Jurnal Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
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Kata Pemeri: Satu Takrifan Nahuan dalam Kerangka Ayat Bahasa Melayu
No full textThe term copula verb was derived from Latin grammar via Dutch and English and has been applied by some scholars as adalah and ialah in Malay. Among these scholars, some have attempted to identify copula verbs in Malay - either in overt or covert form, i.e. in a grammatically independent form or in a form hidden in non-verbal words. These studies have taken the view that sentences in Malay conform to the framework of [subject NP + predicate verb]. Other scholars have treated the words adalah and ialah as "descriptives" or "descriptive particles" to describe the relationship between subject and predicate. This paper aims to examine what the distinctive characteristics and qualities of the two words are. In order to do so, attention is given to the functions of the "affirmatives" of adalah and the "adverbial conjunction" of ialah in affirmative sentences. The function of copula verbs in European languages will also be compared with these two words, and the effectiveness of the use of adalah and ialah within the framework of Malay sentences will be evaluated. The article concludes that the words adalah and ialah are not copula verbs. Instead, they assume the function of "assertion" or "analyticity" of a predication, i.e. the function of "description" as a whole. Hence, the term "descriptives" is found to be more appropriate for this particular word class.
Keywords: inflection, copula verb, lexical verbs, positives, descriptives, grammatical agreement, descriptive particles, interrogative sentence markerIstilah kata kerja kopula (KKj kopula) yang dipinjam daripada tatabahasa bahasa Latin melalui bahasa Belanda dan bahasa Inggeris telah diaplikasikan oleh sesetengah pengkaji sebagai fungsi kata adalah dan ialah dalam bahasa Melayu. Ada antara mereka yang berusaha mencari KKj kopula dalam bahasa Melayu, sama ada dalam bentuk mandiri ataupun tersembunyi dalam kata yang bukan kata kerja. Kesemua kajian tersebut melihat ayat bahasa Melayu dalam kerangka [FN subjek + KKj predikat]. Sesetengah pengkaji yang lain menganggap kata adalah dan ialah sebagai "kata pemeri" atau "partikel pemeri" sahaja yang berfungsi untuk memerikan hubungan antara subjek dengan predikat. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk meneliti apakah sebenarnya sifat kedua-dua kata berkenaan. Fungsi "pembenar" dalam kata adalah dan fungsi "penghubung adverbaan" dalam kata ialah diperhatikan dalam ayat penyata pembenaran. Fungsi KKj kopula dalam bahasa Eropah juga dibandingkan dengan kedua-dua kata berkenaan, dan akhir sekali kegunaan kata adalah dan ialah dinilai dalam kerangka ayat bahasa Melayu. Hasil daripada kajian ini didapati bahawa kedua-dua kata tersebut tidak berfungsi sebagai KKj kopula tetapi menanggung fungsi "pemastian" atau "pemerincian" predikasi sahaja, iaitu fungsi "pemerian" secara menyeluruh.
Kata kunci: fleksi, kata kerja kopula, kata kerja leksikal, kata pembenaran, kata pemeri, keserasian nahuan, partikel pemeri, penanda ayat tany
Light, Sound and Fragrance: The Impact of Sufism on the Aesthetics of Traditional Malay Literature
No full textSufi ideas exerted a great influence on nearly every aspect of traditional Malay literature of the late 16th to the 17th century. Not only Malay literary practice of that age owed much to the Sufi inspiration, equally important is the fact that Sufism brought to life a pre-modern Malay literary theory including, inter alia, fundamental concepts of literary aesthetics. On the basis of a poem by Hamzah Fansuri and Sufi allegories Hikayat Inderaputera and Hikayat Si Burung Pingai the article investigates the Sufi doctrine of imagination as a particular world all of its own, the "aesthetics of light" expressed through specific illumination of portrayed events and "lighting effects", and the "aesthetics of ecstasy" communicated through acoustic and olfactory images. By embodying these aesthetics in the "flesh and blood" of literary works, their creators not only managed to reveal Sufi doctrines with more clarity and beauty, but also let their audience experience them both intellectually and emotionally.
