Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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Investigation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Properties of Hybrid Compounds Containing New Generation Amino Acid Structures
No full text[Abstract Not Available]Inonu University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [TOA-2021-2478]This study was supported by Inonu University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project No:TOA-2021-2478)
The effect of physical activity on mother-child relationship and parental attitudes: a follow-up study examining the long-term effects of COVID-19
No full text- OBJECTIVE: This study was planned to evaluate effects of game-based phys-ical activity model on mother-child relationship and parental attitudes during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic period.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was designed using a web-based quasi-experimental model with a pre-test/post-test evaluation, with a control group. The mothers who accepted to participate in the study and their children were divided into experimental (group I, n=28) and control groups (group II, n=31). The mothers and children in the experimental group were asked to apply web-based game-based physical activity model for 20 minutes/day for 4 weeks. The online questionnaire included socio-demographic data form, Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), and Parental Attitude Scale (PAS).RESULTS: There were no significant differenc-es between mean scores of pre-test and post-test subscales of the PAS in group I (p>0.05 for all subscales). It was found that post-test scores of democratic subscales of PAS statistically signif-icant decreased (p=0.047) and the authoritarian attitude subscale scores significantly increased (p=0.033) in group II. The mean pre-and post -ac-tivity scores of positive/close relationship and conflictual relationship subscales of CPRS dif-fer between groups (p<0.05 for both subscales). Pre-post test scores of group II were found to be significantly lower compared to group II.CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides a moder-ate improvement in parameters evaluated; how-ever, we suggest that longer-term activities may have a more permanent and statistically signifi-cant effect
Evaluation of Ruthenium(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Enzymatic Inhibitory Agents with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antiparasitical and Antiproliferative Activity
No full textA series of [RuCl2(p-cymene)(NHC)] complexes were obtained by reacting [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 with in situ generated Ag-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The structure of the obtained complexes was determined by the appropriate spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In addition, we evaluated the biological activities of these compounds as antienzymatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiparasitic agents. The results revealed that complexes 3b and 3d were the most potent inhibitors against AchE with IC50 values of 2.52 and 5.06 mu M mL(-1). Additionally, 3d proved very good antimicrobial activity against all examined microorganisms with IZ (inhibition zone) over 25 mm and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) < 4 mu M. Additionally, the ligand 2a and its corresponding ruthenium (II) complex 3a had good cytotoxic activity against both cancer cells HCT-116 and HepG-2, with IC50 values of (7.76 and 11.76) and (4.12 and 9.21) mu M mL(-1), respectively. Evaluation of the antiparasitic activity of these complexes against Leishmania major promastigotes and Toxoplasma gondii showed that ruthenium complexes were more potent than the free ligand, with an IC50 values less than 1.5 mu M mL(-1). However, 3d was found the best one with SI (selectivity index) values greater than 5 so it seems to be the best candidate for antileishmanial drug discovery program, and much future research are recommended for mode of action and in vivo evaluation. In general, Ru-NHC complexes are the most effective against L. major promastigotes.Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia [QU-IF-02-02-27782]The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript except the suppot for the project number (QU-IF-02-02-27782) from Deputyship for Research& Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia
Management of wet ascitic type of peritoneal tuberculosis: single center experience
