Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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Influence of nitrogen-sulfur balance on tomato productivity and quality traits in soilless cultivation
Full text linkNitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are crucial macronutrient elements for physiological and biochemical processes in tomato plants. However, synergistic effects of lowering N and increasing S application on tomato yield and quality have not been documented. The effect of four N/S balances: 50.00, 9.20, 4.66 and 2.92, prepared by varying the concentration of N and S, were evaluated in tomatoes grown in soilless medium (peat + perlite). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results of the study showed that the optimal N/S balance in the nutrient solution differed depending on the properties investigated. The N/S balance of 9.20 resulted in the highest overall fruit yield, average fruit weight, fruit size and diameter. Moreover, the N/S balances required in the nutrient solution for the highest lycopene content (7.69 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight) and vitamin C content (20.63 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight) in tomato fruits were 50.00 and 9.20, respectively. It was found that the N/S balance above or below 9.20 had negative effects on yield and yield components as well as on some biophysical quality characteristics of the fruit. However, the N/S balance had no influence on the number of fruits, the firmness and shape index and the pH value of the fruits. Therefore, lowering N and increasing S application to the balance of 9.20 would have great potential to enhance the synergistic effect on the productivity and quality of tomato cultivation.Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are crucial macronutrient elements for physiological and biochemical processes in tomato plants. However, synergistic effects of lowering N and increasing S application on tomato yield and quality have not been documented. The effect of four N/S balances: 50.00, 9.20, 4.66 and 2.92, prepared by varying the concentration of N and S, were evaluated in tomatoes grown in soilless medium (peat + perlite). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results of the study showed that the optimal N/S balance in the nutrient solution differed depending on the properties investigated. The N/S balance of 9.20 resulted in the highest overall fruit yield, average fruit weight, fruit size and diameter. Moreover, the N/S balances required in the nutrient solution for the highest lycopene content (7.69 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight) and vitamin C content (20.63 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight) in tomato fruits were 50.00 and 9.20, respectively. It was found that the N/S balance above or below 9.20 had negative effects on yield and yield components as well as on some biophysical quality characteristics of the fruit. However, the N/S balance had no influence on the number of fruits, the firmness and shape index and the pH value of the fruits. Therefore, lowering N and increasing S application to the balance of 9.20 would have great potential to enhance the synergistic effect on the productivity and quality of tomato cultivation
english
No full textThe impact of acetamiprid-based insecticides on the survival and activity of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was evaluated in laboratory, focusing on two species, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Despite variations in sensitivity, with S. feltiae showing greater susceptibility, both species maintained their ability to infect Galleria mellonella larvae after exposure. Exposure to Mospilan 20 SP® significantly decreased the reproductive capacity of S. feltiae (F = 443.215, p < 0.001), while H. bacteriophora showed greater resilience, especially when exposed to and Kobe 20 SP®. The ED50 values for H. bacteriophora increased over time with Kobe 20 SP® (0.46 ±0.04 at 24 h to 0.60 ±0.01 at 96 h), while Mospilan 20 SP® decreased the ED50 for S. feltiae (0.55 ±0.02 at 24 h to 0.64 ±0.03 at 96 h). The study highlights that the effects of systemic insecticides extend beyond immediate mortality, influencing reproductive potential and long-term viability, particularly for more sensitive species like S. feltiae. These findings raise important considerations for integrating EPNs into pest management strategies, especially in systems reliant on chemical pesticides. Further research is recommended to explore the broader ecological impacts of neonicotinoids on beneficial nematodes and their potential interactions with other biocontrol agents, aiming to enhance the sustainability of integrated pest management systems
