Jurnal Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
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Unsur Eufemisme dalam Novel Papa dan Azfa Hanani
No full textThis article examines the euphemisms used in two novels to replace words which are considered harsh or taboo. The novel Papa is used in schools throughout Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Federal Territory and Putrajaya, while Azfa Hanani is used in schools in Perak, Kedah, Perlis and Pulau Pinang. This study used two methods of obtaining data: library research and textual analysis research. The findings show that a large number of euphemisms are used in Azfa Hanani; a total of 36 examples (57.1 percent). Meanwhile, there are 27 examples (42.9 percent) in Papa. Based on these findings, a total of 11 elements from the dialogue in Papa and six elements from Azfa Hanani conformed to Leech's Politeness Principles (1993). The use of euphemisms should be given more attention by teachers, students and novelists particularly for school-based research as they are a form of politeness suitable for frequent use so as to increase politeness in society through the choice of words used.Makalah ini meneliti penggunaan unsur eufemisme dalam novel, iaitu penggantian perkataan yang dianggap tabu atau kasar. Novel bertajuk Papa digunakan di sekolah-sekolah di negeri Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Wilayah Persekutuan dan Putrajaya, manakala novel Azfa Hanani pula digunakan di sekolah-sekolah di negeri Perak, Kedah, Perlis dan Pulau Pinang. Kajian ini menggunakan dua kaedah untuk memperoleh data, iaitu kaedah kepustakaan dan kaedah analisis teks. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan novel Azfa Hanani menggunakan sebanyak 36 unsur eufemisme atau sebanyak 57.1 peratus. Novel Papa menggunakan 27 unsur eufemisme, iaitu sebanyak 42.9 peratus. Berdasarkan unsur eufemisme tersebut, didapati sebanyak 11 unsur dalam dialog yang terdapat dalam novel Papa dan novel Azfa Hanani mengandungi enam unsur dalam dialog yang menepati Maksim Santun Leech (1993). Penggunaan unsur eufemisme perlu lebih diberi perhatian oleh guru, pelajar dan penulis kerana unsur eufemisme merupakan bahasa sopan yang bersesuaian dengan peringkat umur pelajar. Penggunaan unsur eufemisme dalam kehidupan seharian dapat melahirkan pelajar dan masyarakat yang lebih santun dalam pemilihan bahasanya
Penyerapan dan Pengubahsuaian Konsonan Arab dalam Bahasa Melayu
No full textThis article examines and explains the phonological behaviour of Arabic loanwords in Malay, particularly those that contain consonantal phonemes. Arabic consonants that are identical to their Malay counterparts are not an issue because they can be accepted by the native grammatical system. However, in cases where there is no segmental correspondence between the two languages, two types of phonological behaviour can be observed, namely (i) foreign consonants are imported and become part of Malay phonemic inventory, and (ii) foreign consonants are modified and substituted by the native consonants. The factors that determine whether a consonant undergoes importation or substitution are the manner of articulation and the place of articulation. If the manner and place of articulation involved in the production of the Arabic consonants are familiar to the Malay phonological system, then the consonant will be absorbed from the loan source. However, if the manner and place of articulations are alien to the Malay language, modifications need to take place. The processes of consonantal modification in the study are analysed by employing the theory of the autosegmental phonology of feature geometry. Three important rules that operate here are debuccallisation, depharyngealisation and the backing rule. These rules are formalised as a delinking of a autosegment from the feature representation of the consonantal phoneme.Makalah ini menganalisis dan menjelaskan perilaku fonologi kata pinjaman Arab yang diserap masuk ke dalam bahasa Melayu, khususnya yang melibatkan bunyi konsonan. Konsonan Arab yang realisasinya sejajar dengan konsonan bahasa Melayu tidak menimbulkan masalah kerana konsonan tersebut boleh diterima oleh sistem nahu bahasa natif. Namun, bagi konsonan Arab yang tidak ada kesejajarannya dalam bahasa Melayu, dua perilaku fonologi didapati berlaku, iaitu (i) konsonan asing itu diserap sebagaimana bentuk asalnya dan menjadi sebahagian