Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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Genetic basis of the phenomenon of male sterility and fertility restoration in maize (Zea mays L.) – a review
Get PDFThe phenomenon of male sterility in higher plants is, apart from protandry (earlier maturation of stamens), protogyny (earlier maturation of pistils), heterostyly (different stigmas) and self-incompatibility, one of the evolutionarily conditioned mechanisms forcing external pollination. Due to the elimination of the time- and cost-consuming emasculation of maternal lines, male-sterile lines are an object of interest in the seed production of hybrid cultivars of many plant species, including maize. Seed production of hybrid cultivars using male-sterile lines requires the establishment of maternal lines that are male-sterile in different environments and suitable paternal lines with fertility restorer genes. This paper summarizes the findings on the genetics of male sterility and fertility restoration in maize.The phenomenon of male sterility in higher plants is, apart from protandry (earlier maturation of stamens), protogyny (earlier maturation of pistils), heterostyly (different stigmas) and self-incompatibility, one of the evolutionarily conditioned mechanisms forcing external pollination. Due to the elimination of the time- and cost-consuming emasculation of maternal lines, male-sterile lines are an object of interest in the seed production of hybrid cultivars of many plant species, including maize. Seed production of hybrid cultivars using male-sterile lines requires the establishment of maternal lines that are male-sterile in different environments and suitable paternal lines with fertility restorer genes. This paper summarizes the findings on the genetics of male sterility and fertility restoration in maize
Impact of cropping and tillage system on take-all disease of winter wheat (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)
Get PDFDiseases induced by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (G. g. tritici) are the most important wheat root diseases in all cropping areas around the world and significantly reduces yield and quality of wheat grain. A multi-year field experiment was used to evaluate infestation of winter wheat roots by G. g. tritici. The experimental factors included: I. cropping system (CS): 1) crop rotation (CR): pea – winter wheat – spring barley; 2) monoculture of winter wheat (MON); and II. tillage system (TS): 1) CT – conventional tillage, 2) RT – reduced tillage, and 3) NT – no-tillage. The following cultivation treatment were applied: a shallow ploughing after previous harvest and pre-sowing ploughing in the CT system; double cultivation instead of both aforementioned ploughing treatments in the RT system; and glyphosate in NT system. A cultivation set, consisting of a cultivator, a string roller, and a harrow, was used before wheat sowing. The value of the index of winter wheat roots infestation by G. g. tritici was significantly higher in the monoculture than in crop rotation. The value was also higher in NT than in CT system. In wheat monoculture with NT system, the percentage of highly and severely infested plants was higher than in crop rotation with CT system.Diseases induced by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (G. g. tritici) are the most important wheat root diseases in all cropping areas around the world and significantly reduces yield and quality of wheat grain. A multi-year field experiment was used to evaluate infestation of winter wheat roots by G. g. tritici. The experimental factors included: I. cropping system (CS): 1) crop rotation (CR): pea – winter wheat – spring barley; 2) monoculture of winter wheat (MON); and II. tillage system (TS): 1) CT – conventional tillage, 2) RT – reduced tillage, and 3) NT – no-tillage. The following cultivation treatment were applied: a shallow ploughing after previous harvest and pre-sowing ploughing in the CT system; double cultivation instead of both aforementioned ploughing treatments in the RT system; and glyphosate in NT system. A cultivation set, consisting of a cultivator, a string roller, and a harrow, was used before wheat sowing. The value of the index of winter wheat roots infestation by G. g. tritici was significantly higher in the monoculture than in crop rotation. The value was also higher in NT than in CT system. In wheat monoculture with NT system, the percentage of highly and severely infested plants was higher than in crop rotation with CT system