Efficacy of several insecticides and plant extracts against Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner in sweet pepper
Full text linkPepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a globally important crop, often affected by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, ECB), a significant pest causing substantial yield losses. Chemical insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb, are commonly used to control this pest; however, their environmental and health risks and potential for resistance development highlight the need for alternative pest management strategies. Biological control methods offer promising alternatives, including natural enemies and plant-derived compounds. This study evaluated the efficacy of neem oil, garlic extract, and chili pepper extracts against ECB larvae on pepper plants, comparing them to the chemical insecticides indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole. Results from a two-year field experiment indicated that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing pepper fruit damage and larval survival, with the lowest damage severity and the lowest number of larvae per fruit. In the first year, neem oil and garlic extract showed promising results, effectively reducing fruit damage and performing comparably to indoxacarb. However, in the second year, only chlorantraniliprole showed consistent efficacy, likely due to unfavorable weather conditions that reduced the persistence of other treatments. Compared to the control, plant extracts showed higher efficacy in the first year of the trial, while indoxacarb was equally effective as the plant extracts. These findings suggest that plant-derived products like neem oil and garlic extract may be viable alternatives to chemical insecticides; however, further investigation is needed to optimize their application and efficacy in pest control
Effects of bacterial inoculants and irrigation regimes on yield, mycorrhizal colonisation, and photosynthetic efficiency in strawberry cultivars
Full text linkStrawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) are a globally significant fruit crop with high nutritional and economic value. However, their shallow roots and high water demands make them vulnerable to water stress. The effects of microbial inoculants and irrigation regimes on the yield, root colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and photosynthetic efficiency of strawberry cultivars Rumba and Honeoye were investigated. Field and pot experiments were conducted, where plants were subjected to 100% and 50% water supply conditions. The application of Inoculum 1 (C09EX – Pseudomonas sp., Ps150AB Pseudomonas sp.) and Inoculum 2 (JAFGU – Lysobacter sp.) were applied to evaluate their potential to enhance plant growth and resilience under these conditions.A full irrigation regime (100% water supply) significantly increased fruit yield per plant in both cultivars compared to a reduced irrigation regime (50% water supply). Both inoculants positively affected yield, with Inoculum 1 showing the best results under full irrigation and Inoculum 2 under reduced irrigation. Mycorrhizal colonisation of roots was significantly improved by both inoculants, with the highest colonisation levels observed in plants treated with Inoculum 2. Photosynthetic efficiency parameters, such as the maximum quantum yield of PSII (FV/FM) and quantum efficiency of photochemical reaction in PSII (ΦPSII), declined under reduced irrigation, particularly in Honeoye, but microbial inocula mitigated these effects and enhanced performance under both regimes.These findings suggest that microbial inoculants can alleviate the adverse effects of water stress on strawberry plants, enhancing yield and physiological performance. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms of these interactions and evaluate the long-term benefits of microbial inocula in different environmental conditions
Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle and their relationship with soil type
