decades of the twentieth century.The author attempts to present the most significant results of the research on literary and para-literary activity of women in the nineteen-twenties and -thirties, from the gender perspective. The subject of the study is provided by dictionary entries discussing the biographies and works of Polish feminine writers in the first half of the twentieth century, as well as the reception of so-called „women’s literature”, primarily in terms of reviews published in the literary, social and cultural press of that period. The main point of interest is the method of constructing intimate and artistic biographies of women, the manner applied by literary critics to the discussion of feminine art, the issue as to whether women’s literature created in 1918–1939 was aware of its manifold conditioning and whether this literature diagnosed the social situation of women in the first decades of the twentieth century
Кто и за какую интеграцию? (Отношение населения стран ЕС и СНГ к интеграции)
No full textIntegration processes in the European Union and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are an element of a global tendency to form suprastate associations. Although such associations assume that supranational systems of authorities are created they are hardly antidemocratic. Nevertheless, each such integration process, although formally identical or highly similar, may have a completely different political or social significance which can be observed when their social support is compared. The European Union is practically unprecedented, and such a model of integration is being created for the first time in response to the requirements and needs of modern European society; it also has no determined borders. It mainly finds support among the young and educated social strata, who are interested in the benefits generated by such integration and who do not fear potential instability and indeterminacy that accompany such processes. The Post-Soviet countries do have recent experience of integration having followed a model of a state with a highly integrated social and political life. The experience of the Soviet Union in many respects determines the directions of integration of these states although the USSR collapsed and the historic circumstances that affected its foundation are radically different. The nature of such integration efforts is reflected by their social support. The main advocates of the integration processes in CIS are older and less educated people for whom the revival of Soviet reality seems more attractive whereas the present brings risk and threat. Thus being oriented to the past or to the future is among the main factors that differentiate the nature, efficiency and future prospects of these two integration processes.Integration processes in the European Union and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are an element of a global tendency to form suprastate associations. Although such associations assume that supranational systems of authorities are created they are hardly antidemocratic. Nevertheless, each such integration process, although formally identical or highly similar, may have a completely different political or social significance which can be observed when their social support is compared. The European Union is practically unprecedented, and such a model of integration is being created for the first time in response to the requirements and needs of modern European society; it also has no determined borders. It mainly finds support among the young and educated social strata, who are interested in the benefits generated by such integration and who do not fear potential instability and indeterminacy that accompany such processes. The Post-Soviet countries do have recent experience of integration having followed a model of a state with a highly integrated social and political life. The experience of the Soviet Union in many respects determines the directions of integration of these states although the USSR collapsed and the historic circumstances that affected its foundation are radically different. The nature of such integration efforts is reflected by their social support. The main advocates of the integration processes in CIS are older and less educated people for whom the revival of Soviet reality seems more attractive whereas the present brings risk and threat. Thus being oriented to the past or to the future is among the main factors that differentiate the nature, efficiency and future prospects of these two integration processes
Środki społecznego przekazu w pontyfikacie Jana Pawła II
No full textMass media are the field of research interest of Pope John Paul II (the years of pontificate 1978–2005). The Bishop of Rome doesn’t deny the existence of them. He notices both the positive and dangers coming from their functioning. A lot of media institutions from the press to the Internet websites work for his good use. The author of the academic article emphasizes that the Pope – the Pole makes good use of the media for popularization of the Roman Catholic Church thought. Being a great authority with unique personality the Pope enjoys popularity from the media which are not responsible to him. The media present both his virtues such as: oratorical art., the ability to use symbolism, and weaknesses like his physical disability in the last years of his life. However, Karol Wojty³a’s reflections on the media should serve the creation of proper usage of theses tools in order to realize the common good.Mass media are the field of research interest of Pope John Paul II (the years of pontificate 1978–2005). The Bishop of Rome doesn’t deny the existence of them. He notices both the positive and dangers coming from their functioning. A lot of media institutions from the press to the Internet websites work for his good use. The author of the academic article emphasizes that the Pope – the Pole makes good use of the media for popularization of the Roman Catholic Church thought. Being a great authority with unique personality the Pope enjoys popularity from the media which are not responsible to him. The media present both his virtues such as: oratorical art., the ability to use symbolism, and weaknesses like his physical disability in the last years of his life. However, Karol Wojty³a’s reflections on the media should serve the creation of proper usage of theses tools in order to realize the common good