Keyword: Sufism, Hamzah Fansuri, literary aesthetic, Hikayat Metaphysics
Tradition in the Novels of Anwar Ridhwan and Putu Wijaya
No full textThis paper is the result of a comparative study carried out on the novels of Anwar Ridhwan and Putu Wijaya, writers who represent Malaysian and Indonesian authorship respectively. This study focuses on the inclination of both writers to dignify "tradition" in their work. What is meant by the framework of "tradition" is that both writers source their materials mainly from traditional texts in order to construct the structure of the novels which is the object of our attention. Specifically, the novel Hari-hari Terakhir Seorang Seniman (Anwar Ridhwan) makes references to the romance Si Gembang or Teluk Bidung Kota Lama while the novel Perang (Putu Wijaya), to the classical text the Mahabharata. Aside that, "tradition" as is presented by the writers in the novels under study, has been identified to take account of the concept of tradition which is the authorship ideology of both writers - Anwar Ridhwan with his concept kampung halaman Melayu (Malay hometown), Putu Wijaya with his concept desa-kala-patra (found in the Balinese tradition). These "traditions" are anchored in their experimental works which apear to be defying convention; a predilection that clearly is in line with the authorial rhythm of these outstanding writers. The study conducted employs the intertextual framework as well as dialogism advanced by Mikhail Bakhtin and Julia Kristeva; a framework for observing authorship processes that is directed towards the effectiveness of creation theory. The study finds that both writers conform to the cultural traditions of their people, are clearly appreciative of these traditions, perfom meaning inversions in the novels examined (the hypertext) which are not evident in the pre-existing text (the hypotext).
Keywords: Anwar Ridhwan, Putu Wijaya, the novel Hari-hari Terakhir Seorang Seniman, the novel Perang, intertextuality, tradition
Analisis Akustik Ruang Vokal Kanak-Kanak Melayu
No full textResearch was conducted to explore the acoustic vowel space of normal Malay children age one to four year olds. Eight children were selected and divided into four groups of two. Two adults were also selected as subjects for the study. All subjects were from Kula Lumpur. Speech samples were recorded using a digital audio recorder and analysed by using PRAAT software. Values of first formant (F1) and second formant (F2) which were extracted from the acoustic analysis were plotted on graphs. Six Malay vowel /a,i,u,e,o,´/ were identified and elaborated. The development of and changes in vowel spaces for each age group were described. The resulting data was examined in relation to vocal tract physiology as well as the age of the subjects. Comparison was also made between the vowel space of children and adults. The study showed that the pattern of vowel spaces and the position of each vowel in terms of vowel space changes as children grow. However, the results also show that the height and width of vowel spaces do not change in a linear manner as children’s age increases.Kajian ini bertujuan menyelidik ruang vokal akustik kanak-kanak berbangsa Melayu yang berusia dalam lingkungan satu tahun hingga empat tahun. Seramai lapan orang kanak-kanak telah dipilih sebagai subjek kajian. Mereka dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan umur dan diwakili dua orang kanak-kanak bagi setiap kumpulan. Dua orang subjek dewasa turut mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Semua subjek menetap di kawasan Kuala Lumpur. Sampel pertuturan dalam perbualan subjek direkodkan dengan menggunakan perakam audio digital dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan perisian PRAAT. Nilai forman 1 (F1) dan forman 2 (F2) yang diperoleh daripada analisis akustik diplotkan di atas graf. Enam vokal Melayu, iaitu vokal /a,i,u,e,o,/ dikenal pasti dan dihuraikan. Perkembangan serta perubahan bentuk ruang vokal bagi setiap kumpulan umur diterangkan. Perbincangan dilakukan dengan mengaitkan hasil kajian dengan penjelasan perkembangan fisiologi saluran suara dan artikulator, serta umur subjek. Perbandingan juga dibuat antara ruang vokal kanak-kanak dengan dewasa. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perubahan dari segi bentuk ruang vokal serta kedudukan jenis vokal dalam ruang vokal apabila umur kanak-kanak meningkat. Kajian juga mendapati bahawa kanak-kanak semakin menunjukkan bentuk ruang vokal seperti kumpulan dewasa apabila umur mereka bertambah. Walau bagaimanapun, saiz ketinggian dan kelebaran ruang vokal kanak-kanak dilihat tidak linear dengan perkembangan umur mereka
Wawangsalan Bahasa Sunda
No full textWawangsalan in Sundanese is the arrangement of words into riddles, similar to wawangsalan in Cirebonese literature. In Sundanese literature, wawangsalan is categorised as a form of sisindiran. Sisindiran is a sub-genre of poetry similar to pantun in Malay literature. Sisindiran grew and flourished in Sundanese communities in general. The word sisindiran is derived from the word "sindir" ("menyindir") meaning to say something indirectly or implicitly. Sisindiran is a form of Sundanese traditional poetry the structure of which consists of metaphoric and thematic lines. Sisindiran, originally Sundanese literary genre, existed long before the arrival of Islam. This paper focuses on wawangsalan tatarucingan, a type of wawangsalan that consists of two lines: the first being a riddle and the second being the means of giving the listener a clue to guess the answer to the first line. The implicit message could be a rebuke, a reminder, a request, or an indirect description of one`s character.