Full text linkPlant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a significant challenge to citrus farming worldwide, but their distribution and impact in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia (KSA), remain poorly understood. This study investigates the prevalence, diversity, and ecological dynamics of PPNs associated with Hasawi Lumi (Citrus aurantiifolia) trees, a key crop in the region. During the summer of 2024, a survey was performed in ten major Hasawi Lumi-growing areas, with 250 soil and root samples collected. Four genera of PPNs were identified, with Tylenchulus semipenetrans (52%), Helicotylenchus (44.8%), Pratylenchus (42.8%), and Xiphinema (22%) being the most prevalent. The physicochemical properties of the soil (e.g., texture, pH, and minerals) were determined to assess their impact on nematode populations. Our results revealed that soil characteristics significantly affect the distribution of PPNs, with sandy soils and moderate organic matter favoring nematode diversity, while high salinity suppresses it. The current research constitutes the initial attempt to assess PPNs in Hasawi Lumi orchards and offers important recommendations that can be implemented to improve citrus fruit yield in Al-Ahsa Oasis. These results indicate that soil factors must be considered in any attempt to manage nematode infection, reflecting the necessity for adopting strategies to improve the productivity of citrus crops in the concerned area
Wpływ zasolenia na wzrost i rozwój ozdobnych roślin zimozielonych
No full textSalt stress is the main problem facing evergreen plants in cities. To a large extent, these plants have stunted growth, lose their ornamental qualities and finally die. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of a selected three ornamental evergreen plants: Pachysandra terminalis, Buxus sempervirens and Hedera helix, to the effects of three different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) – 100, 200 and 300 mM. As a result of a number of experiments, it was found that increased NaCl concentrations resulted in inhibition of plant growth – even more than 90% shorter growth, as in the case of ivy. In addition, the analyses made it possible to conclude that NaCl influences biochemical changes in plant tissues, in particular chlorophyll, soluble proteins or stress parameters such as MDA or free proline. The results obtained allow the validity of the use of selected species in urban greenery in temperate climates to be established
Role of mushroom substrate in the transfer of fungicide residues to Agaricus bisporus
Full text linkWhite button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is a significant component of the human diet due to its nutritional value, which includes digestible proteins, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and B-group vitamins. In recent years, interest in organic agricultural products has increased, accompanied by growing demands for food quality and safety. Organically cultivated edible fungi, produced without the use of plant protection products, are generally expected to be safe and health-promoting. However, despite the application of organic production methods, the presence of pesticide residues in mushrooms remains possible, thus requiring comprehensive analysis.This study aimed to evaluate the presence of plant protection products residues in mushroom fruiting bodies cultivated using substrates from conventional and organic sources. A total of 158 mushroom samples and 128 substrate samples were analysed using QuEChERS-based methods to assess whether the growing substrate facilitates the pesticide transfer to mushrooms. The results revealed significant differences between organic and conventional mushrooms. However, residues in mushrooms were detected even without the direct application of pesticides during cultivation, indicating that chemical substances can be transferred from the substrate to fruiting bodies. The presence of residues in mushrooms labeled as organic suggests that substrate contamination is an underestimated pathway for pesticide transfer. The findings emphasize the need for more precise regulation of substrate materials employed in mushroom cultivation, particularly within organic systems, to ensure food safety and compliance with residue limits. Monitoring mushroom substrates is crucial for developing sustainable and safe agricultural practices
Hekimhan (Malatya) and the plant geography of its surroundings
No full textBitki örtüsünün yetişme şartları, o bölgedeki iklimsel faktörler, toprak özellikleri, yer şekilleri ve su kaynaklarının etkileşimiyle şekillenir, bu da her ekosistemin kendine özgü floristik bileşimini ve biyolojik çeşitliliğini belirleyen temel unsurlar arasında yer alır. Her bir bitki türü, belirli iklimsel koşullara uyum sağlamak üzere evrimsel süreçlerden geçmiş olup bu örtülerin sürekliliği, bölgedeki iklimsel değişkenlerin öngörülebilirliğine bağlıdır. Bitki örtüsünün dağılışı ve çeşitliliği, o bölgedeki iklim koşullarına göre farklılık gösterir; sıcaklık, nem, yağış miktarı gibi faktörler bitkilerin türünü ve büyüme dönemlerini doğrudan etkileyerek ekosistem dengesini oluşturur. İklim, bir bölgedeki bitki örtüsünün karakteristik özelliklerini belirlerken yağış miktarı, sıcaklık dalgalanmaları ve mevsimsel değişimler; bu örtülerin türsel zenginliğini ve ekolojik