Влияние зарубежных СМИ на информационное пространство Кыргызстана
No full textThe Author discusses selected issues concerning the altered functions of mass media in the course of political transformation in Kirghizia
Status prawny kobiet w Polsce w świetle ustawodawstwa Unii Europejskiej
Get PDFThe issue of human rights and fundamental liberties in numerous realms of life – whether political and civic, or social and cultural – has been frequently emphasized when discussing the achievements of Western civilization. As a matter of principle, every citizen, regardless of gender, has the same rights, obligations and opportunities in every sphere. This equality implies an equal division of authority and power, that gives women the right to participate in the institutions and public fora that make decisions and issue opinions. This also refers to all other spheres and includes such matters as the right to non-discrimination at work, in business activity, and equal opportunities to obtain material independence. Polish society still does not take sufficient advantage of the opportunities provided by EU instruments. The participation of women in public authorities and public life, the equal status of men and women, equality of rights, or gender-related discrimination are still new ideas, which are both strange and incomprehensible for Polish society. Another problem is posed by harmful stereotypes and false images related to the position of men and women. Poland remains a country where women are responsible for bringing children up, caring for the elderly or the handicapped, household chores, and for material matters pertaining to the family.The issue of human rights and fundamental liberties in numerous realms of life – whether political and civic, or social and cultural – has been frequently emphasized when discussing the achievements of Western civilization. As a matter of principle, every citizen, regardless of gender, has the same rights, obligations and opportunities in every sphere. This equality implies an equal division of authority and power, that gives women the right to participate in the institutions and public fora that make decisions and issue opinions. This also refers to all other spheres and includes such matters as the right to non-discrimination at work, in business activity, and equal opportunities to obtain material independence. Polish society still does not take sufficient advantage of the opportunities provided by EU instruments. The participation of women in public authorities and public life, the equal status of men and women, equality of rights, or gender-related discrimination are still new ideas, which are both strange and incomprehensible for Polish society. Another problem is posed by harmful stereotypes and false images related to the position of men and women. Poland remains a country where women are responsible for bringing children up, caring for the elderly or the handicapped, household chores, and for material matters pertaining to the family
Amerykańska wizja pokoju na Bliskim Wschodzie. Od „małych kroków” Henry’ego Kissingera do mediacji Jimmy’ego Cartera
Get PDFAn American model of peace in the Middle East, which evolved from Kissinger’s ‘little steps’ to the separatist agreements of Camp David, was to serve the purpose of regulating the Arab-Israeli conflict and strengthening Washington’s influence. In the address delivered on January 23, 1980 (that provided the foundation for the so called ‘J. Carter doctrine’) the US President said that every “attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America” and thus it “will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force”. The abandonment of the Nasserian tradition did not help A. Sadat to win supporters in internal matters. The protest of Nasserists and the Association of Muslim Brothers against the reconciliation with Israel resulted in a tragic attack against the Egyptian president. A. Sadat’s death on October 6, 1981 was a blow for the advocates of the peace process. Whether to continue the separatist policy towards Israel or not was up to the will of the new political authorities in Egypt.An American model of peace in the Middle East, which evolved from Kissinger’s ‘little steps’ to the separatist agreements of Camp David, was to serve the purpose of regulating the Arab-Israeli conflict and strengthening Washington’s influence. In the address delivered on January 23, 1980 (that provided the foundation for the so called ‘J. Carter doctrine’) the US President said that every “attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America” and thus it “will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force”. The abandonment of the Nasserian tradition did not help A. Sadat to win supporters in internal matters. The protest of Nasserists and the Association of Muslim Brothers against the reconciliation with Israel resulted in a tragic attack against the Egyptian president. A. Sadat’s death on October 6, 1981 was a blow for the advocates of the peace process. Whether to continue the separatist policy towards Israel or not was up to the will of the new political authorities in Egypt
Głos kobiet: jaka ma być nowa Europa?
No full textThe author states that formally Poland is not a religious state; however, the country evidently shows signs of a religious state. To support this argument the author points out many examples: the influence of the church on the legal system, education – this is the reason why women are discriminated (anti-abortion law), the favourable treatment of the clergy by the courts, religious instructions at public schools and kindergartens, the absence of school lessons on the human body and it’s pro-creation purposes, situation in the media, the growing influence of the clergy on the army, the funding of the church from the state budget.The author states that formally Poland is not a religious state; however, the country evidently shows signs of a religious state. To support this argument the author points out many examples: the influence of the church on the legal system, education – this is the reason why women are discriminated (anti-abortion law), the favourable treatment of the clergy by the courts, religious instructions at public schools and kindergartens, the absence of school lessons on the human body and it’s pro-creation purposes, situation in the media, the growing influence of the clergy on the army, the funding of the church from the state budget