Keywords: wawangsalan, riddle, sisindiranWawangsalan dalam bahasa Sunda merupakan susunan kata dalam bentuk teka-teki yang sama dengan wangsalan dalam Kesusasteraan Cirebon. Wawangsalan dalam khazanah sastera Sunda termasuk salah satu daripada bentuk sisindiran. Sisindiran adalah bentuk puisi semacam pantun dalam sastera Melayu. Sisindiran tumbuh dan berkembang dalam masyarakat bahasa Sunda umumnya. Sisindiran berasal daripada kata sindir"sindir, menyindir", ertinya berkata secara tidak langsung atau tidak terus terang. Sisindiran ialah suatu bentuk puisi sastera tradisional Sunda yang mempunyai sampiran dan isi. Sisindiran ini merupakan karya sastera Sunda asli yang sudah ada sejak dulu, jauh sebelum kedatangan Islam. Dalam tulisan ini, yang akan menjadi fokus pembicaraan adalah wawangsalan-tatarucingan. Wawangsalan yang terdiri daripada dua baris, iaitu baris pertama sebagai teka-teki, dan baris kedua sebagai erti sekali gus bahagian yang memandu pendengar untuk meneka isi teka-teki baris pertama. Sindir dalam wawangsalan berupa menegur, mengingatkan, memohon sesuatu, atau menggambarkan sifat seseorang secara tidak langsung.
Kata kunci: wawangsalan, teka-teki, sisindira
Pengaruh Dialek dalam Pertuturan Bahasa Melayu Standard: Pencerakinan Bunyi Berasaskan Spektrogram
No full textThe objective of this article is to show the influence of dialects, in particular Kelantanese Malay dialect, on the standard Malay spoken by native speakers of Kelantanese. The study identifies the pattern of nasalisation in Kelantanese speech via spectrographic analysis. This analysis focuses on the final syllable of specific words produced by Kelantanese speakers when conversing in different contexts, i.e. when using standard Malay language and non-standard language (the Kelantanese Malay dialect). Spectrographic analysis here refers to the study of phonetic alteration of vowels and consonants in the final syllable (i.e. whether formant frequency of an [a] vowel in the final syllable will be maintained or changed to [E], and whether the acoustic cues of vowel and consonant in the final syllable will be maintained or fade away). Phonetically, the pattern of nasalisation in Kelantan dialect differs from that of standard Malay. We may therefore assume that the characteristics of final syllable vowels and consonants spoken by Kelantan Malay speakers will be different when speaking Malay and the Kelantanese Malay dialect. This study, however, proves otherwise, with standard Malay being strongly influenced by the Kelantanese dialect.