işlevselliğini etkileyen ana faktörlerdir. Çalışma, iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: Birinci bölümde, bitki örtüsünün gelişimi üzerinde etkili olan iklimsel faktörler ve bu faktörlerin bitki örtüsü üzerindeki etkileri detaylı bir şekilde irdelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, Hekimhan ilçesine ait eski ve yeni meteoroloji istasyon verileri Malatya Meteoroloji İl Müdürlüğünden temin edilmiş bu veriler kullanılarak çeşitli analizler yapılmıştır. İklimsel veriler, Hekimhan'ın mevcut iklim koşullarını ortaya koymak ve bu koşulların bitki örtüsü ile olan ilişkisini anlamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bitki örtüsünün yetişme şartlarının başında gelen iklim, inceleme alanı içerisinde kısa mesafelerde yer şekilleri ve yükseltinin değişmesine bağlı olarak farklı coğrafi ortamların ortaya çıkmasında etkili olmuştur. Kuzeybatı-güneydoğu yönünde uzanış gösteren Kuruçay, akışını sürdürdüğü araziyi yer yer parçalamış, bunun sonucunda lokal farklı iklim özellikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. İlçede var olan bitki örtüsünün iklimle olan etkileşimi detaylı bir biçimde irdelenmiş, bu etkileşimin bitki örtüsünün dağılımı ve çeşitliliği üzerindeki yansımaları anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin Yukarı Fırat Bölümü'nde yer alan Hekimhan ilçesinin alan bakımından küçük olmasına rağmen yer aldığı coğrafi çevre şartları nedeniyle bitki tür ve çeşitliliği bakımından farklı özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu özellikleri ortaya çıkarmak için Elâzığ Orman Müdürlüğünden temin edilen meşcere haritası ve ArcGIS Pro yazılımı ile hazırlanmış olan haritalardan yararlanılarak arazi çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilen bitki numuneleri ve gözlemler yoluyla bitki türleri tespit edilmiş, fotoğraflanmış ve bulunduğu konum belirlenmiştir. İnceleme sahasında bulunan orman, çalı, step ve alpin çayır gibi vejetasyon formasyonlarından oluşan bu toplulukların dağılışı ve yoğunluğu çevrede görülen ekolojik özellikler ile etkileşim hâlindedir. Orman formasyonu içerisinde meşe, ardıç, karaçam ve sedir kümeler hâlinde dağınık yayılışa sahiptir. En geniş yayılış alanına sahip step toplulukları içerisinde ise kendine özgü endemik türlere sıkça rastlanır. Türkiye'de var olan endemik türlerin 105 tanesi ilçe sınırları içerisinde step toplulukları arasında görülmektedir. Yükseltinin fazla olduğu Yama Dağı'nda bazı alpin türler bulunmaktadır. Yüksek dağlık sahalarda, karın yerde kalma süresinin uzun olması, bitki örtüsünün cılız olmasına ve buna bağlı olarak erozyon şiddetinin fazla olmasına yol açmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, Hekimhan'ın bitki örtüsü çeşitliliğinin iklimsel faktörlerle nasıl şekillendiğini ve bölgedeki farklı ekosistemlerin hangi şartlarda daha sağlıklı gelişebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, aynı zamanda bölgedeki tarım, ormancılık ve koruma çalışmalarına yönelik önerilerde bulunarak sürdürülebilir çevre yönetimi açısından önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hekimhan, Ekoloji, Bitki örtüsü, Tahribat, Erozyon,The growth conditions of vegetation are shaped by the interaction of climatic factors, soil properties, landforms, and water resources within a given region, constituting one of the primary elements that determine each ecosystem's unique floristic composition and biological diversity. Every plant species has undergone evolutionary processes to adapt to specific climatic conditions, and the continuity of these plant communities depends on the predictability of local climatic variables. The distribution and diversity of vegetation vary according to the climate of the region; factors such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation directly influence plant species and their growth periods, thus establishing ecosystem balance. While climate determines the characteristic features of a region's vegetation, precipitation levels, temperature fluctuations, and seasonal changes stand out as the main drivers that affect the species richness and ecological functionality of these communities. This study is divided into two main sections. In the first section, the climatic factors influencing vegetation development, as well as their impacts on vegetation, are examined in detail. Accordingly, both historical and recent meteorological station data for Hekimhan—obtained from the Malatya Provincial Directorate of Meteorology—were utilized to perform various analyses. These climatic data were collected to elucidate the current climatic conditions of Hekimhan and to explore how these conditions relate to local vegetation. Among the leading determinants of vegetation growth, climate plays a particularly