Występowanie Fusarium spp. na kłosach jęczmienia jarego oraz szkodliwość Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. dla wybranych odmian tego zboża
Get PDFFusarium head blight (scab) and the contamination of cereals with mycotoxins are par-ticularly important problems in global agriculture, were the stimulus to undertake a study aimed at the determination of the share of fungi from the genus Fusarium in infecting heads of spring barley and estimation of the susceptibility of barley cultivars to F. avenaceum. The studies with 9 cultivars of spring barley were performer during three years (2020–2022). The assessment of the harmfulness of F. avenaceum for selected cultivars of spring barley was carried out on the basis of a field exper-iment with artificial infestation of heads with a conidial suspension of the tested fungus species. Studies on fusariosis of barley heads showed that the average percentage of heads with symptoms of infection with Fusarium spp. ranged from 0.5 to 2.0%. The dominant species on the grain of the analyzed cultivars was F. poae. F. culmorum and F. avenaceum also played a significant role in causing fusarium head blight. Based on presented studies, it was found that inoculation of heads at the flowering stage resulted in an average reduction of 17.7% in the number of kernels per head. On the other hand, the average reduction of kernels yield and 1000 kernel weight for all tested cul-tivars compared to the control was 35.7% and 23.3%, respectively. The highest susceptibility to scab caused by F. avenaceum was found for cultivar Oberek, while the Ramzes cultivar was the least susceptible.Fuzarioza kłosów zbóż oraz zawartość mykotoksyn w ziarnie są jednymi z głównych problemów światowego rolnictwa. Prezentowane badania przeprowadzono w latach 2020–2022, ich celem było oszacowanie udziału Fusarium spp. w porażaniu kłosów jęczmienia jarego oraz ocena podatności 9 odmian tego zboża na porażenie przez F. avenaceum. Ocenę szkodliwości F. avenaceum dla wybranych odmian jęczmienia jarego wykonano na podstawie doświadczenia polowego z inokulacją kłosów zawiesiną zarodników konidialnych badanego gatunku grzyba. Badania nad częstotliwością występowania fuzariozy kłosów jęczmienia wykazały, że średni udział kłosów z ob-jawami porażenia przez Fusarium spp. wahał się od 0,5% do 2,0%. Gatunkiem dominującym na ziarnie analizowanych odmian był F. poae. Znaczny udział w powodowaniu fuzariozy kłosów miały także gatunki F. culmorum i F. avenaceum. Wykazano również, że inokulacja kłosów badanych odmian jęczmienia w fazie kwitnienia spowodowała średnią obniżkę liczby ziarniaków w kłosie na poziomie 17,7%. Natomiast średnia redukcja plonu ziarna i masy 1000 ziaren dla wszystkich badanych odmian w porównaniu z kontrolą wynosiła odpowiednio 35,7% i 23,3%. Największą podatno-ścią na porażenie kłosów przez F. avenaceum charakteryzowała się odmiana Oberek, natomiast najmniejszą odmiana Ramzes
Diploid Triticum species as a potential source of resistance to powdery mildew
Get PDFPowdery mildew is one of the most important fungal diseases of cereal plants. It reduces the yield and the quality of harvested grain. One of the best ways to protect crops against powdery mildew is to introduce effective resistance genes into new cultivars. In this study, diploid species of the genus Triticum were screened to identify potential sources of genetic resistance to powdery mildew.Among the analyzed forms, 21 genotypes were identified as fully resistant to all three powdery mildew isolates used. Four of them belong to T. urartu, 12 to T. monococcum, and 4 to T. boeoticum. The tests performed showed that each of the tested species can be a source of genes determiningresistance to powdery mildew. The most resistant genotypes were identified among accessions from Lebanon and Syria. Genotypes from Türkiye showed the lowest level of resistance, which indicates that this area is not a region with high pathogen pressure.Mączniak prawdziwy jest jedną z najważniejszych chorób grzybowych roślin zbożowych. Powoduje obniżenie plonu i jakości zbieranego ziarna. Jednym z najlepszych sposobówochrony roślin przed mączniakiem jest wprowadzenie do odmian uprawnych efektywnych genów odporności. W niniejszej pracy przeprowadzono screening diploidalnych gatunków z rodzaju Triticum pod kątem identyfikacji potencjalnych źródeł genetycznej odporności na mączniaka. Spośród analizowanych form zidentyfikowano 21 genotypów, które wykazywały pełną odporność na wszystkie 3 zastosowane izolaty mączniaka. Cztery z nich należą do gatunku T. urartu, 12 do T. monococcum i 4 do T. boeoticum. Badania przedstawione w niniejszej pracy wykazały, że każdy z badanych gatunków może być źródłem genów odporności na mączniaka prawdziwego. Ponadto najbardziej odporne genotypy zidentyfikowano wśród form z Libanu i Syrii. Najniższy poziom odporności wykazałygenotypy z Turcji, co wskazuje, że obszar ten nie jest regionem o dużej presji tego patogena