No full textOBJECTIVE: We aimed to present our experience with the management of 17 patients with ascites who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy, and histologic con-firmation of wet ascitic type of peritoneal tuber-culosis (TB).PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between Janu-ary 2008 and March 2019, 17 patients whose as -cites were investigated by a gastroenterologist and who were thought to have non-cirrhotic as -cites were referred to our Surgery clinic for peri-toneal biopsy. The clinical, biochemical, radio-logical, microbiological, and histopathological data of the patients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy were analyzed ret-rospectively. Histopathological examination of peritoneal tissue samples in hematoxylin-eo-sin-stained preparations revealed necrotiz-ing granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis and Langhans type giant cells. Eh-rlich-Ziehl-Neelsen (EZN) staining was studied with the suspicion of TB. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were detected in EZN stained slide. Histopatho-logical findings were also considered.RESULTS: Seventeen patients aged 18 to 64 years were included in this study. The most common symptoms were ascites and abdomi-nal distention, weight loss, night sweats, fever and diarrhea. Radiological examination revealed peritoneal thickening, ascites, omental cacking, and diffuse lymphadenopathy. Histopathologi-cally, necrotizing granulomatous peritonitis con-sistent with peritoneal TB were detected. While direct laparoscopy was preferred in sixteen pa-tients, laparotomy was preferred in the remain-ing one due to previous surgical procedures. However, seven were converted to open laparot-omy.CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of abdominal TB requires high index of suspicion, and the treat-ment should be prompt to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with delay in treatment
Determination of the most suitable disabled route for individuals with orthopedic disabled: İnönü University campus example
No full textEngellilik, dünya nüfusunun önemli bir bölümünü etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, toplumların bilinçlenmesi, eğitilmesi ve bireylerin topluma entegre edilmesi ve bu kapsamda engelli bireyleri etkileyen sorunları anlamak önemlidir. Son yıllarda ülkemizde üniversitelerin sayısında belirgin bir çoğalma olmuştur. Fakat üniversite kampüslerinde özellikle ortopedik engelli kullanıcılar bir takım sorunlarla karşılaşılmaktadırlar. Ortopedik engelliler için standartlara uygun ve erişilebilir kampüsler tasarlamak, sürdürülebilirlik anlamında gerekliliği bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) yönteminden faydalanılarak, İnönü Üniversitesi kampüsünde önemli yolların kriterler açısından değerlendirmesi yapılarak ortopedik engelliler için hangi güzergâhın en uygun alternatif yol olduğu ortaya koyması ve elde edilen sonuçların birebir alan analiz sonuçlarıyla da karşılaştırılması olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, İnönü Üniversitesi kampüsünde belirlenen güzergâhların kriterler açısından hem AHP yöntemiyle değerlendirmesi hem de yerinde alan analizi yapılarak ortopedik engelliler için Güzergâh 1'in (Öğrenci yurtları durağı-Kütüphane güzergâhının) en uygun alternatif yol olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca belirlenen güzergâhların yol eğimlerinin analizi de yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, ileride oluşturulacak navigasyon tabanlı akıllı ulaşım sistemlerinde kullanılabilecek, ortopedik engelli bireyler için güvenli ve erişilebilir rotaların öncelikli olarak nereler olması gerektiği konusunda yardımcı olacaktır. Ayrıca bu örnek pilot çalışmanın tüm kentlerde uygulanması önerilmekte ve diğer engelli bireyler için de geliştirilebilir özellikte olduğu beklenmektedir.Disability affects a significant portion of the world's population. For this reason, it is important to raise awareness, educate and integrate individuals into society, and in this context, it is important to understand the problems that affect people with disabilities. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of universities in our country. However, on university campuses, users with orthopedic disabilities face some problems. It is a well-known fact that designing accessible and compliant campuses for orthopedically disabled people is necessary in terms of sustainability. The aim of this study was to determine which route is the most suitable alternative route for orthopedically disabled people by evaluating the important roads in terms of criteria in the İnönü University campus by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, and to compare the results with the results of one-to-one field analysis. As a result of this study, it has been determined that Route 1 (Student dormitories stop-Library route) is the most suitable alternative route for the orthopedically handicapped by evaluating the routes determined on the İnönü University campus in terms of criteria, both with the AHP method and on-site analysis. In addition, the analysis of the road slopes of the determined routes was also made. This study will help to determine where safe and accessible routes should be primarily for orthopedically disabled individuals that can be used in navigation-based smart transportation systems to be created in the future. In addition, this sample pilot study is recommended to be implemented in all cities and it is expected that it can be developed for other disabled individuals
Investigation of platin nanotubes production, characterization and gas detection properties