significant role within the study area, where short distances can give rise to different geographical settings due to variations in landforms and elevation. Extending in a northwest-to-southeast direction, the Kuruçay River has partially dissected the terrain it traverses, thereby generating localized climatic variations. The interaction between the vegetation in the district and its climate has been scrutinized thoroughly, with attention to how this interplay is reflected in the distribution and diversity of plant communities. In the second section, it is revealed that Hekimhan District—although small in area and situated in the Upper Euphrates section of the Eastern Anatolia Region—exhibits distinct characteristics in terms of plant species and diversity due to its specific geographical conditions. To uncover these features, fieldwork was conducted using stand maps obtained from the Elazığ Forest Directorate and maps generated via ArcGIS Pro software. Through these efforts, plant specimens were collected, observed, photographed, and their locations were recorded. The study area consists of communities formed by various vegetation formations such as forests, shrubs, steppes, and alpine meadows; the distribution and density of these communities interact closely with the region's ecological attributes. Within the forest formation, oak, juniper, black pine, and cedar occur in scattered clusters. The steppe communities—covering the largest expanse—are frequently home to endemic species unique to this region. Of the endemic species found in Turkey, 105 are observed within the steppe communities in the district. On Yama Mountain (Yama Dağı), where elevations are higher, several alpine species are present. In these high mountainous areas, prolonged snow cover leads to sparse vegetation and, consequently, exacerbated erosion. The findings demonstrate how the vegetation diversity in Hekimhan is shaped by climatic factors, highlighting the conditions under which different ecosystems within the region can flourish more effectively. In addition, this study proposes recommendations for agriculture, forestry, and conservation activities in the region, offering valuable data for sustainable environmental management. Keywords: Hekimhan, Ecology, Vegetation, Degradation, Erosio
Rough groups
No full textMatematiksel teoriler, yalnızca soyut yapıların anlaşılmasını değil aynı zamanda bu yapıların farklı alanlarda uygulamalarını da mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kaba kümeler ve kaba gruplar teorisinin temelleri incelenmiş ilgili yapıların matematiksel özellikleri hem teorik hem de uygulamalı bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmıştır. Dört bölümden oluşan bu tezin ilk bölümünde, kaba kümelerle ilgili literatür çalışmaları özetlenmiş olup küme teorilerinin temel prensipleri ve günlük yaşamla ilişkisi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde; diğer bölümlerdeki kavramlara temel oluşturması açısından bazı hatırlatmalar, tanım ve teoremler sunulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde ilk aşamada bilgi tablosu ve oluşturulan temel kümeler hakkında yorumlamalar yapılmıştır. Ardından kaba (rough) küme tanımı, denklik bağıntısı yardımıyla kümenin alt ve üst yaklaşımlarıyla ilgili tanım ve örneklere yer verilmiştir. Bu bölümün sonunda ise kümenin pozitif bölgesi, negatif bölgesi, sınır bölgesi ve kaba kümelerin sınıflandırılması gibi kavramların tanımları verilmiş olup ayrıca kaba kümelerde yaklaşımlı üyelik fonksiyon hesaplamaları ve yorumlamaları da yapılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde; kaba grup, kaba alt grup, kaba normal alt grup, kaba kalan sınıf (rough koset) kavramlarının tanım ve matematiksel özetleri teorik bir çerçevede incelenmiş ve örneklerle desteklenmiştir.Mathematical theories not only enable the understanding of abstract structures but also make it possible to apply these structures in different fields. In this study, the foundations of rough sets and rough group theory have been examined, and the mathematical properties of these structures have been addressed from both a theoretical and applied perspective. The first chapter summarizes the literature on rough sets and related theories, presenting the fundamental principles of set theory and its connection to daily life. The second chapter provides definitions, theorems and foundational reminders to establish a basis for the concepts discussed in subsequent chapters. The third chapter begins with interpretations of information tables and basic sets, followed by definitions and examples related to the lower and upper approximations of rough sets using equivalence relations. It also introduces concepts such as the positive, negative, and boundary regions of sets, along with proofs of relevant theorems and includes calculations and interpretations of approximate membership functions in rough sets. The fourth chapter examines the concepts of rough groups, rough subgroups, rough normal subgroups, and rough cosets within a theoretical framework, supported by examples
