Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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Liga Kobiet – organizacja „reprezentująca” interesy kobiet w Polsce Ludowej. Zarys działania
Get PDFThe end of WWII did not bring the freedom Poles had desired so much. The activities of the Communist authorities right after the war resulted from their weakness. Their operations were initially possible thanks to the Red Army, and later on due to the extensive repression system of a Communist state. Under such political circumstances, only political parties and other entities that submitted to the Communist authorities and did not attempt to set new directions or political and social trends were allowed to operate. Operating in the reality of a Communist state, they complied with the vision propagated or recommended as appropriate by the Communist authorities. This was the case of the Women’s League. Established in August 1945, the League was among the first organizations formally registered after the war. It is difficult to evaluate the activities of the Women’s League in the period discussed. The organization operated under the peculiar conditions of a Communist state; what is more, its emergence was even initiated by the structures of this state, aimed at winning over women’s circles in order to legitimize the authorities on the one hand, and to eliminate other women’s organizations, thus giving the League the exclusive right to represent women, as approved by the authorities and in line with their policy. Bearing in mind all the negative aspects of the activities of theWomen’s League, which stemmed from the complex political situation in Poland, the organization made a considerable effort to improve the situation of women.The end of WWII did not bring the freedom Poles had desired so much. The activities of the Communist authorities right after the war resulted from their weakness. Their operations were initially possible thanks to the Red Army, and later on due to the extensive repression system of a Communist state. Under such political circumstances, only political parties and other entities that submitted to the Communist authorities and did not attempt to set new directions or political and social trends were allowed to operate. Operating in the reality of a Communist state, they complied with the vision propagated or recommended as appropriate by the Communist authorities. This was the case of the Women’s League. Established in August 1945, the League was among the first organizations formally registered after the war. It is difficult to evaluate the activities of the Women’s League in the period discussed. The organization operated under the peculiar conditions of a Communist state; what is more, its emergence was even initiated by the structures of this state, aimed at winning over women’s circles in order to legitimize the authorities on the one hand, and to eliminate other women’s organizations, thus giving the League the exclusive right to represent women, as approved by the authorities and in line with their policy. Bearing in mind all the negative aspects of the activities of theWomen’s League, which stemmed from the complex political situation in Poland, the organization made a considerable effort to improve the situation of women
Zideologizowanie przekazu prasy radykalnych ruchów społecznych w kontekście tabloidyzacji mediów (przykład prasy ruchu anarchistycznego)
Get PDFThe anarchist movement, aiming to remove all ruler – ruled relations, is a radical social movement. The movement has its own means of communication. The phenomenon of tabloidization, understood as the propagation of properties typical of tabloid media, concerns the anarchist press as well, but only marginally. It is manifested by the ideologization of the content of this press. The communications of the anarchist movement are directed at its social surroundings and also occur within the movement. Tabloidization is an ineffective means of achieving an intangible benefit (winning supporters for the movement). The tabloidization of the message aimed at obtaining a benefit is only meaningful in the internal communications, where it helps maintain the headcount on account of the ideologization, simplification and sensational character of the message. While criticizing the tabloidization of traditional media, anarchists have developed their concepts using simplified messages for the purpose of social mobilization, riots and future insurrections. In these concepts, shallow messages referring to irrational human emotions become a source of revolutionary attitudes.The anarchist movement, aiming to remove all ruler – ruled relations, is a radical social movement. The movement has its own means of communication. The phenomenon of tabloidization, understood as the propagation of properties typical of tabloid media, concerns the anarchist press as well, but only marginally. It is manifested by the ideologization of the content of this press. The communications of the anarchist movement are directed at its social surroundings and also occur within the movement. Tabloidization is an ineffective means of achieving an intangible benefit (winning supporters for the movement). The tabloidization of the message aimed at obtaining a benefit is only meaningful in the internal communications, where it helps maintain the headcount on account of the ideologization, simplification and sensational character of the message. While criticizing the tabloidization of traditional media, anarchists have developed their concepts using simplified messages for the purpose of social mobilization, riots and future insurrections. In these concepts, shallow messages referring to irrational human emotions become a source of revolutionary attitudes
Instrumentalizacja i uprzedmiotowienie ludzkiej seksualności