Climate change from an agricultural perspective
Get PDFThe fact of the global climate system warming is undeniable. Climate changes have been generally observed since the 1990s. The paper examines various meteorological variables influencing plant production to trace how the climatic conditions for agriculture development in Poland are changing with climate warming. This research showed significant differences in agrometeorological characteristics before warming (1961–1990) and during this process (1991–2020). The thermal characteristics crucial for agriculture have changed, impacting the extension of growing and frost-free periods, among other things. Winters are now “milder”. An acceleration of the date of the last spring frost was recorded. The most severe change in precipitation is its increase, especially in winter, with snow having an increasingly smaller share of this precipitation.The fact of the global climate system warming is undeniable. Climate changes have been generally observed since the 1990s. The paper examines various meteorological variables influencing plant production to trace how the climatic conditions for agriculture development in Poland are changing with climate warming. This research showed significant differences in agrometeorological characteristics before warming (1961–1990) and during this process (1991–2020). The thermal characteristics crucial for agriculture have changed, impacting the extension of growing and frost-free periods, among other things. Winters are now “milder”. An acceleration of the date of the last spring frost was recorded. The most severe change in precipitation is its increase, especially in winter, with snow having an increasingly smaller share of this precipitation
Zasoby genowe jarej pszenicy twardej (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) van Slageren) jako źródło polowej odporności na choroby grzybowe liści
Get PDFThe paper presents the characteristics of spring hard wheat collection accessions in terms of field resistance to following fungal diseases of leaves: powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), septoria leaf blight (Mycosphaerella graminicola, syn. Septoria tritici) and brown rust (Puccinia recondita). The research material consisted of 941 accessions that were evaluated in the years 1980–2020. In order to assess the biological progress in relation to plant health, the tested accessions were divided into 4 groups depending on the country of origin (Poland, Italy, Egypt and Mexico). The bonitation of the degree of plant infection by the above-mentioned fungal diseases was carried out on the base of a 9-degree scale according to Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU), in which 9 means the most favorable agricultural conditions (no symptoms of disease, full resistance), and 1 – the worst agricultural conditions (full susceptibility). The obtained results indicate a higher field resistance of Polish breeding lines to the majority fungal diseases of leaves assessed in the climatic conditions of the Lublin region compared to accessions originating from countries that are the main areas of hard wheat cultivation or origin, which makes them a valuable genetic source of resistance for practical breeding.W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę obiektów kolekcyjnych jarej pszenicy twardej pod względem polowej odporności na następujące choroby grzybowe liści: mączniak prawdziwy (Blumeria graminis), septorioza liści (Mycosphaerella graminicola, syn. Septoria tritici) i rdza brunatna (Puccinia recondita). Materiał badawczy stanowiło 941 obiektów, które były oceniane w latach 1980–2020. W celu oceny postępu biologicznego w odniesieniu do zdrowotności roślin badane obiekty zostały podzielone na 4 grupy w zależności od kraju pochodzenia (Polska, Włochy, Egipt i Meksyk). Bonitację stopnia porażenia roślin przez ww. choroby grzybowe przeprowadzono na podstawie 9-stopniowej skali wg COBORU, w której 9 oznacza stan rolniczo najkorzystniejszy (brak objawów, pełna odporność), a 1 – stan rolniczo najgorszy (pełna podatność). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na wyższą polową odporność polskich linii hodowlanych na większość ocenianych w warunkach klimatycznych Lubelszczyzny chorób grzybowych liści w porównaniu z obiektami pochodzącymi z krajów będących głównymi rejonami uprawy lub pochodzenia pszenicy twardej, co czyni z nich wartościowe genetyczne źródło odporności dla praktycznej hodowli