Numerical analysis of the effect of nanofluid use on heat transfer in heat exchangers
No full textBu çalışmada, iç borusu helisel yapıda olan eş merkezli ve iç içe borulu bir ısı değiştirici kullanılarak, paralel akış koşullarında nanoakışkan kullanımının ısı transferi üzerindeki etkileri hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) yaklaşımıyla sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, grafit-saf su nanoakışkanının ısıl performansa olan katkısını değerlendirmek ve bu katkıyı saf su ile karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektir. Sıcak akışkan olarak grafit-saf su nanoakışkanı, soğuk akışkan olarak ise saf su kullanılmış; sıcak akışkanın debisi 3 l/dk ve giriş sıcaklığı 55 °C olarak sabit tutulmuş, soğuk akışkan için ise 3, 6 ve 12 l/dk olmak üzere üç farklı debi değeri belirlenmiştir. Yapılan HAD analizleri sonucunda, nanoakışkan kullanımının ısı transfer hızını, Nusselt sayısını ve ısı transfer katsayısını artırdığı gözlemlenmiş; bu bulgular, nanoakışkanların ısı transferi üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini vurgulayan literatürle de uyumlu bulunmuştur. Analize göre, soğuk akışkan debisi 3 l/dk iken sıcak ve soğuk akışkan çıkış sıcaklıklarında sırasıyla %6,4 ve %5,4 sapma gözlemlenmiş; debi arttıkça sıcak akışkan tarafındaki hata oranı %10,7'ye kadar yükselirken, soğuk akışkan tarafında bu oran %1,2–%4,1 aralığında kalmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, grafit-saf su nanoakışkanının bu tip ısı değiştiricilerde ısıl verimliliği artırma potansiyelini ortaya koyarken, mevcut deneysel verilerle doğrulanan HAD analizleri sayesinde kullanılan ısı değiştirici modelinin sayısal doğrulaması gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu yönüyle benzer sistemlerde sayısal yöntemlerin güvenilirliğine katkı sağlanmıştır. Son olarak, paralel ve zıt akış koşullarında gerçekleştirilen simülasyonlarda, Reynolds sayısının artışıyla birlikte grafit katkılı akışkan için Nusselt sayısında belirgin bir artış gözlemlenmiş; buna karşın aynı Reynolds aralığında saf su için artışların daha sınırlı kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu durum, nanoakışkanların her iki akış düzeninde de ısı transfer etkinliğini artırma potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır.In this study, the effects of the use of nanofluid on heat transfer under parallel flow conditions using a concentric and concentric tube heat exchanger with a helical inner tube are numerically investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the contribution of graphite-pure water nanofluid to the thermal performance and to analyse this contribution in comparison with pure water. Graphite-pure water nanofluid was used as the hot fluid and pure water was used as the cold fluid; the flow rate of the hot fluid was kept constant at 3 l/min and the inlet temperature was kept constant at 55 °C, while three different flow rates of 3, 6 and 12 l/min were determined for the cold fluid. As a result of CFD analyses, it was observed that the use of nanofluid increased the heat transfer rate, Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient; these findings were found to be consistent with the literature emphasising the positive effects of nanofluids on heat transfer. According to the analysis, when the cold fluid flow rate was 3 l/min, 6.4% and 5.4% deviations were observed in the hot and cold fluid outlet temperatures, respectively; while the error rate on the hot fluid side increased up to 10.7% as the flow rate increased, this rate remained in the range of 1.2%-4.1% on the cold fluid side. While the obtained results reveal the potential of graphite-pure water nanofluid to increase the thermal efficiency in this type of heat exchangers, the numerical verification of the heat exchanger model used has been carried out thanks to the CFD analyses verified with the available experimental data and thus contributed to the reliability of numerical methods in similar systems. Finally, in the simulations performed under parallel and opposite flow conditions, a significant increase in the Nusselt number was observed for the graphite doped fluid with an increase in the Reynolds number; however, it was determined that the increases were more limited for pure water in the same Reynolds range. This reveals the potential of nanofluids to increase the heat transfer efficiency in both flow patterns