No full textPlatin (Pt), iyi bir korozyon direnci ve katalitik ve elektriksel özellikleri sayesinde kimya, petrokimya, ilaç, elektronik ve otomotiv endüstrileri gibi alanlarda yaygın olarak kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca Pt tabanlı malzemeler son zamanlarda biyosensör, kimyasal sensör ve hidrojen gaz sensörü uygulamalarında oldukça ilgi görmektedir. Pahalı bir metal olan Pt' nin hızla yükselen fiyatı, teknolojik uygulamalarda kullanımında büyük bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bu nedenle, en son çalışmalar, üstün özelliklere sahip metallerden yararlanmak için şekil, kompozisyon ve geometrik konfigürasyonlar açısından tasarlanan nanoyapılı Pt bazlı malzemelerin yapımına odaklanmıştır. Bunlar arasında, dar gözenek boyutlarına ve yüksek derecede düzenli ağlara sahip gözenekli nanoyapılar, çok çeşitli katalitik uygulamalar için özellikle ilgi çekicidir. Bu çalışmada Pt nanotüpler elde edilerek hidrojen gaz sensörü ölçümleri, XRD, EDX, duyarlılık- zaman ve direnç –zaman ölçümleri incelenmiştir. Bu deney iki aşamadan oluşmaktadır. İlk aşamada ZnO nanoçubuk kalıplar cam altlıklar üzerine hidrotermal yöntemle oluşturulmuştur. Bu nanoçubuklar üzerine saçtırma (sputter) yöntemiyle farklı kalınlıklarda Pt ince film kaplanmıştır. İkinci aşamasında ise oluşturulan ZnO nanoçubuk kalıplar üzerindeki Pt ince filmler, HCl yardımıyla ZnO' dan uzaklaştırılarak Pt nanotüp elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen Pt nanotüplerin elektriksel iletkenliği, kristal yapıları, duyarlılıkları ve hidrojen gaz sensörü ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Aynı zamanda elde edilen Pt nanotüplerin ise SEM ve FESEM görüntüleri alınmıştır. Elde edilen Pt nanotüplerin yapısal karakterizasyonlarından bölgesel tüpler elde edilmesine rağmen çoğunlukla poroz yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. Üretilen Pt nanotüplerin kristal yapısı (111) yönelimine sahip yüzey merkezli kübik (FCC) kristal yapıdadır. Deneyler sırasında 20 nm ve 50 nm boyutunda olmak üzere farklı boyutlarda kaplamalar yapılmış ve daha ince yapıdaki Pt nanotüplerin hidrojen duyarlılığının daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Üretilen Pt nanotüp sensörlerin hidrojen algılama mekanizması yüzey elektronlarının saçılması olgusuyla açıklanabilir. Pt nanotüp sensörün duyarlılığın hidrojen konsantrasyonu arttıkça arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar Pt nanotüp sensörlerin hidrojen sızıntı uygulama alanlarında kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.Platinum (Pt) has made it widely used in fields such as chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, electronic and automotive industries, thanks to its good corrosion resistance and catalytic and electrical properties. In addition, Pt-based materials have recently attracted a lot of attention in biosensors, chemical sensors and hydrogen gas sensor applications. The rapidly rising price of Pt, an expensive metal, poses a major problem in its use in technological applications. Therefore, the most recent work has focused on the construction of nanostructured Pt-based materials designed in terms of shape, composition and geometric configurations to take advantage of metals with superior properties. Among them, porous nanostructures with narrow pore sizes and highly ordered networks are of particular interest for a wide variety of catalytic applications. In this study, hydrogen gas sensor measurements, XRD, EDX, sensitivity-time and resistance-time measurements were investigated by obtaining Pt nanotubes. This experiment consists of two stages. In the first stage, ZnO nanorod molds were formed on glass substrates by hydrothermal method. Pt thin film of different thicknesses was coated on these nanorods by sputtering method. In the second step, Pt thin films on the formed ZnO nanorod molds were removed from ZnO with the help of HCl and Pt nanotubes were obtained. The electrical conductivity, crystal structures, sensitivities and hydrogen gas sensor measurements of the obtained Pt nanotubes were made. At the same time, SEM and FESEM images of the obtained Pt nanotubes were taken. Although regional tubes were obtained from the structural characterizations of the obtained Pt nanotubes, it was observed that they were mostly in porous structure. The crystal structure of the produced Pt nanotubes is face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure with (111) orientation. During the experiments, coatings of different sizes, 20 nm and 50 nm, were made and it was observed that the hydrogen sensitivity of thinner Pt nanotubes was higher. The hydrogen detection mechanism of the produced Pt nanotube sensors can be explained by the phenomenon of scattering of surface electrons. It has been observed that the sensitivity of the Pt nanotube sensor increases as the hydrogen concentration increases. These results showed that Pt nanotube sensors can be used in hydrogen leakage application areas
Öğretmenler Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu Kariyer Basamakları Düzenlemesi Hakkında Ne Düşünüyor?