Szkodniki lipy drobnolistnej w warunkach miejskich na przykładzie Lublina
No full textSmall-leafed linden is a tree of great aesthetic value, so it is often used in urban areas. However, the decorative value of the linden tree may decrease due to the feeding of herbivorous arthropods that inhabit it. Research on the species composition of harmful arthropods settling the small-leaved linden tree (Tilia cordata Mill.) was carried out in Lublin in 2008-2010, in two sites – by-the-road and housing estate. Representatives of 31 species, 19 families and 6 orders were found. The conducted research shows that phytophages with piercing-sucking mouthparts predominated, and the most numerous were representatives of Hemiptera and Prostigmata orders.Lipa drobnolistna jest drzewem o dużych walorach estetycznych, dlatego jest często stosowana na obszarach miejskich. Jednakże wartości dekoracyjne lipy mogą zmniejszyć się w związku z żerowaniem stawonogów roślinożernych, które ją zasiedlają. Badania nad składem gatunkowym szkodliwych stawonogów zasiedlających lipę drobnolistną (Tilia cordataMill.),
prowadzono na terenie Lublina w latach 2008-2010 , w dwóch stanowiskach – przyulicznym i osiedlowym. Stwierdzono występowanie przedstawicieli 31 gatunków, 19 rodzin i 6 rzędów. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że dominowały fitofagi o kłująco-ssącym aparacie gębowym, a najliczniej występowali przedstawiciele rzędów Hemiptera i Prostigmata
Stokrotka pospolita (Bellis perennis L.) w polskim ziołolecznictwie
Get PDFThe common daisy (Bellis perennis L.) is a beautiful native plant, most often treated as a decorative element in our gardens. However, the daisy is also a valuable medicinal plant used in Polish herbal medicine for at least several centuries. It was already written about by Siennik [1564],Marcin from Urzędów [1595] and Syreniusz [1613]. They recommended using it for e.g. wounds, hernias, ulcers, and gastrointestinal ailments. Since the 19th century, its use for medicinal purposes has been decreasing, and it is often omitted in recent publications. This plant was also known in folk medicine, the flowers, roots and herb were used in the treatment of, among others, urinary system ailments, „breast diseases”, gynecological diseases, cough and even tuberculosis. The long history of use of the common daisy, based on the experience of many generations, as well as the diverse use of raw materials in ancient folk and conventional herbal medicine indicate that it is a plant with great medicinal potential that deserves greater interest.Stokrotka pospolita (Bellis perennis L.) jest piękną rodzimą rośliną, najczęściej traktowaną jako element dekoracyjny naszych ogrodów. Stokrotka jest również cenną rośliną leczniczą, wykorzystywaną w polskim ziołolecznictwie co najmniej od kilku stuleci. Pisali o niej już Siennik [1564], Marcin z Urzędowa [1595] i Syreniusz [1613]. Polecali stosować ją np. na rany, przepuklinę, wrzody, dolegliwości przewodu pokarmowego. Od XIX wieku jej wykorzystanie w celach leczniczych zmniejsza się, a w ostatnich publikacjach jest już często pomijana. Roślina ta była również znana w medycynie ludowej – używano kwiatostanów, korzeni i ziela – w leczeniu m.in. dolegliwości układu moczowego, „chorób piersiowych”, chorób kobiecych, kaszlu, a nawet gruźlicy.Długa historia stosowania stokrotki pospolitej, oparta na doświadczeniu wielu pokoleń, i różnorodne wykorzystanie surowców w dawnym ziołolecznictwie ludowym i konwencjonalnym wskazują, że jest to roślina o dużym potencjale leczniczym, zasługującym na większe zainteresowanie
Ocena natężenia oświetlenia w środowisku pracy zdalnej o charakterze biurowym