Keywords: nasalisation, Kelantanese dialect, Standard Malay Language, spektrographic analysisMakalah ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bahawa wujud pengaruh dialek, khususnya dialek Melayu Kelantan dalam bahasa Melayu standard yang dituturkan oleh penutur natif Kelantan. Kajian ini mengenal pasti pola penasalan yang akan diteliti berasaskan analisis spektrografik. Tumpuan analisis ini ialah pada suku kata akhir perkataan sasaran yang dituturkan oleh penutur Melayu Kelantan ketika bertutur dalam dua konteks berbeza, iaitu ketika berbahasa Melayu standard dan tidak standard (dialek Melayu Kelantan). Analisis spektrografik (terhadap data kajian) di sini merujuk kepada kajian perubahan ciri fonetik bunyi vokal dan konsonan pada suku kata akhir (sama ada frekuensi forman vokal [a] pada suku kata akhir kekal atau berubah kepada [E], dan sama ada isyarat-isyarat akustik bunyi konsonan nasal akhir kata terbukti kekal atau hilang). Dari segi hakikat fonetik, terdapat perbezaan pola penasalan dialek Melayu Kelantan dan bahasa Melayu standard. Berasaskan hakikat ini, kita mungkin mengandaikan wujudnya perbezaan pada ciri-ciri vokal dan konsonan pada suku kata akhir dalam pertuturan penutur Melayu Kelantan apabila penutur berkenaan bertutur dalam dua konteks/situasi yang berbeza, iaitu ketika berbahasa Melayu standard dan ketika bertutur dalam dialek Melayu Kelantan. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian ini membuktikan sebaliknya, iaitu ciri-ciri dialek Melayu Kelantan begitu kuat mempengaruhi pertuturan bahasa Melayu standard oleh penutur Melayu Kelantan.
Kata kunci: penasalan, dialek Melayu Kelantan, bahasa Melayu standard, analisis spektrografi
Akomodasi Aksen, Identiti dan Integrasi Kebangsaan
No full textThis article discusses the extent to which native Malay speakers from two cities, Kuching and Kota Bharu, accommodate the national standard accent. Kuching is chosen based on its geographical location, separated as it is from the centre of Malaysian administration in Peninsular Malaysia, while Kota Bharu is chosen based on the nature of the local dialect spoken by its residents. The study focuses on two significant phonological variables, namely open-ended (a), such as in kereta (car) and close-ended (r), such as in pasar (market). The level of accomodation of the national standard accent is examined based on different styles of speech and on two non-linguistic variables, namely age group and gender of the informant, in formal situations taking into account regional and local factors. Furthermore, the level of accomodation of the national standard accent is related to integration and identity issues - nationally or locally.
Keywords: accent, accommodation, native speaker, style of speech, phonological variables, identityArtikel ini membincangkan akomodasi terhadap aksen standard kebangsaan dalam kalangan informan penutur asli Melayu di dua buah bandar raya di Malaysia, iaitu Kuching dan Kota Bharu. Kuching dipilih berdasarkan kedudukan geografinya yang terpisah dari wilayah pusat negara, iaitu Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, manakala Kota Bharu dipilih berdasarkan ketegaran dialek tempatan penuturnya. Kajian difokuskan pada dua pemboleh ubah fonologi yang signifikan dalam hal aksen bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kebangsaan, iaitu (a) pada akhir kata terbuka, seperti dalam kata kereta dan (r) pada kata tertutup, seperti dalam pasar. Status akomodasi aksen kebangsaan dilihat bersandarkan pemboleh ubah kelainan gaya bahasa dan bersandarkan dua pemboleh ubah konteks sosial bukan-linguistik, iaitu usia dan jantina informan dalam situasi formal dengan mengambil kira faktor kewilayahan dan kenatifan. Selanjutnya, realiti penggunaan aksen kebangsaan dalam pemboleh ubah tersebut dihubungkaitkan dengan soal integrasi dan identiti - nasional atau tempatan.