Get PDFThe article discusses the issue of instrumentalisation and objectification of corporeality and sexuality. The issue was considered in the context of forms possible to distribute by the media. The starting point is general tabloidisation in the contemporary culture, which changes due to new technologies of production, recording and distribution. The body, nudity and violence are becoming a tool of inducing shock, dazzling with vulgarity and breaking taboos in order to satisfy sexual needs and curiosity. The ability to access previously restricted content or content which was previously not feasible due to the lack of universality of the media, causes that these forms find their customers. This problem has been reduced to the so called “hard pornography” (pornography using and presenting violence); however, attention should be paid to a broader range of issues which included 1) the actual sexual violence, 2) real sexual relations of BDSM partners and (3) sexual violence in pornographic films. In fact, in each of these situations we will talk about different forms of instrumentalisation and objectification of human corporeality. The text presents the thesis that the legal sphere related to ius publicum, which is shaped by participation in the public sphere, has a significant impact on private life. Hence the dominance of particular social narratives (ideology, ethics, etc.) affects the legal sphere, which interferes to a great extent with the private sphere of people. We should also stress the change in the meaning of what was called pornography – from tools to express political ideas to contents aiming at providing amusement and satisfaction on different levels. The legal issue related to the so-called hard-core pornography (pornography using and presenting violence) has been generally presented on the example of the Polish Criminal Code. Of particular importance is art. 202 § 3, which defines criminal penalties for distribution, production, recording, importing, storage and possession of “hard pornography” (the text is limited to the analysis of pornography using and presenting violence).Artykuł podejmuje problematykę instrumentalizacji i uprzedmiotowienia cielesności i seksualności człowieka. Problem rozważany był w kontekście przekazów, możliwych za pomocą środków społecznego przekazu. Punktem wyjścia jest tabloidyzacja przekazu w ogóle we współczesnej kulturze, która zmienia się dzięki nowym technologiom produkcji, utrwalania i przekazywania treści. Ciało, nagość i przemoc stają się narzędziem wywoływania szoku, epatowaniem wulgarnością i przełamywaniem tabu w celu zaspokojenia potrzeb seksualnych, jak i ciekawości. Możliwość dostępu do treści wcześniej zabronionych lub treści, które wcześniej były nieosiągalne z powodu braku powszechności przekazów, powoduje, że przekazy te znajdują swoich odbiorców. Problem ten został sprowadzony do tzw. „pornografii twardej” (pornografia z użyciem i prezentacją przemocy), jednakże należy zwrócić uwagę na szerszy zakres tej problematyki czyli m.in. 1) faktycznej przemocy seksualnej, 2) faktycznych relacji seksualnych partnerów BDSM i 3) przemocy seksualnej w filmach pornograficznych. W zasadzie w każdej z wymienionych sytuacji będziemy mówić o różnych formach instrumentalizacji i uprzedmiotowienia cielesności człowieka. W tekście przedstawiono tezę, że znaczny wpływ na życie prywatne ma przestrzeń prawna związana z ius publicum, która kształtowana jest przez partycypację w sferze publicznej. Stąd dominacja poszczególnych narracji społecznych (ideologii, etyki itd.) wpływa na przestrzeń prawną, a ta ingeruje w szerokim zakresie w sferę prywatną człowieka. Należy również zwrócić uwagę na zmianę znaczenia czegoś, co określano mianem pornografii – od narzędzia wyrażania idei politycznych do przekazów mających jedynie za cel dostarczanie rozrywki i satysfakcji na różnych poziomach. Problem prawny związany z tzw. twardą pornografią (pornografia z użyciem i prezentacją przemocy) w ogólnym zarysie przedstawiono na przykładzie rozwiązań w polskim kodeksie karnym. Szczególne znaczenie ma art. 202 § 3, który określa odpowiedzialność karną za rozpowszechnianie, produkcję, utrwalanie, sprowadzanie, przechowywanie i posiadanie „twardej pornografii” (w tekście ograniczono się do analizy pornografii z użyciem i prezentacją przemocy)
Gospodarka to kobieta – kobiety w życiu gospodarczym Polski – rola, miejsce, wpływ
Get PDFThe situation of women in the labor market has long been the subject of numerous academic studies and discussions at various levels. This paper touches on the issue of the roles women play in the economy. These roles are related both to the unpaid housework performed by women at home and professional work at different levels (performed either as self-employed workers or as employees in the labor market). The considerations presented in the paper unfortunately corroborate the common conviction that the situation of women in the labor market is worse than men’s. The first group under analysis are housewives, who are frequently unable to make a free decision about whether they should work or stay at home. The second group are professional women who find employment or are self-employed.Women in the former group are frustrated by the fact that they do not generate any income in their household, although their work is in fact extremely valuable. The second group faces the ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon, finds employment in the so-called pink collar sector, sees a prevalence of women working in the public sector, and faces problems with balancing work and family obligations. The paper also indicates the instruments that could improve the situation of women in economic life in Poland, primarily including flexible forms of employment, improved availability (in terms of price and amount) and quality of child care facilities (nurseries, kindergartens, and others), more extensive activities to promote the equality of the sexes (fighting stereotypes) and more opportunities to share childcare responsibilities (on top of extant legal solutions). It has also been observed that women themselves frequently adapt to fit the stereotypes, that they have lower expectations in terms of remuneration, do not allow themselves to be assertive and become overloaded with responsibilities, and they imprint the stereotypes of social and economic roles of men and women on their children. It is concluded that steps need to be taken to ensure greater appreciation of housework, and to make becoming a housewife a conscious decision rather than a compulsion. As regards