Get PDFLighting is an important element in the workplace. It affects both the ergonomics of work and the health of the employee. Inadequate intensity and uniformity of lighting can negatively affect the well-being of the employee, cause fatigue and lead to errors. The aim of the work was to measure the key elements of lighting at several remote workstations. For this purpose, a measurement grid was created, and then the intensity at each measurement point was determined. The obtained results were referred to the values specified in the Polish Standard. At most of the tested workstations, the lighting level does not meet the minimum requirements that should be met for the work to be performed in a comfortable and safe manner.Oświetlenie jest ważnym czynnikiem na stanowisku pracy. Wpływa zarówno na ergonomię pracy, jak i zdrowie pracownika. Nieodpowiednie natężenie i równomierność oświetlenia może wpływać negatywnie na samopoczucie pracownika, wywoływać zmęczenie oraz prowadzić do błędów. Celem pracy było badanie kluczowych elementów oświetlenia na kilku stanowiskach pracy zdalnej. W tym celu stworzono siatkę pomiarową, a następnie określono natężenie w każdym punkcie pomiarowym. Otrzymane wyniki odniesiono do wartości określonych w Polskiej Normie. Na większości badanych stanowisk poziom oświetlenia nie spełnia minimalnych wymagań, jakie zostały określone dla bezpiecznej i komfortowej pracy
Bleaching and efficiency enhancement studies with ozone process in denim finishing
No full textFen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışma, tekstil terbiyesinde ozon gazının yenilikçi kullanım potansiyelini incelemektedir. Deneysel olarak, denim kumaşların ağartma süreçlerinde zararlı kimyasallar yerine ozon gazının kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma, dört farklı kumaş örneği üzerinde (%100 pamuk ve indigo boyalı–Pİ, %100 pamuk ve kükürt boyalı–PK, %98 pamuk–%2 elastan içeren indigo boyalı–PEİ, %98 pamuk–%2 elastan içeren kükürt boyalı–PEK) başlangıç pH'ı, nem, sıcaklık ve ozonlama süresi gibi değişkenlerin ağartma performansı üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmiştir. Ozon besleme oranı 300 g/h olarak sabitlenmiş ve %38 nem oranı, başlangıç pH'ı 5 ve 20–25°C sıcaklık aralığında, 40–80 dakika ozonlama süresi ile en uygun ağartma sonuçları elde edilmiştir. Ozon gazı, denim yıkama endüstrisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan sodyum hipoklorit ve potasyum permanganat gibi geleneksel ağartma yöntemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında belirgin bir maliyet avantajı sunmuş; ayrıca çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından üstünlük sağlamıştır. Ozonun, zararlı kimyasal bileşiklerin oluşumunu engellemesi, su ve enerji tüketimini azaltması, yıkama tekrarlarını minimize etmesi ve işlem sürelerini kısaltması gibi kritik avantajları ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları, tekstil endüstrisinde çevresel sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine ulaşmak için ozon kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, tekstil işletmelerinin çevre dostu ağartma yöntemlerini benimsemeleri için ozon jeneratörleri ve ilgili ekipmanlara yatırım yapmaları önerilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma, ozon gazının tekstil terbiyesinde çevre dostu bir alternatif olarak kullanılabilirliğini güçlü bir şekilde vurgulamakta ve tekstil sektöründe sürdürülebilir uygulamaların yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.This study investigates the innovative potential of using ozone gas in textile finishing processes. Experimentally, the use of ozone gas as an alternative to harmful chemicals in the bleaching processes of denim fabrics was evaluated. The research analyzed the effects of various parameters, such as initial pH, moisture, temperature, and ozonation time, on the bleaching performance of four different fabric samples (100% cotton and indigo–dyed–Pİ, 100% cotton and sulfur-dyed–PK, 98% cotton–2% elastane indigo–dyed–PEİ, 98% cotton–2% elastane sulfur–dyed–PEK). The ozone feed rate was set at 300 g/h, and the most appropriate bleaching results were obtained with a 38% moisture content, an initial pH of 5, and an ozonation time of 40–80 minutes within a temperature range of 20–25°C. Compared to conventional bleaching methods widely used in the denim washing industry, such as sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate, ozone gas offers a significant cost advantage and superior environmental sustainability. The critical advantages of ozone were identified as preventing the formation of harmful chemical compounds, reducing water and energy consumption, minimizing washing repetitions, and shortening process durations. The findings of this study suggest that the use of ozone should be promoted in the textile industry to achieve environmental sustainability goals. In this context, textile companies are advised to invest in ozone generators and related equipment to adopt eco–friendly bleaching methods. In conclusion, this research strongly highlights the potential of ozone gas as an eco–friendly alternative in textile finishing and makes significant contributions to the adoption of sustainable practices in the textile industry