Kata kunci: aksen, akomodasi, penutur asli, gaya bahasa, pemboleh ubah fonologi, identit
Imbuhan Kompleks Kata Nama Ke-...-an Bahasa Melayu: Analisis Data Korpus
No full textMakalah ini bertujuan menghuraikan proses morfologi yang melibatkan penghasilan imbuhan kompleks kata nama ke-...-an dalam bahasa Melayu. Kajian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang terdapat dalam pangkalan data korpus UKM-DBP yang berjumlah lima juta patah perkataan. Data dijana dengan menggunakan perisian Wordsmith Tools 4.0 dan dipaparkan dalam bentuk baris konkordans. Kata terbitan yang terdiri daripada imbuhan kompleks dikelompokkan dalam kumpulan tertentu berdasarkan jenis imbuhan yang bergabung dengan apitan ke-...-an. Data ini dianalisis dan dihuraikan secara deskriptif dan teoretis menurut kerangka teori morfologi leksikal. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan rumus pembentukan kata yang melibatkan imbuhan kompleks ke-...-an terdiri daripada dua strata atau tingkat. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa selain rangkap awalan, rangkap akhiran juga boleh wujud dalam bahasa Melayu.
Kata kunci: imbuhan kompleks, morfologi leksikal, rumus kitaran, korpus, strata
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe the morphological process involved in the formation of complex affixes with ke-...- an in Malay. The study made use of secondary data extracted from UKM-DBP corpus database containing five million words. The data were generated using Wordsmith Tools 4.0 and are displayed in rows of concordances. Derived words with complex affixes are classified into groups based on the types of affixes that occurred with ke-...-an. The data are analysed and described within the framework of lexical morphology. The study shows that word formation rules involved in deriving complex affixes with ke-...-an operate on two different strata. The study also shows that the language has two types of affix clusters, namely prefix clusters and suffix clusters.
Keywords: complex affixes, lexical morphology, cyclic rule, corpus, strataThe aim of this paper is to describe the morphological process involved in the formation of complex affixes with ke-...- an in Malay. The study made use of secondary data extracted from UKM-DBP corpus database containing five million words. The data were generated using Wordsmith Tools 4.0 and are displayed in rows of concordances. Derived words with complex affixes are classified into groups based on the types of affixes that occurred with ke-...-an. The data are analysed and described within the framework of lexical morphology. The study shows that word formation rules involved in deriving complex affixes with ke-...-an operate on two different strata. The study also shows that the language has two types of affix clusters, namely prefix clusters and suffix clusters.
Keywords: complex affixes, lexical morphology, cyclic rule, corpus, strat
Prosodi dalam Syair Melayu: Fungsi dan Praktis
No full textThis research examines the function of prosody in Malay syair, a genre of Malay traditional poetry. Prosody in syair is optimised to convey its message together with emotional meaning. This is due to the poetic licence of the Malay syair, in which structure and form are not subjected to rigid grammar. To prove this assertion, research was conducted using five methods, namely fieldwork, interviews, audio recordings, experimental and data analysis. Fieldwork and data collection were conducted in various locations in Malaysia. These locations were divided into four zones; North, South, East and West; as well as in Sabah and Sarawak. Additional locations in Indonesia were Pekan Baru and Medan and, in Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan. In each location, all selected informants were asked to recite Malay syair with various types of melody; these recitals were recorded. The resulting audio data were then analysed using the PRAAT programme. The analysis shows the existence of two cases: segmentation of information units and the optimisation of prosodic features in the recital of syair.
Keywords: prosody, segmentation, stylisation, information units, patternPenyelidikan ini membincangkan fungsi prosodi dalam syair Melayu. Dalam kasus syair Melayu, prosodi ternyata digunakan secara optimum dalam menyampaikan mesej yang tersurat dengan makna emosi. Penyataan ini berlaku kerana struktur dan bentuk syair itu sendiri yang tidak terikat dengan bentuk nahu yang sempurna, iaitu memiliki poetic licence. Bagi membuktikan penyataan ini, satu penyelidikan telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan lima metodologi, iaitu meliputi kerja lapangan, temu ramah, rakaman audio, eksperimental dan analisis data. Kerja lapangan dan pengumpulan data dilakukan di lokasi Semenanjung Malaysia yang dibahagikan kepada empat zon, iaitu Utara, Selatan, Timur dan Barat, juga di Sabah dan Sarawak, di Indonesia, Pekan Baru dan Medan serta Brunei Darussalam di Bandar Seri Begawan. Di setiap lokasi, informan yang terpilih, nyanyian syairnya akan dirakamkan untuk memperoleh variasi melodi syair. Data audio ini kemudiannya dianalisis melalui program PRAAT. Dapatan analisis memperlihatkan berlaku dua kasus, iaitu segmentasi unit maklumat dan penggunaan fitur prosodi secara optimum dalam penyampaian syair Melayu.