No full textBu çalışmanın amacı 2022 yılında kabul edilen Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu’nda düzenlenen öğretmen kariyer basamaklarına ilişkin öğretmenlerin düşüncelerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma nicel araştırma modellerinden tarama modeli ile yürütülmüştür. Tarama modeli var olan durumu ortaya çıkarır. Çalışma evreni, 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında Konya ilinde görev yapan öğretmenlerden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada örnekleme yapılırken uygun örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışma 325 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak ‘’Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu İlişkin Düşünce Anketi’’ kullanılmıştır. Anket 11 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ankette 10 madde 5’li likert tipi, 1 madde ise açık uçlu sorudan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada veriler analiz edilirken nonparametrik testler olan Mann Whitney U ve Kruskall Wallis H testle ri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre katılımcıların kariyer planlama düzenlemesinde sınav uygulamasına katılmadıkları görülmüştür. Katılımcılar, Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu düzenlemesinin özel bir ihtisas mesleği olmasına yönelik önemli bir adım olduğunu düşünmektedir. Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu kariyer planlamasında lisansüstü mezunu öğretmenlere yönelik yapılan düzenlemeler lisansüstü mezunu katılımcılar tarafından olumlu karşılanırken lisans mezunu katılımcılar tarafından olumsuz karşılanmaktadır. Katılımcılar uzman öğretmenlik ve başöğretmenlik için mesleki kıdem olmasını isterken Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu’nda yer alan mesleki kıdem süresini uzun olduğu için olumsuz karşılamaktadır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre Öğretmenlik Meslek Kanunu düzenlemesinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB)’nın düzenleme yaparken daha geniş bir eğitim paydaş grubunun görüşünü alması önerilir
A study on the differences between the fine arts high school music department and science and art centers (BILSEM) music department
No full textBu araştırmada amaç güzel sanatlar liselerinin müzik bölümü ile bilim ve sanat merkezlerinin müzik alanının karşılaştırmasını yapmak ve bu karşılaştırma sonucunda iki kurumun benzerliklerini, farklılıklarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda da neden ayrı ayrı bu iki kuruma ihtiyaç duyulduğundan bahsedilmiş ve bu kurumların eksik, olumlu ya da olumsuz yönlerine de ışık tutularak bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Araştırma içerisinde nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın nitel olma sebebi, kullanılan veri toplama araçlarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Kullanılan veri toplama yöntemleri arasında okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenleri ile yapılan görüşmeler, internet taraması ve gözlem yer almaktadır. Yapılan görüşmeler ekler bölümünde mevcuttur. Araştırmada Türkiye'de yer alan bütün okulların karşılaştırılmasını yapmak imkânsız olacağından Hatay/Antakya'da yer alan Bedii Sabuncu Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi ile Hatay/Antakya Bilim ve Sanat Merkezinin karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırma yaparken internet taraması, kurumlarda yer alan yönetici ya da ilgili birimlerin bilgilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma boyunca bahsettiğimiz iki kurumda da büyük boyutlarda olmasa da eksiklikler gözlemlenmiş ve bu eksiklikler için çözüm yolları üretilmeye çalışılmıştır. Örneğin; Bilim ve Sanat Merkezlerinde öğrencilerin üstün yetenek ve üstün zekâya sahip olduklarını göz önünde bulundurduğumuzda seçilen öğretmenlerin de bu öğrencilere uygun şekilde ve seviyede eğitim vermesi gerekmektedir. Bunu göz önünde bulundurduğumuzda çözüm önerisi olarak olumsuz durumların yaşanmaması açısından öğretmenlere özel eğitimler verilebileceği önerisi sunulmuştur.The aim of this study is to make a comparison between the music departments of Fine Arts High Schools and Science and Art Centers (BILSEM) and reveal the similarities and differences between these institutions. In line with these purposes, the main reason behind the need for these institutions separately is mentioned and the shortcomings, positive ad negative sides of these institutions are explained and some suggestions are made. Qualitative research is used throughout the research. The reason for this study to be qualitative has its source in the tools used for collecting data. The methods used for data collection include the interviews with school administrators and teachers, web browsing and monitoring. The interviews are provided in the appendix section. As it would be impossible to compare all of the schools in Turkey in the research, a comparison is made between the fine arts high schools and science and art cemters located in Hatay/Antakya. Besides, web resources are reviewed and the information about the managers and related units in these instutions are made used of during the research. It should be noted that the data gathered in the research is correct to a limited degree. As it can also be incorrect. Throughout the research some deficiencies, though not major ones, are observed in both of the institutions and solutions are suggested and generated. For example; Since students in Science and Art Centers have superior talent and intelligence, it is necessary to provide appropriate education to students. It was thought that special training could be given to teachers against negative situations
Biosensory i nanobiosensory – nowoczesne narzędzia w detekcji fitopatogenów