daripada inventori fonem bahasa Melayu, dan (ii) konsonan asing itu diubah suai dan digantikan dengan konsonan asli bahasa Melayu. Sama ada sesuatu konsonan itu mengalami proses penyerapan atau pengubahsuaian ditentukan oleh faktor cara dan daerah artikulasi. Sekiranya cara dan daerah artikulasi yang menghasilkan konsonan Arab itu serasi dengan bahasa Melayu, maka konsonan tersebut diserap sepenuhnya. Sebaliknya, jika cara dan daerah artikulasi konsonan itu sangat asing bagi bahasa Melayu, maka pengubahsuaian harus dilakukan. Proses fonologi yang melibatkan pengubahsuaian konsonan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori fonologi autosegmental geometri fitur. Tiga rumus fonologi yang beroperasi di sini ialah rumus nyahbukalisasi, rumus nyahfaringealisasi dan rumus pembelakangan. Ketiga-tiga rumus ini dianalisis sebagai proses penyahhubungan autosegmen tertentu daripada representasi geometri fitur konsonan berkenaan
Marriage of the Disciplines of Literature and Geography (GIS): Analysing the Location and Function of Mountains in Selected Works of Asian Literature
No full textMountains and hills (hereinafter referred to as mountains) are a special part of God's creation. In addition to being mentioned in the Qur'an as being "bolts" of the Earth and water catchment areas, mountains are seen in a variety of religious and cultural traditions as being sacred and special places. There are thus many Asian literary works that boast of mountains existing in their locations. This paper seeks to examine why mountains are such an important element in the life of society by examining them in terms of their location and function. This study will attempt to use spatial information technologies such as Geographic Information System (GIS) to aid understanding of literary works, namely by taking the views of Harvey (1973) that "geographical space has a close relationship with the culture of a place". Thus the location of an area will be linked to its function in terms of cultural space, social space, economic space, ideological space, and space movement. In this essay, GIS will be used to map the location mountains that play a role in literary works to try to see the elements of space and the location of the mountain together with the cultural and narrative elements of the work. Among the literary works selected in which the location and function of these mountains will be observed are Sejarah Melayu (The Malay Annals), Hikayat Hang Tuah, Hikayat Seri Kelantan, Hikayat Seri Rama (Nusantara), Syakuntala (India), and Dewi Putih, as well as Liang Shan-Bo and Zhu Ying-Tai (China). Based on these works, it is found that mountains are important because they serve several functions such as the residence of rulers/spirits (ghosts, spirits, fairies); as a sacred place inhabited by the gods; as the source of the inheritance of kings; as places of study or for seeking spiritual and physical knowledge; as well as places that are rich in medicinal herbs. In the end, this essay shows that the nature of the mountains studied may explain the link between location and the culture of a certain race.
Keyword: Geographic Information System, Sejarah Melayu, Global Positioning System, spirit, Asian Literature
Penggunaan di mana dan yang mana sebagai Kata Hubung: Analisis Linguistik Korpus
No full textBy focusing on the use of "di mana" and "yang mana" as conjunctions, this study aims to investigate the extent to which Malay writing has been influenced by English. The corpus for this descriptive study comprised online news reports of a local Malay newspaper from 1st July 2010 to 10th July 2010. The size of the corpus was around 350000 words. These were processed using the concordance program AntConc version 3.2.1w (Windows). This study shows that the use of "di mana" and "yang mana" as conjunctions in news report is ubiquitous, especially in articles; while "di mana" as a conjuction is used more frequently by reporters in the main columns. Malay speakers are generally more inclined to use "di mana" and "yang mana" as conjunctions, and the acceptance of this usage seems to be increasing. The findings also show that both "di mana" and "yang mana", when used as conjunctions are frequently followed by an independent clause, and preceded by a comma. "Di mana" is mostly used as a relative conjunction referring to activities/incidents, abstract concepts, place, time, and conditions/situations.