Kata kunci: prosodi, segmentasi, stilisasi, unit maklumat, pol
Sintaksis Kata soal Argumen Bahasa Mendriq: Kerangka Minimalis
No full textIn general, there appear to be three major patterns with regard to the position of wh-question words. The first pattern is that they move to the beginning of a sentence and form the scope of the sentence in which the question occur. The second pattern is to remain in the same position in which the answer would occur, a phenomenon widely referred to as wh in-situ. The third pattern is that they may move to the middle of a sentence, this is known as partially moved wh. Mendriq, a language spoken by a small number of aborigines in the East Malaysia, instantiates the first two patterns, moved wh and in-situ wh, in the same sentence. This phenomenon is evident in the two wh-question, naken "who" and luk ai or alow "what", which are referred to as argument questions in this paper. We claim that these wh-questions are not only in-situ wh-questions but also exhibit movement. Chomsky (1993) proposed that the [Q]-feature of C is strong in all languages. In addition, Adger (2003) proposed that the strong [Q]-feature also has a strong uninterpretable feature [uwh] on C, which causes the wh to move to the scope position, Spec CP, to check the feature locally. Keeping Chomsky's claim and observing Adger's suggestion, writers propose that the in-situ and the moved phenomena are due to the empty Op which has a [wh]-feature on both wh-questions in this language. The Op may move to Spec CP to check locally the [uwh] which causes the argument questions to remain in situ or the argument questions may move optionality to the Spec CP before Spell Out to check the strong [uwh]-feature locally atthe Spec CP.
Keywords: Syntax, wh-question words, argument, Mendriq language,what, whoUmumnya, ada tiga pola utama berhubung dengan kedudukan kata soal. Pola pertama ialah kata soal berpindah ke posisi awal kalimat dan mengambil ruang lingkup awal kalimat yang dikenali sebagai posisi skop ayat soal tersebut. Pola kedua ialah kata soal mempunyai kedudukan yang sama yang akan diduduki oleh jawapannya nanti, fenomena ini disebut sebagai wh in-situ. Pola ketiga ialah kata soal dapat berpindah ke tengah-tengah kalimat, yang dikenali sebagai kata soal separuh gerak. Mendriq merupakan bahasa yang dituturkan oleh sebilangan kecil peribumi di Malaysia Timur, menunjukkan dua pola kata soal, iaitu kata soal bergerak dan pada kata soal in situ, dalam kalimat yang sama. Fenomena ini sangat nyata dalam kedua-dua kata soal, iaitu naken "siapa" dan luk ai atau alow "apa", yang dikenali sebagai kata soal argumen dalam penulisan ini. Kami mendakwa bahawa kata soal ini tidak hanya bersifat in situ tetapi kedua-duanya juga mengamati pergerakan. Chomsky (1993) mencadangkan fitur [Q] memiliki ciri yang kuat dalam semua bahasa. Selain itu, Adger (2003) pula mencadangkan bahawa [Q] yang kuat memiliki fitur tak berinterpretasi [uwh] yang kuat pada KOMP, mewajibkan kata soal berpindah ke kedudukan skop, iaitu Spek FKOMP, untuk menyemak fitur tak berinterpretasi secara lokal. Menjaga tuntutan Chomsky dan mengamati saranan Adger, penulis mencadangkan bahawa fenomena in situ dan fenomena pergerakan adalah kerana kehadiran Op kosong yang memiliki [wh] untuk kedua-dua kata soal dalam bahasa ini. Op ini boleh berpindah ke Spek FKOMP untuk menyemak secara lokal [uwh] yang menyebabkan kata soal tetap berada in situ atau kata soal boleh bergerak secara pilihan ke Spek FKOMP sebelum Cetusan untuk menyemak fitur tak berinterpretasi [uwh] pada Spek FKOMP.
Kata Kunci: sintaksis, kata soal, argumen, bahasa Mendriq, apa, siap