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to analyse literature data on design solutions for biosensors used to detect phytopathogens. The general principles of the operation of biosensors and the mechanisms of the generation of an analytical signal are discussed. Particular focus was placed on biosensors containing nanomaterials, known as nanobiosensors. Nanomaterials can enhance the receptor layer of the biosensor, the transducer surface, or both of these elements. They immobilize to the transducer surface and stabilize receptor layer molecules or act as labels enhancing the analytical signal. As a result, compared to biosensors based on standard solutions, they have better operating parameters. Nanobiosensors used in phytopathology are primarily genosensors (containing mainly single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, ssDNA in the receptor layer) or immunosensors (containing antibodies capable of recognizing specific structures of phytopathogenic bacteria or the coat proteins of plant viruses). Electrochemical or optical transduction of the biological signal is usually used in both types of device. Genosensors with microgravimetric signal transduction, based on the quartz microbalance technique, are much less common. Good analytical parameters were obtained for the biosensors and nanobiosensors in laboratory conditions, which is indicative of their great practical potential.Celem pracy była analiza danych literaturowych z zakresu rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych biosensorów wykorzystywanych w detekcji fitopatogenów. Omówiono ogólne zasady działania biosensorów i mechanizmy generowania sygnału analitycznego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na biosensory zawierające w swojej budowie nanomateriały, zw. nanobiosensorami. Nanomateriały mogą wchodzić w skład warstwy receptorowej biosensora, przetwornika oraz obu tych elementów. Stabilizują one i przytwierdzają do powierzchni przetwornika cząsteczki receptorów biologicznych lub pełnią rolę znaczników wzmacniających sygnał analityczny. Dzięki temu w porównaniu do biosensorów bazujących na standardowych rozwiązaniach charakteryzują się lepszymi parametrami pracy. Nanobiosensory wykorzystywane w fitopatologii to przeważnie genosensory (zawierające w warstwie receptorowej aptamery, czyli jednoniciowe oligonukleotydy DNA, ssDNA) lub immunosensory (zawierające przeciwciała zdolne do rozpoznawania specyficznych struktur bakterii fitopatogennych lub białek płaszcza wirusów roślinnych). W obu typach urządzeń stosuje się zwykle elektrochemiczną lub optyczną transdukcję sygnału biologicznego. Zacznie rzadziej są spotykane genosensory z transdukcją mikrograwimetryczną, opierającą się na technice mikrowagi kwarcowej. Zaprezentowane biosensory i nanobiosensory charakteryzowały się w warunkach laboratoryjnych dobrymi parametrami analitycznymi, co wskazuje na ich duży potencjał aplikacyjny
Występowanie grzybów entomopatogenicznych w glebach siedlisk o zróżnicowanym użytkowaniu
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to compare the generic composition and the intensity of occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in the soils of farmlands with intensive chemical protection and soils without pesticide protection, including soils from the agroforestry cultivation system. The research material consisted of samples of arable soils collected in 2021 (spring, autumn) on an individual farm with an area of 7.42 ha, located in the town of Kołodziąż, voivodeship masovian. The research objects without pesticide protection were soil samples taken from the meadow, mid-field forest and agroforestry cultivation along the avenue (Sosnówka, Lublin voivodeship) in 2022. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated using the trapping method and isolation on a selective medium. In the course of the research, insect pathogenic of the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium and Cordyceps were isolated. When assessing the total severity of the marked types of entomopathogenic fungi in both study dates, it was found that the greatest number of trap insect larvae were infected by fungi in soils collected from mid-field trees and meadow soils (without chemical protection). The conducted research showed that in the soils of arable lands where pesticide protection was applied, the isolated genera of entomopathogenic fungi formed less colony-forming units (CFU) than in soils where no chemical protection was applied.Celem pracy było porównanie składu rodzajowego oraz nasilenia występowania grzybów entomopatogenicznych w glebach pól uprawnych z ochroną chemiczną i bez niej, a wśród nich gleb z systemu uprawy agroleśnej. Materiał do badań stanowiły próby gleb uprawnych pobrane w 2021 r. (wiosna, jesień) w indywidualnym gospodarstwie rolnym o powierzchni 7,42 ha, położonym w miejscowości Kołodziąż, woj. mazowieckie. Obiektami badawczymi bez ochrony chemicznej były próby glebowe pobrane z łąki, zadrzewienia śródpolnego oraz uprawy agroleśnej alejowej (Sosnówka, woj. lubelskie) w 2022 r. Grzyby entomopatogeniczne izolowano, stosując metodę owadów pułapkowych oraz izolacji na podłoże selektywne. W trakcie prowadzonych badań wyizolowano grzyby owadobójcze z rodzajów: Beauveria, Metarhizium i Cordyceps. Oceniając łączne nasilenie oznaczonych rodzajów grzybów owadobójczych w obu terminach badań, stwierdzono, że najwięcej larw owada pułapkowego zainfekowanych było przez grzyby w glebach pobranych z zadrzewień śródpolnych i gleb łąkowych (bez ochrony chemicznej). Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że w glebach gruntów ornych, na których zastosowano ochronę chemiczną, wyizolowane rodzaje grzybów entomopatogenicznych produkowały mniej jednostek tworzących kolonie (jtk) niż na glebach, na których nie stosowano ochrony chemicznej