Keywords: di mana, yang mana, connectors, linguistic corpus, AntConc concordance programKajian ini bertujuan mengkaji sejauh mana penulisan bahasa Melayudipengaruhi bahasa Inggeris dengan pemfokusan terhadap kata dimana dan yang mana yang digunakan sebagai kata hubung. Korpusbagi kajian yang bersifat deskriptif ini terdiri daripada paparan beritadalam talian sebuah akhbar bahasa Melayu tempatan dari 1 Julai 2010hingga 10 Julai 2010. Saiz korpus sekitar 350 ribu patah perkataandan diproses menggunakan program konkordans AntConc versi3.2.1w (Windows). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penggunaan kata dimana dan yang mana sebagai kata hubung ditemui bertaburan dalam akhbar terutamanya dalam ruangan "artikel". Penggunaan kata dimana sebagai kata hubung digunakan dengan lebih kerap lagi dalamruangan utama. Pengguna bahasa Melayu secara umumnya cenderung menggunakan di mana dan yang mana sebagai kata hubung danpenggunaan ini semakin diterima umum. Turut diperhatikan kata dimana dan yang mana sebagai kata hubung selalunya diikuti klausa bebas dan boleh didahului dengan tanda koma. Selain itu, kata dimana banyak digunakan sebagai kata hubung relatif yang merujuk aktiviti atau kejadian, konsep abstrak, tempat, masa, dan keadaan.
Kata kunci: di mana, yang mana, kata hubung, linguistik korpus,program konkordans, AntCon
Jenis dan Fungsi Sapaan serta Persepsi Kesantunan dalam Interaksi di Kaunter Pertanyaan
No full textThe purpose of this article is to present findings concerning the types and functions of greetings and also perceptions of politeness in speech acts during interaction at an information counter. The study is based on the framework of Malay courtesy that anticipates greetings taking place at the start of a meeting or indeed at the start of any interaction. The study was carried out to investigate the extent of the practice of greeting at an information counter and to relate the concept of politeness in this context to phatic communication and communication competence. A particular information was selected for initial observation and was eventually selected for data collection. Greetings were collected by utilising a checklist that was developed from initial observation; perceptions were gathered from recordings of structured interviews with respondents chosen by convenience sampling. The main findings showed that greetings were not frequently exchanged at the information counter and that this was not because the speakers were lacking in communicative competence or awareness of Malay politeness. Rather, it was due to the place where the interactions occurred. The findings in this article contribute to the corpus of knowledge of Malay politeness in Malaysia.
Keywords: greetings, politeness, phatic communication, communicative competence, context, perceptionMakalah ini membentangkan hasil kajian tentang jenis kata sapaan, fungsinya, dan persepsi responden terhadap aspek kesantunan dalam memberikan sapaan sewaktu berinteraksi di kaunter pertanyaan. Pembentangan ini merupakan hasil kajian berpandukan kerangka kesantunan dan kebudayaan Melayu yang mengandaikan ucapan salam sekurang-kurangnya diberikan semasa bertemu atau memulakan bicara. Andaian ini menjadi asas untuk melihat perlakuan sapaan dalam konteks interaksi di kaunter pertanyaan dan menghubungkaitkan konsep kesantunan dengan konsep komunikasi fatik dan kecekapan berkomunikasi. Kaunter pertanyaan di sebuah pusat beli-belah menjadi tempat pemerhatian awal dan seterusnya pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan senarai semak pemerhatian sapaan yang dibina daripada pemerhatian awal. Seterusnya, temu bual terancang dengan responden terpilih dirakamkan berdasarkan pensampelan mudah. Dapatan utama kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa lakuan sapaan kurang diamalkan dalam urusan di kaunter pertanyaan di pusat beli-belah bukan kerana penutur tidak cekap dalam berkomunikasi atau kurang ilmu dalam kesantunan berbahasa dalam budaya Melayu, tetapi kerana pengaruh tempat berlakunya interaksi itu. Seterusnya, rincian dapatan dan keseluruhan perbincangan menyumbang pertambahan korpus dan khazanah ilmu kesantunan Melayu di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: lakuan bahasa sapaan, kesantunan, komunikasi fatik, kecekapan komunikasi, konteks, perseps
Mengurus Wacana dan Kepimpinan: Analisis Ucapan Sulung Perdana Menteri Malaysia Keenam
No full textThis article analyses how Najib fulfilled his political needs in the speeches he made upon taking office as the Prime Minister of Malaysia on 3rd April 2009. The analysis emphasises how and why Najib managed his language during the early part of his tenure as the Prime Minister and, at the same time, how language functions in the process of leadership. As an analysis of discourse, focus is placed on discursive properties such as interpretation, production, generic structure, force of utterance distribution and usage; and textual features such as grammar, lexicalisation and theme. The article concludes that Najib's speeches as newly appointed leader were purposeful, well-timed, genuine and prepared with a view to helm the nation and that is the reason why they were well produced and well managed.