women who opt for employment or self-employment, they need to be ensured appropriate remuneration that corresponds to their qualifications, experience and achievements, as well as professional advancement regardless of sex.The situation of women in the labor market has long been the subject of numerous academic studies and discussions at various levels. This paper touches on the issue of the roles women play in the economy. These roles are related both to the unpaid housework performed by women at home and professional work at different levels (performed either as self-employed workers or as employees in the labor market). The considerations presented in the paper unfortunately corroborate the common conviction that the situation of women in the labor market is worse than men’s. The first group under analysis are housewives, who are frequently unable to make a free decision about whether they should work or stay at home. The second group are professional women who find employment or are self-employed.Women in the former group are frustrated by the fact that they do not generate any income in their household, although their work is in fact extremely valuable. The second group faces the ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon, finds employment in the so-called pink collar sector, sees a prevalence of women working in the public sector, and faces problems with balancing work and family obligations. The paper also indicates the instruments that could improve the situation of women in economic life in Poland, primarily including flexible forms of employment, improved availability (in terms of price and amount) and quality of child care facilities (nurseries, kindergartens, and others), more extensive activities to promote the equality of the sexes (fighting stereotypes) and more opportunities to share childcare responsibilities (on top of extant legal solutions). It has also been observed that women themselves frequently adapt to fit the stereotypes, that they have lower expectations in terms of remuneration, do not allow themselves to be assertive and become overloaded with responsibilities, and they imprint the stereotypes of social and economic roles of men and women on their children. It is concluded that steps need to be taken to ensure greater appreciation of housework, and to make becoming a housewife a conscious decision rather than a compulsion. As regards women who opt for employment or self-employment, they need to be ensured appropriate remuneration that corresponds to their qualifications, experience and achievements, as well as professional advancement regardless of sex
Publiczny a prywatny. Próby demonopolizacji płatnika trzeciej strony w Polsce (aspekt polityczny i ekonomiczny)
Get PDFThis paper is an attempt at an assessment of the discussion and steps taken in order to demonopolize a third party payer in Poland, in particular as regards a patient’s right to choose the payer. For the purpose of this analysis it is assumed that a patient should have the right to choose a third party payer. It is also assumed, however, that a patient’s attitude transforms from being demanding into the attitude of an active and aware patient caring for his own health. The author indicates that the manner of operation of a third party payer should be a result of the system of health protection, its scope and objectives. Finally, the concept of introducing competition is considered, but only in the case of voluntary health insurance policies and a single but decentralized payer in the public health insurance.This paper is an attempt at an assessment of the discussion and steps taken in order to demonopolize a third party payer in Poland, in particular as regards a patient’s right to choose the payer. For the purpose of this analysis it is assumed that a patient should have the right to choose a third party payer. It is also assumed, however, that a patient’s attitude transforms from being demanding into the attitude of an active and aware patient caring for his own health. The author indicates that the manner of operation of a third party payer should be a result of the system of health protection, its scope and objectives. Finally, the concept of introducing competition is considered, but only in the case of voluntary health insurance policies and a single but decentralized payer in the public health insurance
Austrian news coverage of Poland during the Polish EU presidency in 2011
Get PDFThis paper summarizes the key features of the Austrian print media news coverage of Poland throughout the timeframe of the Polish presidency of the EU in 2011. Results stem from a quantitative content analysis of three daily newspapers and one news magazine that were analyzed over a timeframe of 7 months from June 2011 to January 2012. Having entered the EU only in 1995, Austria is a rather young member state and one of the ‘EU-lightweights’, regarding its population size but also its political standing. Since its accession the country has developed a rather ambivalent and skeptical position towards its own EU membership as well as to EU-related matters, which is also strongly reflected in the focus of the Austrian news coverage of EU-related issues. At the same time, Austrian-Polish relations have specific features not only in a political, but also in a social, economic and historical dimension. Both aspects are crucial to bear in mind when Austrian news coverage of Poland during the presidency is taken into view. The paper shows that the Polish EU presidency did not change the overall thematic focus of the Austrian news coverage of Poland. Austrian news coverage shifted towards a more EU-related dimension only temporarily and slightly, but overall, other frames of perception as well as characteristic news factors shaped the Austrian news coverage of Poland
Źródła poparcia wyborczego lokalnych liderów w samorządowych kampaniach wyborczych (na przykładzie kampanii wyborczych prezydentów miast na prawach powiatu w 2010 roku)