Keywords: language, discourse analysis, leadership, discursive, textual, social lifeMakalah ini meneliti bagaimana Najib bangkit dan bertindak bagi keperluan politiknya melalui wacana sulungnya selepas dilantik menjadi Perdana Menteri Malaysia pada 3 April 2009. Analisis menjurus kepada cara serta sebab bahasa diuruskan dalam wacana sulungnya dan dalam masa yang sama menjelaskan cara bahasa berfungsi dalam proses memimpin, atau dalam istilah Najib, "menakhoda" negara serta memperkukuh kedudukan. Sebagai satu analisis wacana, struktur generik, daya ujaran, penyebaran dan penggunaan; dan pengenalpastian fitur teks wacana, seperti pengleksikalan, nahu, dan jenis tema. Disimpulkan bahawa selaku pemimpin yang baharu dilantik, pewacanaan kepimpinannya itu adalah sengaja, kena masa, tulen, dan siap sedia dalam menakhoda negara dan dengan sebab itulah ucapan sulungnya dihasilkan dan diuruskan dengan baik.
Kata kunci: bahasa, analisis wacana, kepimpinan, kewacanaan, tekstual, kehidupan sosia
Kejawen (Javanese Sufism) and Perennial Philosophy in Kuntowijoyo's Khotbah di Atas Bukit
No full textKhotbah di Atas Bukit (Sermon on a Hill) by Kuntowijoyo was written to foreground transcendental principles, in accordance with the Theory of Transcendental Literature. Transcendental principles are brought to the fore and applied in this work through the use of symbolism. Kuntowijoyo uses a local subject for enquiry, kejawen (Javanese sufism), to address issues of faith and tauhid (Islamic Monotheism or the Oneness of Allah). However, there is some ambiguity in the text which could affect the aspects of tauhid discussed. In presenting the teachings of Sufism, Kuntowijoyo may in the process be misunderstood and consequently considered to subscribe to global theology where tauhid is simplified and religions "combined". Khotbah di Atas Bukit is a complex work to read because of the overuse of symbolism aimed at obscuring meaning. This kind of symbolism needs to be explained, particularly to readers who have little knowledge of sufism. It is this that makes Khotbah di Atas Bukit a specialized work for a specialized readership.
Key words: Islamic literature, Islam kejawen, sufism, perennial philosophy, Islamic leadership, tauhid, Kuntowijoyo, pluralism, mysticism, Transcendental Literature, myth, global religion, orthodox Muslims (the faithful)
Golongan dan Rumus Kata Gandaan Berima
No full textRhythmic reduplication is one of word formation processes for Malay. However, there are problems in its classification and identification of its characteristics. This paper describes occurrences the rhythmic reduplication and defines their specific characteristics. By applying the Morpheme Doubling Theory (MDT) and the notion of "semantical copying" the ways in which words are rhythmically reduplicated are explained. Additionally, three formation models were also described. Based on these findings, four types of rhythmic reduplication are identified, includes two new formulas. Why rhythmic reduplication occurs can be explained although certain constraints do apply in certain aspects.Kata gandaan berima merupakan satu golongan kata dalam bahasa Melayu. Namun, terdapat masalah berkaitan ciri penggolongan dan pengenalpastian pembentukannya. Dalam makalah ini kata gandaan berima dikaji dan beberapa ciri khusus definisinya diketengahkan. Selain itu, aspek pembentukan strukturnya dijelaskan dengan menggunakan model Morpheme Doubling Theory (MDT) berserta hipotesis "acuan makna". Tiga rumus pembentukan gandaan rima dijelaskan secara terperinci. Melalui kajian ini, empat golongan kata gandaan berima dikenal pasti melibatkan dua golongan baharu berdasarkan rumus. Kesimpulannya, golongan dan penggandaan berima boleh diperjelas secara lebih terperinci, dengan kekangan pada sesetengah aspek
Occidentalism in the Malay World: The West Through the Eyes of Abdullah Munshi
No full textThis article is about how the West was imagined, described and reproduced by Abdullah Munshi. Thus far we have encountered descriptions of the non-Western world by the West, which includes that of the Malays by European travellers, scientists and colonial scholar-administrators. It is thus also critical to appraise knowledge of the occident from the other and an ambivalent self such as in the person Abdullah Munshi. Abdullah's writings were journalistic and sociological in nature. The production of his writings under conditions of early colonialism has not been sufficiently studied from the perspective of self and the other, Western and non-Western. As such, this article is significantly the first of such studies on Malay intellectual history. Abdullah's autobiography, the Hikayat Abdullah, is used to identify a form of Malay Occidentalism. In a sense, this article plays a cataloguing role indicating the scope and character of the Malay imagination of the West. It presents part of the larger study aimed at developing a framework on Malay attitudes and representations of Europe and Western civilization.
Keywords: Colonialism, occidentalism, orientalism, other, printing, sel
Penguasaan Tatabahasa Remaja Malaysia: Analisis Pragmatik
No full textThe impetus of this study is driven from lack of previous research in pragmatic competence of Malaysian teenagers. Three hundred Form Four students in Peninsular Malaysia were randomly chosen in these zones: Central Zone (Negeri Sembilan), Eastern Zone (Kelantan), and Northern Zone (Kedah). The participants were requested to complete a questionnaire and sit for a written test. As grammar was the main focus, the study covered two parts: sentence construction skill "bermuka-muka and terkemuka", and proverb application skill "berat mata memandang, berat lagi bahu memikul". The findings revealed the respondents poor competence in questions relating to pragmatics. On the whole, the pragmatic competence is quite unsatisfactory (with 50-69 percent correct answers) for "berat mata memandang, berat lagi bahu memikul, bermuka-muka" and "terkemuka".Kajian penguasaan pragmatik ini melibatkan kira-kira 300 remaja yang merupakan pelajar tingkatan empat di Semenanjung Malaysia yang dipilih secara rawak mengikut zon, iaitu zon tengah (Negeri Sembilan), zon timur (Kelantan) dan zon utara (Kedah). Pelajar tersebut dikehendaki menjawab soalan soal selidik dan menduduki ujian bertulis yang telah disediakan. Aspek yang difokuskan dalam kajian ini ialah tatabahasa. Dalam bahagian ini, pengkaji akan menumpukan kepada dua bahagian, iaitu kemahiran membina ayat menggunakan kata "bermuka-muka" dan "terkemuka", dan kemahiran mengaplikasi peribahasa "berat mata memandang, berat lagi bahu memikul". Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa remaja Malaysia masih lemah dalam menguasai soalan yang memerlukan maklumat pragmatik. Secara keseluruhannya, tahap penguasaan pragmatik remaja Malaysia masih pada tahap kurang memuaskan (memperoleh peratusan) betul antara 50-69 peratus bagi "berat mata memandang, berat lagi bahu memikul", "bermuka-muka" dan "terkemuka"