No full textThe paper attempts to order and indicate the most important sources of systemic and non-systemic support allowing local leaders to win elections and thereby gaining or maintaining power. The study is concentrated solely on the examination of the sources of support for political leaders in cities with district rights in the 2010 election campaign. The study was financed by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education obtained for statutory research at the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University in 2012. The paper also makes use of a portion of studies carried out and published earlier on the topic of the processes of political communication of local leaders in the social media (Facebook and political blogs) and on various Internet websites. The paper presents a full account of the results of these studies in the context of political communication in the election process.The paper attempts to order and indicate the most important sources of systemic and non-systemic support allowing local leaders to win elections and thereby gaining or maintaining power. The study is concentrated solely on the examination of the sources of support for political leaders in cities with district rights in the 2010 election campaign. The study was financed by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education obtained for statutory research at the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University in 2012. The paper also makes use of a portion of studies carried out and published earlier on the topic of the processes of political communication of local leaders in the social media (Facebook and political blogs) and on various Internet websites. The paper presents a full account of the results of these studies in the context of political communication in the election process
The priorities of the Polish presidency of the Council of the European Union – the circumstances of their selection and implementation
Get PDFThe paper discusses the Polish presidency of the EU Council in terms of its priorities. It analyzes the circumstances of their formulation, selection and implementation. The authors answer the question of what influenced the selection of Poland’s priorities and what selection mechanisms were applied. Additionally, they examine how the national agenda was ‘concealed’ in Community rhetoric. Thus, the analytical part discusses the political and legal path that determined the priorities. The EU agenda, Polish ambitions and the context of the trio is also presented. The paper concludes with the authors’ assessment of the implementation of the priorities
Tabloidyzacja a konwergencja mediów – obraz wzajemnych zależności w polskim dyskursie publicznym. Analiza przypadku Tomasza Lisa
Get PDFThe paper is composed of two parts. The first, theoretical part outlines the definitions of convergence and tabloidization. Then, four hypotheses are proposed and developed concerning the mutual relations of these two phenomena. The second part of the paper is devoted to a case analysis of the activity of Tomasz Lis, carried out on the grounds of these four hypotheses. The case study describes how the journalist is affected by tabloidization, while simultaneously using it in his work. The analysis is concluded with the considerations on the activity of Tomasz Lis in the context of media convergence. The paper ends with conclusions on the potential of developing further research in the field of the mutual relations of the phenomena discussed.The paper is composed of two parts. The first, theoretical part outlines the definitions of convergence and tabloidization. Then, four hypotheses are proposed and developed concerning the mutual relations of these two phenomena. The second part of the paper is devoted to a case analysis of the activity of Tomasz Lis, carried out on the grounds of these four hypotheses. The case study describes how the journalist is affected by tabloidization, while simultaneously using it in his work. The analysis is concluded with the considerations on the activity of Tomasz Lis in the context of media convergence. The paper ends with conclusions on the potential of developing further research in the field of the mutual relations of the phenomena discussed
O pojmowaniu infotainmentu i nadmiernej rozrywkowości mediów masowych we współczesnym medioznawstwie
Get PDFThe excessive focus on entertainment in the content of the modern mass media has become the subject of academic reflection in Poland over the last decade. In the West this issue has been discussed for at least thirty years. Out of the various concepts that serve the purpose of describing and analyzing the focus on entertainment in the mass media the author focuses on the concept of infotainment, borrowed from American English; the meaning and scope of this concept in academic and journalistic texts is analyzed. It is indicated that the concept has a limited explanatory value when taken over without its cultural and linguistic context, and it is particularly useless as the name of a genre, used instead of the news. Discussing contemporary academic reflections on the focus on entertainment in the mass media and their content, three main currents are indicated and briefly described: the functional, historical and critically-discursive; the issue of the focus on entertainment of professional journalists is also addressed.The excessive focus on entertainment in the content of the modern mass media has become the subject of academic reflection in Poland over the last decade. In the West this issue has been discussed for at least thirty years. Out of the various concepts that serve the purpose of describing and analyzing the focus on entertainment in the mass media the author focuses on the concept of infotainment, borrowed from American English; the meaning and scope of this concept in academic and journalistic texts is analyzed. It is indicated that the concept has a limited explanatory value when taken over without its cultural and linguistic context, and it is particularly useless as the name of a genre, used instead of the news. Discussing contemporary academic reflections on the focus on entertainment in the mass media and their content, three main currents are indicated and briefly described: the functional, historical and critically-discursive; the issue of the focus on entertainment of professional journalists is also addressed